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~ Pomona
College Journal of
Entomology
Epp
Volumes I and II
1909-1910
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
Department of Biology of Pomona College
A. J. COOK, D. Sc., Head Professor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.
, @er 2%
Waa HAD LEAS 4
VRCVEIN MARU IAL em
Contents of Volumes I and II
Volume I, Number I
Essig, E. O. ?
Aphidide of Southern California I,
pages 1-10.
Essig, E. O.
Notes on Coccide I, pages 11-14.
Cook, A. J.
The Red Scale, pages 15-21.
Baker, C. F.
Western Plant
pages 22-25.
Louse Parasites I,
Volume I, Number 2
Baker, C. F.
Studies in Oxybelide I, pages 27-30.
Essig, E. O.
Notes on California Coccide MII,
pages 31-34.
Essig, E. O.
The Genus Pseudococcus in California
I, pages 35-46.
Essig, E. O. ;
Aphidide of Southern California II,
pages 47-52.
Essig, E. O., and C. F. Baker i
A Host Index of Californian Coccide,
pages 53-70.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, pages 71-72.
Volume I, Number 3
Del Guercio, G.
New Genera of Aphids, pages 73-75.
Crawford, D. L.
An Entomological Expedition to Gaud-
alajara, pages 76-77.
Cameron, P.
Some Diplopteryga from the South-
west, pages 78-85.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, pages 86-87.
Volume I, Number 4
Essig, E. O.
Combating the
pages 89-91.
Essig, E. O.
Notes on Californian Coccide III,
pages 92-97.
Essig, E. O. ,
Aphidide of Southern California III,
pages 98-99,
Crawford, D. L.
Some New Thysanoptera from South-
ern California I, pages 100-108.
Citrus Mealy Bug,
ir
Crawford, D. L.
Thysanoptera of Mexico
South I, pages 109-119,
Crawford, D. L.
Notes on Californian Thysanoptera J,
pages 120-121.
Cameron, P.
Some Odynerine of the Southwest
United States, pages 122-134.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, pages 135-
and the
Volume II, Number 1
Pierce, W. M.
Fumigation Studies I, pages 139-142.
Essig, E. O.
Natural Enemies of Citrus Mealy Bug
I, pages 143-146.
Essig, E. O.
The Genus Pseudococcus in Califor-
nia II, pages 147-148.
Crawford, D. L.
Thysanoptera of Southern California
II, pages 149-152.
Crawford, D. L.
Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South
II, pages 153-170.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, pages 171-
Volume II, Number 2
Pierce, W. M.
Fumigation Studies II, pages 175-178.
Smith, John B.
The Noctuide of California I, pages
179-184.
Banks, N.
mae corpious of California, pages 185-
Metz, C. W.
Bees of the Genus Colletes from Mexi-
co, pages 191-208.
Essig, E. O.
Notes on Coccide IV, pages 209-222.
Essig, E. O.
Aphidide of Southern California IV,
pages 223-224.
Baker, C. F.
Californian Emeside, pages 225-227.
Crawford, D. L.
American Psyllide I, (Triozine) pages
228-237.
Grinnell, Fordyce
wee Coast News Notes, pages 238-
IV Pomona Cotitece JourNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY
Volume II, Number 3
Pierce, W. M.
Fumigation Studies III, pages 241-245.
Essig, E. O.
Spraying for the Citrus Mealy Bug,
pages 446-259.
Essig, E. O.
Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy
Bug II, pages 260-274.
Smith, John B.
The Noctuide of California II, pages
275-279.
Hall, H. V. M.
A Phytoptid Gall on Artemisia, pages
280-281.
Coolidge, K. L.
A New Spider, page 281.
Coolidge, K. L.
On Argynnis atossa Edwards, page
282.
Essig, E. O.
Variations in
pages 283-285.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, pages 286-
88.
Trifidaphis radicicola,
Volume II, Number 4
Essig, E. O.
The Citrus Mealy Bug, pages 289-320.
Crawford, D. L.
The Mexican Orange Maggot, pages
321-332.
Coolidge, K. L.
Dey Galerie Orange Dog, pages 333-
34.
Essig, E. O.
Aphidide of Southern California V.,
pages 335-338.
Essig, E. O.
The Genus Pseudococcus in California
III, pages 339-345.
Distant, W. L.
Description of a New Species of Cica-
did, page 346.
Crawford, D. L.
American Psyllide II
pages 347-362.
Chamberlin, R. V.
The Chilopoda of California I, pages
363-374.
Dyar, H. G.
Some Moths from Claremont, Califor-
nia; pages 375-378.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, pages 379-
381.
West Coast Insect Notes, pages 382-
383.
(Triozine),
Index to Volumes I and II
Acallis centralis, 376. Cicadidz, 346.
griphalis, 376. Citrus Mealy Bug, 246, 260, 289.
Aeolothrips longiceps, 101. Coccide, 11, 53, 92, 209.
vespiformis, 109. Coccinellide, 260.
Anaphothrips longipennis, 150.
Anastrepha ludens, 321.
Ankothrips robustus, 100.
Ancistrocerus howardi, 78.
Coccus longulus, 31.
Colletes, 191.
Colletes bombiformis, 206.
pilias, 78. capitata, 204.
trichionotus, 79. delicata, 203.
Anthothrips variabilis, 166. dilatata, 194.
Anuroctonus phaiodactylus, 188. frontalis, 207.
Aphidiine, 22. guadalajarensis, 198.
Aphidide, 1, 98, 223, 336. lineata, 196.
Aphidius coloratus, 24. macconnelli, 201.
coloratus ferruginosus, 24. moctezumensis, 200.
delicatus, 24. recurvata, 192.
pulcher, 24. subdilatata, 204.
Aphis citri, 47. volsellata, 197.
gossypii, 223. Cook, A. J., 14.
hedere, 335. Coolidge, K. R., 281, 282, 333.
Aspidiotus hedera, 11. Cornifrons thalialis, 376.
Argynnis BESTS 283. Crambus leachellus, 377.
Artemisia californica, 280. Cratospila rudibunda, 329.
Aulacaspis rose, 211. Crawford, D. L., 76, 100, 109, 120, 149,
Baker, C. F., 22, 27, 225. 153, 228, 321, 347.
Banks, N., 185. Cryptolemus montrouzieri, 90, 263.
Barce banksii, 227. Del Guercio.i@s 73:
Belomicrus cladothricis, 30.
coloratus, 29.
cooki, 29.
forbesii, 30.
Bomolocha vega, 277.
Bothropolys monticola, 369.
Bothropolys xanti, 369.
Broteochactas allenii, 188.
Diachasma, sp., 329.
Diaeretus californicus, 25.
Diaspis bromeliz, 213.
echinocacti, 77.
echinocacti cacti, 214.
Dictyothrips reticulata, 155.
Diplocentrus keyserlingi, 188.
Diploteryga, 78.
Callipterus juglandicola, 51. Distant. Wi 1.1346.
Cameron, 12h, 78, 122. Dear, EG. 375:
Carbolic emulsion, 252. Binecideoon
Castilloa elastica, 383. :
Centrurus californicus, 188, 190.
exilicauda, 188, 190.
Ceroplastes ceriferus, 92.
Ceroputo yucce, 94.
Chaitophorus populicola, 98, 224.
Chamberlin, R. V., 365.
Emesa brevicoxa, 227.
Eois microphysa, 375.
Epeira labyrinthea grinnelli, 281.
Ephedrus californicus, 23.
nevadensis, 23.
Ephestiodes gilvescentella, 378.
Chilopoda, 365. ' Epischnia boisduvaliella, 377.
Chionaspis quercus, 93. Epizeuxis cobeta, 276.
Chirothrips mexicana, 114. occidentalis, 276.
Chrysomphalus aurantii, 15, 77, 121. Eriophyes californica, 280.
citrinus, 11, 19, 383. : Erium lichtensioides, 31.
VI Pomona CoLtLteGE JourRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY
Essig, E. O., 1, 11, 31, 35, 47, 89, 92, 98, carinipes, 370, 372.
143, 147, 209, 223, 246, 260, 283, 289, 335, castellopes, 371, 373.
339. chumasanus, 370, 372.
Essig and Baker, 53. clavigerens, 371, 373.
Essigella californica, 74. kochii, 371, 374.
Etiella schistocolor, 377. manni, 371, 373.
Euthrips cephalicus, 153. manni piax, 373, 374.
cephalicus reticulata, 155. obesus, 371, 373.
insularis reticulata, 116. paradoxus, 370, 374.
minutus, 149. paucidens, 370, 372.
minutus setosus, 105. pitophilus, 372, 373.
occidentalis, 120. pusio, 370, 373.
tritici, 120. remex, 370, 374.
Evergestis napacalis, 375. sastianus, 371, 374.
Fiorinia fiorniz japonica, 208. utahensis, 371, 374.
Fumigation, 20, 139, 175, 241. utahensis tiganus, 371, 374.
Gasoline, 250. Loxostege similalis, 375:
Hadrurus hirsutus, 188. Metasia argalis, 376.
Hall, H. M., 280. Metz, C. W., 191.
Harpyia cinerea, 382. Nectarophora pisi, 336.
Heliothrips fasciatus, 120. Noctuide, 179, 275.
Hemichionaspis aspidistre, 210. Nomophila noctuella, 375.
Henicopide, 368. Nortonia acanthopus, 78.
Heterothrips decacornis, 110. Odynerine, 122.
Homoeosoma mucidellum, 378. Odynerus acuticarinatus, 82.
Honora dotella, 377. zqualis, 132.
Host Index to Coccide, 53. annulatus, 124, 126.
Hypena californica, 278. approximatus, 79, 128.
decorata, 278. arvensis, 80, 126.
humuli, 278. austrinus, 80.
modesta, 278. belti, 125.
Icerya purchasi, 13. © blakeanus, 80.
Idolothrips angusticeps, 168. bradleyi, 81, 125.
Index to Coccide Hosts, 53. bruesi, 81.
Isometrus maculatus, 189. congressensis, 132.
Kerosene, 249. crassispinus, 130.
Lachnus californicus, 73. deficiens, 126.
Lamyctes fulvicornis, 368. jeromensis, 130.
pinampus, 368. : leucospilus, 133.
Leptochilus cratocerus, 122. macfarlandi, 79.
Leptothrips, 165. mediatus, 79, 129.
Leptothrips aspersus, 121. orasus, 125.
Lichtensia parvula, 221. pallidipictus, 83.
Lime, 248. sanctafez, 132.
Lime-sulfur, 251. sapelloensis, 125, 127, 132.
Lineodes integra, 376. sulciventris, 130.
Liothrips bakeri, 161. tanynotus, 133.
fasciculata, 152. tosquineti, 82.
macconnelli, 163. trichiosomus, 127.
umbripennis mexicana, 161. viereckii, 127.
Lithobiide, 368. Ommatopteryx ocellea, 377.
Lithobius angelus, 370, 372. Opisthacanthus lepturus, 188.
aztecus, 370, 372. Orange Maggot, 321.
californicus, 369. Oxybelide, 27.
Pomona CoLLtEGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY
Papilio cresphontes, 333.
demoleus, 333.
erechtheus, 333.
erithonius, 333.
eurymedon, 333.
oxynius, 333.
palamedes, 333.
philenor, 333.
rutulus, 333.
turnus, 333.
zelicayn, 333.
Paratrioza, 228.
Paratrioza antennata, 229.
arbolensis, 229.
medicaginis, 229.
ocellata, 229.
pulchella, 229.
pulchella flava, 229.
Parlatoria pergandii, 33, 92.
Phzenococcus ramone, 44, 94.
Phlezothrips raptor, 159.
Phyllothrips fasciculata, 105, 152.
fasciculata stenoceps, 108.
Pierce, W. M., 139, 175, 241.
Plecoma, sp., 382.
Pleonectyptera cumulalis, 375.
Ploiaria californiensis, 226.
Ploiariodes californica, 227.
Ploiariopsis reticulata, 225.
Polloccia alticolalis, 377.
Potassium bichromate, 250.
Praon nanus, 23.
occidentalis, 23.
Pseudococcus, 35, 147.
Pseudococcus agrifoliz, 147.
artemisiz, 38.
bakeri, 339.
citri, 46, 89, 143, 246, 289.
longispinus, 339.
nipz, 217.
obscurus, 43.
ryani, 148.
Psylla diospyri, 352.
Psyllidz, 228, 347.
Pterochilus bakeri, 123.
flavobalteatus, 84.
luteicollis, 84, 123.
Pyrausta cinerosa, 376.
laticlavia, 376.
Resin wash, 250.
Rhaptothrips peculiaris, 116.
Rhizobius ventralis, 91, 270.
Rhopalosiphum viole, 4, 47.
Rhygchium dorsale, 125.
Rihana belizensis, 346.
Ripersia smithii, 218.
Saissetia hemispherica, 216.
olez, 12.
Scorpionida, 185.
Scutellista cyanea, 383.
Scutigera forceps, 366.
Smith, J. B., 179, 275.
Spraying, 246.
Sulfur, 248.
Symmorphus hornii, 123.
trisulcatus, 124.
Sympherobius angustus, 143.
Taeniotes suturalis, 382.
Tetanolita greta, 277.
palligera, 277.
Tetraneura phaseoli, 75.
Thrips abdominalis, 157.
madronii, 120.
tabaci, 120.
Thysanoptera, 100, 109, 120, 149, 153.
Tityus tenuimanus, 189.
Tobacco extract, 251.
Tortrix citrana, 383.
Trifidaphis radicicola, 75, 283.
Trioza acutipennis, 230, 350.
albifrons, 231, 355.
assimilis, 233.
aurantiaca, 231, 360.
aurantiaca frontalis, 232.
bakeri, 230, 235.
californica, 232, 234.
collaris, 229, 347.
diospyri, 352.
fovealis, 233.
frontalis, 230, 353.
fulvida, 231, 358.
fulvida similis, 231, 359.
immaculata, 233.
laticeps, 233.
latipennis, 230, 352.
longicornis, 231, 359.
longistylus, 233.
maculata, 230, 349.
maculipennis, 230, 237.
marginata, 232, 356.
minuta, 232.
nicaraguensis, 233.
nigra, 232, 358.
nigrifrons, 230, 351.
quadripunctata, 233.
rotundipennis, 231, 236.
salicis, 232.
similis, 231, 352.
sulcata, 233.
sulcata similis, 233.
tripunctata, 231, 232.
varians, 231, 361.
viridis, 230, 350.
Uroctonus mordax, 188.
Vejovis boreus, 189.
hirsuticauda, 189.
punctipalpi, 189.
spinigerus, 189.
Vitula serratilineella, 337.
Zophodis stigmella, 378.
Zygethobius dolichopus, 368.
VII
Pomona Journal of Entomology
Volume I MARCH 1909 Number 1
APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I
E. O. ESSIG.
Under this title we propose to make an extended series of studies on the
plant lice found in Southern California, with the hope that they may eventually
be gathered in a complete manual of the group for this region. Many of the
earlier species and even generic references must of a necessity be merely
tentative, all of our knowledge of the group in America being, so far, extremely
fragmentary.
Lachnus californicus, n. sp.
WINGED ViviparouS FrEmaLE.—Length 1.6 mm., width 0.5 mm.,
wing expansion 5.3 mm. Prevailing color—green, but individuals are found
varying all the way between green and brownish-yellow. The eyes and
abdominal dots are red. (Figure 1.)
Figure 1. Lachnus californicus
Head—Short and nearly as wide as thorax, with short hair on frontal
margin between the antennae. Compound eyes—large, round, red. Anten-
nae (Figure 5, K) arise from no frontal tubercles, somewhat darker than the
body, shorter than body 0.67 mm. long, six-jointed, hairy, with an apical nail-
like process on the fifth article. The lengths of the respective articles are:
10.07 mm., II 0.08 mm., III 0.26 mm., IV 0.13 mm., V 0.13 mm. The sensoria
are distributed as follows: I and II none, III four large and one small cir-
i)
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 2. Lachnus californicus
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 3
cular, IV one large circular, V one terminal surrounded by five marginal—all
in the apical process. Pro-thorax—lateral tubercles wanting. Rostrwm—not
half as long as the body. Abdomen—very indistinctly segmented and covered
with numerous red dots. Cornicles—truncate, nearly obsolete. Legs—Hairy,
very long, due to the enormous lengths of the tibia, and especially the tibia of
the hind legs which are very long; they have no sensoria. The lengths of the
tibia of the respective legs are: pro-thoracic 0.51 mm., meso-thoracic 0.57 mm.,
meta-thoracic 1.lmm. These long legs enable the aphid to move very rapidly.
The hind legs are especially adapted for clinging to the slender pine needles
along which it moves at a great rate. Wings—Entirely clear, primary—
length 2.4 mm., width 0.75 mm. Cubitus—well defined. Stigmal—nearly
straight, marking lower margin of a narrow distinct stigma. Radius—straight,
extending from stigmal vein to margin. Of the third oblique only two rem-
nants remain, showing that it was undoubtedly once forked. ‘The first and
Figure 3. Rhopalosiphum violae
second obliques are straight. They arise together about the middle of the
cubitus and extend to the margin. Secondary—length 1.63 mm., width 0.32
mm. Two discoidals. Swbcostal—well marked and extending to tip of the
wing. The first discoidal.arises from the sub-costal near the base and extends
nearly to the margin of the wing. The second discoidal arises from the sub-
costal at a distance from the first discoidal equal to the distance from the first
discoidal to the base of the wing and extends nearly to the margin. Cauda—
rounded, slightly hairy. Sty/e—obsolete.
Aptrrous Viviparous FremMALE.—(Figure 2.) Length 1.6 mm., width
0.5 mm. Differs from the winged form as follows: On the antennae
(Figure 5, I) the sensoria are distributed as follows: I and II none, III many
large circular, IV four large circular, V one terminal surrounded by several
marginal in the process. On the legs the sensoria.are distributed as follows:
4 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Pro-thoracic, three large circular on coxa, many smaller ones scattered along
the femur; meta-thoracic, few on femur, many on tibia, one on the tarsi.
Nympu or-AptErous VivipArous FEMALE.—These young are about one-
seventh as large as the adult and are like them in color and form.
The antennae (Figure 5, J) are four-jointed, about 0.3 mm. in length;
with an apical nail-like process on the last article. The respective lengths of
the articles are as follows: I 0.075 mm., II 0.15 mm., III 0.038 mm., IV 0.037
mm. ‘There are no sensoria. The abdomen is more distinctly segmented than
in the adult form. The rostrum is nearly as long as the body.
Common on some cultivated pines at Claremont, California, during the
winter of 1908-09. Their presence would pass unnoticed except for beating the
boughs which yields many specimens of this long-legged active species. Like
certain other Lachnus it presents some strong affinities with the genus Schizo-
neura. It seems to find its nearest relative in Lachnus agilis Kalt., but differs
in wing formation and other prominent features.
Rhopalosiphum violae, n. sp.
WIncED Vivriparous FEMALE.—Length 1.4 mm., width 0.75 mm..
wing expanse 6.05 mm. Prevailing color—dark wine-red. Legs, antennae,
cornicles, and style—pale brown. (Figure 3.)
Head—Nearly as broad as long; considerably narrower than thorax.
Compound eyes—large with long terete (ocellar—?) tubercles just behind near
the posterior border. Antennae (Figure 5, O) arise from large prominent
frontal tubercles and are transversely scabrous with a basal nail-like process
on article VI; are longer than the body, 2.34 mm., and are made up of six
joints. The lengths of the respective articles are as follows: I 0.08 mm.,
II 0.05 mm., III 0.01 mm., IV 0.51 mm., V 0.46 mm., VI 0.84 mm. The
sensoria are distributed as follows: I and II none, IIT large number—large
and circular, IV four large circular, V one large circular on distal end,
VI one large terminal and several smaller marginal in the process. There are
several terminal sense hairs on tip of this article. Rostrwm—half as long as
the body. Pro-thorax—no distinct lateral tubercles. Abdomen—smooth.
Cornicles—incrassate, almost clavate in form, 0.25 mm. long. Legs—slightly
hairy, moderately long, without sensoria. Wings—Primary, length 2.65 mm.,
width 0.98 mm., veins well marked, broadly clouded along margins. The
cubitus is distinct, separating off a broad well-defined stigma of trapezoidal
shape. The radius is sharply curved. Of the three obliques, the third is
twice forked, the second curves in slightly near the margin, the first is straight.
Secondary—length 1.3 mm., width 0.51 mm. Have a well-defined sub-costal
extending the entire length, with two discoidals. Of these the first arises from
the sub-costal a third of its distance from the body, and the second arises from
the sub-costal two-thirds of its distance from the body to the wing-tip. Style—
prominent and somewhat upturned.
Aptrrous VivipARous FErMALE.—Length 1.2 mm., width 0.70 mm.
Differs from winged form as follows: No sensoria and fewer sense-
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Figure 4. Rhopalosiphum violae
6 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
hairs on the antennae (Figure 5, N). The cornicles are usually longer, in this
case being 0.27 mm. in length. In one individual there were two distinct
tubercles arising from the abdomen just outside of the cornicles. (Figure 4,
A and C.)
Nympu oF ApTEROUS VivipAROUS FEMALE.—These young are about one-
sixth the size of the adult and are like them in most _ respects.
In color they are somewhat lighter in shade—the eyes, however, are very dark.
The antennae are made up of but five joints, the fifth being very long, with
basal nail-like process. All of the articles except the first two are transversely
scabrous. They have no sensoria. The rostrum is longer than the body.
The cornicles are short, stout, and clavate in form. ‘The style is obscure.
(Figure 4, D.)
Taken from the lower side of leaves of the common cultivated blue violet
at Claremont, Calif., Nov. 12, 1908. In no case were they found in any
considerable numbers on any single plant, but occurred in twos and threes on
a leaf.
Figure 6. Pemphigus radicicola
Rhopalosiphum violae (form ?)
On the same plants and mingled with the wine-colored forms described
above are found numerous green individuals, both winged and apterous, which
differ in some characters supposedly of generic value. Possibly one or other
of the forms may be a migrant generation. Although these two
forms are closely associated on the same leaves of the cultivated blue
violet, there is a chance that the green forms are a different species after all.
With the coming of the spring broods this can be ascertained more definitely.
In the meantime a full description of the green form is here given.
WINGED VivipArous FEemMALE.—Length 1.69 mm., width 0.8 mm.
Prevailing color—dark green. Legs—lighter. Thorax—darker. (Figure 4,
B.) Head—Nearly as broad as long, and considerably narrower than the
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
B, C, Rhopalosiphum violae; D, E, R. violae (form ?); F, G, H. Pemphigus
Figure 5. A,
K, Lachnus californicus; L, M, Rhopalosiphum violae (form ?)
radicicola; I, J,
N, O, Rhopalosiphum violae.
8 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
thorax. Compound eyes—large and dark, with long terete (ocellar?) tuber-
cles just behind near the posterior border. Antennae (Figure 5, L) arise
from large frontal tubercles, are six-jointed, 1.83 mm. long, transversely
scabrous, with a basal nail-like process on the sixth article. The lengths of
the respective articles are as follows: I 0.07 mm., II 0.09 mm., III 0.4 mm.,
IV 0.22 mm., V 0.3 mm., VI0.75 mm. The sensoria are distributed as follows:
I and II none, III row of six large circular, IV one large circular near middle,
V one large circular near distal end, VI one large terminal surrounded by
several small marginal in the process. Pro-thorax—with distinct lateral tuber-
cles. Rostrwm—half as long as body. Abdomen covered with numerous short
tubercles. Cornicles—cylindrical, 0.25 mm. long, and transverself scabrous.
Wings—Clear. Primary—length 2.24 mm., width 0.83 mm. Cubitus—
well defined. Stigma—long and slender. Radius—sharply curved. The third
oblique is twice forked. (In this form the second fork of the third oblique is
much nearer the margin than in the wine-red form.) The first and second
obliques are straight and extend to the margin. Secondary—length 1.12 mm.,
width 0.37 mm. They have well defined subcostal extending to the tip of the
wing and two discoidals. The first discoidal joins the sub-costal at a distance
ef one-third and the second discoidal joins it at two-thirds distance from base
to wing-tip. Style—prominent, conical, hairy.
AptTERouS VivipARousS FEMALE.—Length 1.67 mm., width 0.78 mm.
Differs from winged form as follows: The distribution of the sensoria
(Figure 5, M) is as follows: I, II, II] and IV none, V one large circular near
the distal end, VI one large terminal in the nail-like process. Sense-hair—
few. Cornicles ..21 mm. long. (Figure 4, E.)
It will be noted that the pro-thoracic tubercles of this green form ally it
apparently to the genus Macrosiphum. It is, however, for the present left with
Rhopalosiphum violae.
Pemphigus radicicola, n. sp.
WINGED Viviparous FEeMALE.—Length 1.9 mm., width 0.8 mm.,
wing expanse 4.6 mm. Prevailing color—dark brown. Thorax and antennae
—somewhat darker. Legs—lighter. Shape—nearly cylindrical. (Figure 6.)
Head—Short, broader than long. Vertex bisected by a distinct suture.
Narrower than thorax. Compound eyes—large, with prominent terete (ocel-
lar?) tubercles just behind near the posterior border. Antennae (Figure 5, H)
do not arise from frontal tubercles ; five-jointed; 0.85 mm. long; with an apical
nail-like process on last article. The lengths of the respective articles are as
follows: I 0.06 mm., II 0.12 mm., III 0.38 mm., IV 0.12 mm., V 0.17 mm.
The distribution of the sensoria is as follows: I and II none, III many
large and small circular ones, [V one large terminal and one large marginal
tiear the proximal end, V one large cup-shaped terminal surrounded by several
irregular marginals in the process. Pro-thorax—without lateral tubercles.
Rostrum—half as long as body. Abdomen—very distinctly segmented along
sides. Breathing spiracles along sides are very prominent, and raised on
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 9
small tubercles. Cornicles—wanting. Legs—short, hairy, without sensoria.
‘Wings—sub-hyaline, the veins lightly pigmented along margins. Primary—
length 1.9 mm., width 0.67 mm. Cwubitus—well defined. Stigma—short and
broad, nearly trapezoidal in shape. Radius—curved. The third oblique pre-
sents but two straight remnants near the margin. A slight vein-trace shows
a connection to form the forks. The first and second obliques arise from the
same point near the cubitus and fork towards the margin. Secondary—length
1.5 mm., width 0.47 mm., with two discoidals. The first and second discoidals
arise from the same point on the sub-costal about one-third its length from
the wing base and extend nearly to the margin. The first curves away from
the base while the second oblique curves towards the eate of the wing. Cauda
—rounded and hairy. Sty/e—wanting.
Figure 7. Pemphigus radicicola
AptEerous Viviparous FEMALE.—Length 1.42 mm., width 1.19 mm.
Differs from the winged form as follows: Prevailing color—mealy-white,
sometimes shading off into a gray. The eyes are very dark.
Head—Without bisecting suture, nearly straight across frontal margin.
Compound eyes—round, very small antennae (Figure 5, G)—lengths of the
articles as follows: I 0.06 mm., II 0.13 mm., III 0.16 mm., IV 0.09 mm.,
V 0.18 mm.—total length 0.62 mm. The sensoria are distributed as follows:
I, II and III none, IV one large circular near distal end, V one large cup-
10 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
shaped terminal surrounded by several marginals in the process. Abdomen—
deeply segmented. (Figure 7.)
Nympu oF Viviparous ApTEROUS FEMALE.—These young are about one-
tenth as large as the adult, and resemble them in most respects.
The body is very hairy. The antennae (Figure 5, F) are longer than the body,
very hairy, four-jointed, 0.53 mm. long (nearly as long as in adult), with
an apical nail-like process on last article. The comparative lengths of the
articles are as follows: I 0.05 mm., II 0.09 mm., III 0.19 mm., ITV 0.19 mm.
The sensoria are distributed as follows: I and II none, III one large circular
near distal end, IV one large cup-shaped terminal surrounded by several mar-
ginal in process. Rostrum—longer than body. Abdomen—slender compared
with adult.
This aphid was first taken at Santa Paula, Calif., Nov. 1, 1908, where
it occured in considerable numbers on the roots of Amaranthus retroflexus.
At Claremont it occurs in great numbers on the roots of Solanum douglasit.
For several months I was unable to obtain winged specimens, which led me
to place it in the genus Tychea. Late in January were obtained the winged
form which showed it to belong to the genus Pemphigus.
NOTES ON COCCIDAE I
E. O. ESSIG.
Aspidiotus hederae
IVY SCALE, OLEANDER SCALE, LEMON PEEL SCALE.
Perhaps there is no other scale in this locality which utilizes more plants
for food than this one. From the various names given it we may conclude
as to the principal host plants. It is found very thick on English Ivy. There
are few such plants in this district which are not infested with it. So to many
it is known as Ivy Scale. But on oleander it seems to thrive best. Not
infrequently we find it so thick as to completely cover the entire surface of the
leaf. It is found on many of the domesticated plants in the gardens and seems
to feed on almost anything. In this county it has done little or no damage
because as yet it has not taken to the citrus trees. However, this is not the
case in all other localities. Figure 8 shows this scale infesting a lemon. This
and many other specimens were obtained from P. E. Smith, Horticultural
Commissioner of Ventura County. The picture tells the story. There it is
known as the Lemon Peel Scale, and is a very bad pest. Perhaps it may never
be so here, but who knows? It takes a long time to reveal all the character-
istics of some of the scales. In new localities they may struggle along for years
before they become acclimatized and do any damage. Because this insect
has done no harm here to the citrus industry in the past is no proof that it
will never doso. Anyway its record in other places stamps it as an unwelcome
visitor.
Chrysomphalus citrinus
YELLOW SCALE.
The opinion has generally been held by most entomologists that when
an armored scale once settled and secreted her shell, she never moved
again from her resting-place. A very interesting thing has just come to
notice in regard to the yellow scale, which may throw some new light upon
this question. After examining countless numbers of leaves infested with
this scale it appears that the adult scale does move to a slight degree, in some
cases almost an inch, between the time she first secretes her shell until death.
Where this scale feeds no one can fail to notice the light yellow traces produced
upon the leaf. In not a few cases there is left a distinct scar along the middle
12 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
of the trace, probably due to thrusts
of the beak. The evidence seems to
show that after the scale has sapped
a portion of the leaf, it is able to puil
out its rostrum and thrust it into the
adjacent cells, and thus move slowly
along. This is necessarily a slow
process, as is shown by the fact that
the longest traces are less than an
inch in length, and that these traces
represent months of the life of the
scale.
There is no other supposition ten-
able, for it is certain that the rostrum
of a scale cannot be so manipulated
as to penetrate such distances. Many
of the traces cross the midrib ,and ex-
tend for some distance on both sides,
—others are half circles,—all going
to show that the scale must have act-
ually moved, leaving the yellow trace
of withered tissue behind her. A sim-
ilar though not so well defined a move-
ment, is observable in the red scale.
Figure 8. Aspidiotus hederae on lemon
Saissetia oleae
BLACK SCALE.
At this season of the year we find on the citrus trees only young black
scale. The last eggs were hatched out before November and only the hollow
shell of the mothers remain. But on the roots of night-shade, (Solanum
douglasii) we find a different state of affairs. Figure 9 shows all stages of the
female scale. This may furnish a ready and constant supply of scale in all
orchards not free from this plant. Fumigation will not kill the scale because
of their position beneath the surface of the soil,-and in no case have I found a
scale in the ground parasitized by the Scutellista. They apparently do not
attack these root forms, so that control of the Black Scale by this insect is
impossible so long as night-shade is allowed to grow under the crange and
lemon trees. The farmers have evidently failed to realize the importance of
this fact, for night-shade is plentiful in and about every orchard. Even in the
best-kept orchards the plants are not uprooted, but cut off near the surface.
In such cases new sprouts are continually appearing, furnishing a direct com-
munication between the uninjured scale on the roots and the lower branches
of the trees. Thus the scale propagates on the roots regardless of any amount
of fumigation and supplies new broods for the orchards. Due to the protec-
tion of the soil the breeding continues throughout the winter as well as in the
summer.
ESSIG, NOTES ON COCCIDAE 13
Not only is Black Scale found on the night-shade, but upon many other
plants in the gardens, and especially in the rocky waste places or “‘washes”’
near many of the citrus groves. It is to the last condition which I wish to
refer and particularly to the Rhus or Sumac which grows abundantly in all of
these waste places. One need not examine closely to find Black Scale upon
this plant at great distances from the citrus groves and often in great abund-
ance. Sumac should not be allowed to grow near an orchard because it serves
Sa |
Figure 9. Saissetia oleae on roots of Solanum douglasii
as constant breeding places for scale, and it is in one sense useless to fumigate
an orchard so surrounded without also fumigating or destroying the Sumac
growing near by.
Icerya purchasi
COTTONY CUSHION SCALE, FLUTED SCALE, WHITE SCALE.
In regard to this scale, attention should be called to the peculiar way in
which it secretes honey-dew.
Upon a young orange tree in the laboratory thousands of the young were
14 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
propagated. These settled usually (Figure 10) along the midrib of the dorsal
and ventral surfaces of the leaf. At an early stage, a week after birth,
the young began to secrete honey-dew in considerable quantities, and also
numbers of very delicate waxy filaments. Along these latter the subsequent
honey-dew passes and collects at the tips in the form of clear transparent
globules. The wax filaments vary from a half inch to three inches in length,
and are so frail that the slightest disturbance of any kind would detach them,
and yet they are able to support quite a large drop of honey-dew. Upon the
Figure 10. Young Icerya purchasi on orange leaf
dorsal surface of the leaves these filaments extend in a very confused state,
same appearing to be independent of the large globules of honey-dew shown
in the accompanying cut. The confusion is due to the fact that the filaments
not being able to hang down as they are excreted, drop over and are shoved
along the surface of the leaf. The honey-dew, passing out along these fila-
ments, collects in the large transparent globules shown in the figure. ‘Those
globules isolated, are so, simply because the delicate waxy threads have been
blown away.
Such a state of affairs cannot exist in open air because of the disturbances
in the trees caused by wind, for even the slightest breath will blow them all
away.
THE RED SCALE
(Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask)
A. J. COOK.
If we except the water problem, and possibly that of fertilizers and culti-
vation, no question more concerns the growers of citrus fruits than that of
scale insects. Success demands their control and that often involves great
expense. At present, there are four or five of these insects that are seriously
destructive in Southern California: the yellow scale, the black scale, the purple
scale, the mealy bug and the red scale. So blighting is the work of these
insects, and so difficult and expensive their control that it is exceedingly import-
ant to eradicate them, if possible, when localized, and to quarantine rigorously
against them, when absent. All scale pests, when numerous, are very harmful
to the plants on which they feed. The red scale is perhaps the most to be
dreaded, as from the great variety of its food plants, it becomes very difficult
and expensive to successfully fight it. Its enemies have not in the past been
able to hold it in check, or prevent its spread. We are fortunate, in our
immediate locality, Claremont, in that we do not number this red scale among
the obstacles to success. It is, however, close to us on three sides. If we
are wise, we will not only keep it out, but will insist that the few colonies,
known to be near us, be fought to the death. Right action in this matter means
a tremendous saving to our citrus fruit growers. (Figure 11.)
FAMILY OF SCALE INSECTS—COCCIDAE.
A word about this family of insects that includes the scale insects and
the mealy bugs is desirable. The females are always wingless, though both
sexes are scale-like in form at first, while the mature male is always possessed
of two wings. Like the Aphids, or plant lice, and the Aleyrodids or white
flies, they belong to the Homopterous division of the true bugs or Hemiptera.
In this sub-order the wings are much alike, and all are quite similar from
end to end. All insects in this order are pre-eminent for their sucking habits.
Their rostrum or beak is made up of needle-like mouth-parts and modified
specially for piercing and sucking.
SUB-FAMILIES OF COCCIDAE.
There are several sub-families of coccids, three of which greatly interest
our orchardists. The females of Dactolypinae or mealy bugs preserve the form
16 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
of the very young throughout life, and are always active. They secrete a waxy
covering that serves to protect them, and often crawl into crevices and even into
the earth and so are difficult to combat. Their habit of movement throughout
life, makes their spread more easy and rapid. They are seriously destructive.
The second sub-family, Coccinae, are unarmored, and so when we touch
the scale, we touch the insect. We are familiar with these in the black scale,
the frosted scale and the soft brown scale. The absence of armor or a separate
scale to shelter them makes their destruction more easy.
The third sub-family Diaspinae, has a separate scale which consists of a
central projecting portion, made up of exuviae or cast skins of the young
or larval insect, and a flatter border, a secretion, which is gray or brown. We
are familar with these in the red, yellow, purple, greedy and lemon-peel or ivy
scale. This protection makes their destruction more difficult; hence the in-
Figure 11. Chrysomphalus aurantii on lemon and orange
creased dosage for red and purple scale when we fumigate. In both these last
two sub-families, the young insects soon become anchored, by their long beaks,
and so move but little, though the Coccinae can, and upon occasion do so
move till quite late in their development. With the first moult the Diaspinae
lose their feet and antennae, and the motion that they seem to make must be
largely through their rostrum or beak.
REPRODUCTION OF THE COCCIDS.
Many scale insects, like the black and purple scale, are oviparous, that is
they are egg-laying. These are likely to be more regular or periodic in their
appearance, and so we may find most all eggs, or young, or mature, at one
and the same time. ‘This, of course, is favorable to their destruction, as we
COOK, THE RED SCALE 17
can plan to fight them, while they are all young and more easily killed In
our warm climate, this regularity is likely to disappear. Other scale insects,
like the red, the yellow and the soft brown, are ovoviviparous, that is, no eggs
are ever laid, but the insects are born alive, and are active at once. We are
likely to find these in all stages of growth and development at any day or week
of the year. Of course, this makes their destruction the more difficult.
NATIVITY OF THE RED SCALE.
China has been claimed as the original habitat of the red scale. This may
or may not be true. The fact, however, as we shall see, that it feeds on a
great variety of food plants, has resulted in its being spread all over the
earth, so that now it is found on all continents, in New Zealand, Hawaii, and
many other islands. This fact is important, as it makes their introduction into
Figure 12. Female of Chrysomphalus aurantii
new localities more easy and probable. We are not surprised then to learn that
this pernicious scale is in every county of Southern California. Localities, like
Claremont, that are free from its ravages, should spare. no effort to keep it
out; those not so fortunate, should, for self-interest and good of neighbors
alike, be equally active to exterminate the pest in their orchards. Of course,
this is very difficult, when the insects have become thoroughly distributed.
DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY.
The scale of this species is very minute, hardly larger than a small pin-
head, approximately circular if covering the female, and slightly elongate, in
the male. It is sufficiently transparent to show the insect beneath, and so, at
18 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
first, is centrally yellow, and later brown or red, while about the margin it is
gray. The thorax of the female is much broader than the abdomen, and
reaches around and projects back of the latter, so that the insect appears to be
deeply lobed behind. Figure 12 shows a greatly enlarged view of the female.
Figure 13. Young of Chrysomphalus aurantii
The markings of the anal plate, or last segment of the abdomen, as with all
scale, is characteristic of the species. The figure shows the eggs and young
which may often be seen through the semi-transparent crust of the insect.
Early (Figure 13) the legs, eyes, antennae and mouth-parts may be seen, but
all of these, excepting the mouth-parts disappear with the first moult. The
Figure 14. Pygidiurn of Chrysomphalus aurantii
head and thorax are closely joined, and back of these is the abdomen, which
in this species consists of four segments. The last segment, the pygidium, is
marked with plates and lobes, (Figure 14), which are necessary often
to identify species, and can only be studied by use of the compound microscope.
COOK, THE RED SCALE 19
The form and position of the six lobes at the end of this last segment, are
shown in Figure 14, as also the spine-like plates which fringe the segment.
The reproductive and anal openings are often visible, while the genital glands
or spinnerets—the centred circles—are grouped and arranged as seen in the
figure. The paragenital glands are not found in the red scale.
The male when mature, as with all coccids, has two wings. ‘This and its
form make it curiously different from the female, or from its earliest self,
while it is yet under the sheltering scale. (Figure 15.)
Figure 15. Male of Chrysomphalus aurantii
The life history is as follows: The young may be produced in broods of
from twelve to seventeen each, and are being born continuously for several days.
We never see eggs except in the abdomen of the partially transparent female,
as the young are born alive. We see then that there may be several genera-
tions each year, and that they are enormously prolific.
The red scale works on all of our citrus trees, on the rose, apple, peach,
apricot, und other rosaceous trees, on fig, olive, many palms, sago palm, oak,
willow, euonymus, and not a few weeds. I have seen a stem of castor bean so
thickly covered with the red scale, as to hide the stem absolutely from sight.
THE YELLOW SCALE.
The Yellow scale is so closely related to the red scale, that scientists regard
it as a sub-species, only. It is Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus. The scale
is less convex, not so regular at the margin, less distinctly red in color, slightly
more transparent, and the female adheres more tenaciously to the scale, than
does the female of the red scale. The most obvious characteristic of the yellow
scale, is that it rarely works on the twigs, but only on the leaves and fruit,
while the red scale anchors and sucks from twigs, leaves and fruit. The yellow
scale is more prone to change its position on the leaves, and so is more likely
to be indicated on the foliage, by yellow spots. While the yellow scale is not
generally regarded as so serious an enemy of the citrus grower as the red
scale, yet in many cases it is an enemy of no mean rank. Orchards near here
are badly injured by the yellow scale.
20 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
PARASITES AND PREDACEOUS INSECTS.
As yet no parasitic or predaceous insect has served to appreciably lessen
the number or work of the red scale in our orchards of Southern California.
This is not true of the yellow scale, as the golden Chalcid has in many places
seemed sufficient to hold that species in check. As suggested above, the yellow
scale about Claremont is not controlled by its insect enemies. This greater
freedom from attack by parasites of the red scale, is another important differ-
ence between these two species, which in general are so closely similar. While
we should strive to secure parasites that would be as efficient to destroy this
red scale as is Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis to combat the cottony cushion
scale, yet we must not withhold fumigation until some enemy is found that
will control the scale. We can never afford to allow our orchards to be
victimized by these devitalizing sappers.
PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.
The fact that the red scale is armored, and exists at all times, and in all
stages of growth, makes its destruction very difficult. It requires nearly or
quite double the black scale dosage and about as much cyanide as does the
purple scale, if we would secure complete extermination. At times, even
when we are so thorough, it may be wise, to give a second fumigation as soon
as we can learn, by examination, that the first fumigation was not entirely
effective. The tents must be gas proof, and should remain over the trees for
a full hour. They should also in all cases of fumigation, be marked as directed
by the Department of Agriculture, that there may be no guess work, and so
no possible mistake in determining the amount of cyanide to be used in each
case.
As is true of all scale insects, all weeds that may harbor the scale should
be kept entirely from the precincts or neighborhood of the orchard. Clean
culture, except in winter, when the best success demands that a good cover
crop of legumes be grown, must be practiced. In case of red and purple scale,
it is wise to gather and burn the fallen fruit. On fallen leaves scale insects
soon die, but they live a long time on fruit.
HINTS ON FUMIGATION.
Fumigation for black scale may best be done, when all the scale are
hatched and still quite young. For our locality this is October and November,
though when necessary this may extend from September lst to February Ist.
As there are more or less black scale in all our citrus and deciduous orchards,
this is a good time to treat any scale, as we then kill both the black and the
other as well. It is not wise, however, in case the red scale, the purple scale,
or the mealy bug are found to be introduced into any region, to wait for autumn,
but to fumigate at once. They are all very prolific, and are easily scattered by
wind, bird or insect, so immediate extermination should be the watchword,
as soon as their presence is discovered. To delay treatment is costly and
dangerous, and makes the orchard a menace to all others in the region. For
the red, the yellow, and the purple scale, it is fortunate if we can fumigate in
COOK, THE RED SCALE 21
summer just after all the fruit is gathered, as then we have only the scale on
the leaves and twigs to combat; but as we would hasten if fire was nearing
dynamite so we must not delay if we discover red scale in our orchards. For
the purple scale and for the mealy bug, double the black scale dosage is
required, and for the red and yellow scale it may be economy to hit as hard. The
Woglum system of marking the tents and amount of cyanide to be used, must be
followed. There is no excuse now for any guess work. The loss suffered by our
growers in the past, by faulty guess work and too slight dosage, has been
enormous. Nor is it enough, as we have been doing, to simply fumigate our
citrus trees. We must look after every tree, shrub and plant that harbors the
scale in question.
May I, in closing, emphasize four vital points, the observance of which, in
the past would have saved hundreds of thousands of dollars to our orchardists ;
and the observance of which can and must save, in the future, fortunes to our
people. First we must have thorough inspection, that every orchardist shall
know just the condition of his orchard. Secondly, we must have a sufficient
dosage, that will always kill the scale, though the tree is a little burned at
times. Third, we must have fumigation by the block system, and thus save
the necessity of fumigating oftener than once in three or four years. Lastly,
the Exchanges must do the work, as this alone will insure that the scale will
always be “hit hard.” Absolute thoroughness is the Golden Rule in fumi-
gation.
PLANT LOUSE PARASITES I
(Fam. Braconidae, Subfamily Aphidiinae.)
Cc. F. BAKER
Various rearings of these very beneficial insects in California, together with
ample series taken in general collecting has made it necessary to work up our
material and indicate the new forms. A table of all the genera, adapted from
Ashmead and Szepligeti, is given here to guide western students.
A. Abdomen round, the oviduct curved beneath it.
B. First cubital and first discoidal cells confluent. Monoctonus Hal.
BB. First cubital and first discoidal cells separated. Toxares Westw.
AA. Abdomen lanceolate; oviduct not curved beneath it.
B. Wings with three cubital cells. LEphedrus Hal.
BB. Wings with less than three cubitals.
C. First cubital and first discoidal cells separated. Praon Hal.
CC. First cubital and first discoidal cells confluent or wanting.
D. Discoido-cubital cell closed.
E. Metanotum much humped. Coelonotus Forst.
EE. Metanotum not much humped.
F. Radius much elongated, enclosing more than two-thirds
of the radial area. Aclitus Forst.
FF. Radius shortened, enclosing hardly one-third of the
radial area. Aphidius Nees
DD. _ Discoido-cubital cell open.
E. Radius wholly wanting. Paralipsis Forst.
EE. Radius at least in large part, distinctly present.
F. With a transverse cubital vein. Lysiphlebus Forst.
FF. Without transverse cubital veins.
G. Head longer than broad, strongly widened behind eyes.
Dyscritus Marshall
GG. Head transverse.
H. Second discoidal cell present. Diaeretus Forst.
HH. Second discoidal cell wanting.
I. Metanotum not areolated. Adialytus Forst.
II. Metanotum areolated.
J. Radius reaching four-fifths of radial cell.
Lipolexis Forst.
JJ. Radius not reaching four-fifths of radial cell.
Trioxys Hal.
BAKER, PLANT LOUSE PARASITES 23
Genus Ephedrus Hal.
A. Legs and antennae piceous; body black. californicus 0. Sp.
AA. Legs honey yellow to rufous; antennae partly yellow basally;
body piceous. nevadensis 0. sp.
Ephedrus californicus n. sp.
Female: Length 2.25 mm. Black, polished, legs, antennae, and petiole,
piceous, bases of tibiae yellowish. Antennae 12-jointed. Second abscissa of
radius equaling first transverso-cubital and first abscissa of cubitus. ucandibles
black.
Claremont, California. Coll. C. F. Baker.
Ephedrus nevadensis n. sp.
Female: Length 2mm. Black, polished, abdomen and antennae piceous,
legs all rufous. Antennae 12-jointed. Second abscissa of radius as long as
first abscissa of cubitus, but longer than first transverse cubital. Mandibles
rufous.
Male: Length 1.75 mm. Thorax also piceous. Legs all lemon yellow.
Antennae 11-jointed, piceous, second and third joints honey yellow.
Ormsby County, Nevada. Coll. C. F. Baker.
Genus Praon Hal.
The two species described below have the color largely black and the sides
of the petiole strongly divergent posteriorly.
A. First discoidal cell open. nanus 0. sp.
AA. First discoidal cell closed. occidentalis n. sp.
Praon nanus n. sp.
Male: Length 1.75 mm. Black, shining, the legs including coxae and ab-
domen, pale rufous, the tarsi and abdomen towards tip, becoming piceous,
Antennae piceous. Postmarginal and radial stumps and basal vein about
equal in length, the distinct part of cubitus about twice as long. Second dis-
coidal cell not distinctly closed.
Ormsby County, Nevada. Coll. C. F. Baker.
Praon occidentalis n. sp.
Female: Length 2 mm. Black, shining. Abdomen entirely testaceous,
paler below. Legs including coxae, clear rufous. Antennae piceous, 18-
jointed. First and second discoidal cells both distinctly closed. Subdis-
coidal nervure not interstitial, but entering second discoidal cell at about one-
third its length.
Ormsby County, Nevada. Coll. C. F. Baker.
24 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Genus Aphidius Nees
All of the species described below are not black, but testaceous, and all but
one have much yellow. In all, the face is largely yellow. In all, the subdis-
coidal nervure is interstitial and does not touch the second discoidal cell.
A. Second abscissa of radius shorter than the transverse cubitus ;
a small species with almost the entire body and appendages
concolorous testaceous. delicatus n. sp.
AA. Second abscissa of radius longer than the transverse cubitus;
large species with yellow legs.
B. Part of sternum only, yellow; length 2 mm.
C. Antennae 19-jointed, first two articles yellow; all of face
below antennae, yellow. coloratus n. sp.
CC. Antennae 20-jointed; first two articles testaceous; only
the clypeus yellow. coloratus var. ferruginosus n. vat.
BB. All of lower half of thorax yellow; length 2.5 mm. pu/cher n. sp.
Aphidius delicatus n. sp.
Male: Length, 1.5mm. Whole insect testaceous, abdomen and legs basally
paler. Clypeus and mandibles yellow. Metanotum smooth, shining, with a
delicate median carina which splits posteriorly, the branches diverging to pos-
terior border; and on either side posteriorly with a large rounded sharply
bordered pit. Apparently near to Aphidius avenaphis Fitch.
Ormsby County, Nevada. Coll. C. F. Baker.
Aphidius coloratus n. sp.
Female: Length 2mm. Head and thorax piceous, abdomen testaceous, legs
entirely, prothorax, mouthparts, all of face below antennae, and first two
joints of antennae, yellow. Antennae 19-jointed, flagellum piceous. Metano-
tum smooth and shining, with a median carina which is split behind and
encloses a small lozenge-shaped area which extends to posterior border; on
either side of this latter area is a large sharply bordered pit.
Jeannette, Pa. Coll. H. G. Klages.
Aphidius coloratus var. ferruginosus n. var.
Female: Length 2mm. Piceous to dark testaceous, petiole and hind mar-
gin of second segment pale. Legs sternum, and prothorax, yellowish to
ferruginous. Clypeus and mandibles yellowish. Antennae 20-jointed, piceous,
first two articles testaceous. Metanotum identical with that in the species.
Polk County, Wisconsin. Coll. C. F. Baker.
Aphidius pulcher n. sp.
Female: Length 2.5 mm. Head and thorax above, laterial margins of
second tergiun, and discs of third, fourth and fifth terga shining piceous, the
rest of abdomen, the sternum, pleurae and prothorax, ferruginous to yellowish.
BAKER, PLANT LOUSE PARASITES 25
Legs throughout, mandibles face, first article of antennae and tips only of
second, honey yellow. Metanotum smooth and shining, with an undivided
median carina and two large shallow pits behind.
Ormsby County, Nevada. Coll. C. F. Baker.
Genus Diaeretus Forst
Among several California species there is one common form which is quite
different from any described eastern species, and which is as yet undescribed.
It is nearest to D. americanus Ashm., but lacks any trace of cubitus, and has
antennae far shorter than the body.
Diaeretus californicus n. sp.
Female: Length 2.5 mm. Black, shining, petiole and metanotum piceous,
the latter with a strong median keel, which is split behind, the lateral faces
posteriorly each with a large circular, bordered depression. Legs ferruginous,
the hind coxae black. Antennae 14-jointed, piceous, the first two articles
yellowish.
Reared from plant lice on wild mustard, at Claremont, California, and also
taken commonly in general collecting.
Pomona Journal of Entomology
Volume I JUNE 1909 Number 2
STUDIES IN OXYBELIDAE I
Cc. F. BAKER.
Having been engaged for many years in the collection and study of material
in this family, such results as have been obtained will now be published from time
to time. A provisional table of the genera is presented herewith. Dr. Brauns
has kindly sent a specimen of his South African Oxybelomorpha. It is evidently
closely related to Oxybelus, but possesses mandibles deeply emarginate below.
The sub-median cell is much shorter than the median, the transverse median
nervure uniting with the median much before the origin of the basal nervure;
but this condition occurs also among some of our American Oxybelus. The form
of the scutellar armature in Oxybelomorpha is quite unique.
We have, in America, what we suppose to be true Belomicrus, separated as
indicated in the following table. If our species are true Belomicrus, then the
Belomicrus capensis of Brauns is not. Indeed I can see no reason why capensis
should not be placed in true Oxrybelus, as it has the spine and squamae of that
genus and the characteristic metanotal sculpture which so well separates all true
Oxybelus from the group that we have been calling Belomicrus. On the other
hand, specimens of Belomicrus Handlirschii Brauns, and Oxybelus ligula Gerst.,
sent by Dr. Brauns, both belong to Notoglossa.
As we now know them, the Oxybelidae are best developed in North America
and Europe, the few African species being quite anomalous in one way or an-
other. Members of the family are common in Central and South America, but
all of the many species of those regions which I have seen, belong in Notoglossa.
A. Metanotum with only fine sculpturing on the lateral faces, the lateral bound-
ing carinae strongly crested above squamae approximate or coalescing be-
hind, completely enclosing the post-scutellum, and without pointed limbs
or angles; scutellum never carinate.
Belomicrus Costa.
AA. Metanotum with very coarse sculpturing on the lateral faces, more so above,
the lateral bounding carinae not strongly crested above; squamae never
coalescing behind, always leaving apex of postscutellum free, and usually
either with pointed limbs or angled margins; scutellum usually carinate.
28 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
B. Mandibles deeply emarginate beneath.
Oxybelomorpha Brauns.
BB. Mandibles not distinctly emarginate beneath.
C. Spine very narrow and entire at the slender tip; mandibles
with a median tooth within; clypeus in male usually tri-
dentate.
Oxybelus Latr.
CC. Spine broad and emarginate, or very broadly truncate at tip;
mandibles without a median tooth within; clypeus in male
usually 4 or 5-dentate.
Notoglossa Dahlb.
Genus Belomicrus Costa
The group of species referred to this genus are alike in having the punctura-
tion of body fine, close, and remarkably uniform. They all have on the anterior
two-fifths of mesonotum a very fine double median stria. The scutellum is always
entirely without a median carina. The squamae are quite characteristic, not pos-
sessing either a lateral or a terminal tooth, and completely enclosing the post-
scutellum. The sculpturing of the metanotum is peculiar to the group; there are
median and lateral carinae, the lateral being distinctly elevated above; the median
fovea is of various shapes; the lateral faces are covered with numerous fine irreg-
ular oblique striae, and between these the surface is variously punctuate. The
clypeus is usually stated to be simple in both sexes, but in the male of cookii it is
tridentate. The lateral ocelli are said, in generic characterizations, to be as near
to the median ocellus as to the eye margin or nearer, but in colorata for instance,
they are nearer to the eye margin. A sharp groove extends from the upper part
of the inner eye orbit to the lateral ocelli.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
A. Abdomen almost entirely reddish; funicle longer than the first flagellar
article.
B. Length of postscutel and squamae together more than half the entire
width.
colorata n. sp.
BB. Length of postscutel and squamae together much less than half the
entire width.
cladothricis Ckll.
AA. Abdomen largely black; funicle as short or shorter than the first flagellar
article.
B. Scape and all tibiae, of male, clear honey yellow.
cookii n. sp.
BB. Scape and all tibiae, of male, with large piceous spots on one side.
forbesti Robt.
BAKER, STUDIES IN OXYBELIDAE 29
Belomicrus colorata n. sp.
FeMALE: Length 5 mm. A large species with bright yellow markings, and
a largely reddish abdomen, and related to cladothricis.
Clypeus truncate anteriorly, its disc subtuberculate, the raised portion naked,
smooth, shining, and with a few large punctures; remainder of face covered with
appressed silvery hair, which is thickest below. Antennae piceous above and
sordid yellowish below, the funicle distinctly longer than the first flagellar article.
Mandibles honey yellow at base to piceous at the simple tips. Lateral ocelli dis-
tinctly nearer to the eyes than to the median ocellus.
Pronotum honey yellow, except a spot at middle. Tegulae rufous. Meso-
pleura with the vertical groove broad, shallow, and ill defined. Postscutel yellow,
and with its broad squamae longer than half the entire width, the squamae com-
pletely coalescing, the median posterior emargination is shallow and with a
rounded apex. Median fovea of metanotum broader than long, the oblique striae
on lateral faces distinct, but the puncturation very inconspicuous.
Legs with tips of femora, all of tibiae, and basal joints of tarsi honey yellow;
the tarsi are piceous apically. Abdomen ferruginous, the first, second, and third
tergites with posterior margins broadly yellow. Pygidium triangular, the width
at base greater than the length.
This fine species was taken in Ormsby county, Nevada.
Belomicrus Cookii n. sp.
Mace: Length 4.75 mm. A medium-sized species with banded abdomen,
without ferruginous except at tip, and related to forbesii.
Clypeus tridentate anteriorly; its disc not subtuberculate, entirely covered
with the silky appressed pubescence of the face, and near the anterior margin
transversely banded with yellow. The antennal scrobes are unusually large and
deep. Antennae with honey yellow scape and sordid ferruginous flagellum, the
funicle distinctly shorter than the first article of flagellum. Mandibles honey yel-
low at base to piceous at their simple tips. Lateral ocellus about as far from
eye margins as from median ocellus. Pronotum with a broad, yellow, almost
continuous band which reaches on to scapulae. Tegulae rufous. Mesonotum
with the vertical groove distinct and sharply marked. Postscutel yellow, and
with its squamae not longer than half the entire width at base, the squamae
coalescing behind, the posterior emargination V-shaped.
Median fovea of metanotum triangular and twice as long as broad, the
oblique striation on lateral faces very fine and the puncturation very distinct.
Legs with tips of femora, all of tibiae, and basal portion of tarsi honey yellow,
the tarsi piceous apically. Abdomen black, the first to fifth tergites broadly
banded posteriorly with very pale yellowish, the last two segments sordid ferru-
ginous.
FreMALE: Clypeus truncate. Scape honey yellow only at tip, the remainder
piceous. Abdomen with yellow bands on segments I to IV, but gradually fading
out posteriorly, the last half of third segment, and the remainder of abdomen
bright ferruginous. Pygidium broader at base than long, triangular, but the
30 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
lateral margins incurved, the surface shining and with scattering coarse punc-
tures.
This well marked wasp is common at Claremont, California, during the
month of April. I have named it for Dr. A. J. Cook, the veteran head professor
of Biology in Pomona College.
Belomicrus cladothricis Ckll.
This species is common about Claremont, California, during the early spring
Belomicrus forbesii Robt.
I have specimens of this species taken at Denver, Colorado, by Oslar.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE II
Ek. O. ESSIG.
Erium lichtensioides Ckll.
This scale (Figures 16 and 17) occurs in considerable numbers on the stems
and twigs of Artemisia californica in the wastes about Claremont. It is separated
from Pseudococcus because of its globular form and the large fluffy, cottony sac
Figure 16. Erium lichtensioides
which encloses the scale body. The body is nearly round, smooth, and of a very
dark purple color, as is also the body juice. The antennae are 7-articled and
slightly hairy. The articles are short, the first and last being longest. The legs
are very short and abortive.
So far as is known this scale has not been reported from this section before.
It is easily recognized by the very large snow-white globular body-sac, which
stand out in sharp contrast to the dark color of Artemisia californica.
Coccus longulus Dougl.
(Figure 21)
LONG SCALE.
Like many of the scales, this one has existed here for many years unnoticed,
until of late its spreading has alarmed many of the citrus growers in this district.
On March 26th, the College inspectors reported this scale in the orchard of Mr.
W. Jones, but in no very great numbers. At the present date it is estimated that
it has multiplied nearly 100% and is still increasing. The young forms have
generally been confused with Soft Brown Scale, and were reported as such. The
32 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 17. Erium lichtensioides
external appearance (Figure 21) is as follows: on the dorsum is a distinct light-
colored line, on either side of which and parallel to it, is a less distinct line.
Figure 18. Parlartoria pergandii
ESSIG, NOTES ON CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE 33
Around the margins of the body is quite a wide colorless band extending half-way
from the margin to the light median line on the dorsum. The general back-
ground color is a gray. The bodies are rather long, and may be so thick on the
branches as to overlap so as to completely hide the surface of the branch. The
antennae are 7-articled and small, as are also the legs.
The scale multiplies with wonderful rapidity, and so far as our examination
goes, they are nearly free from parasites. They attack principally the younger
shoots. Soft Brown Scale seems to limit its attacks by preference to the young
trees, but this scale works as successfully on the old trees as on the young, but
generally on the new growth. So far, it has been reported in only two orchards
in any considerable numbers. Due to the fact that it is an unarmored scale, and
so soft, it will probably not require any special fumigation dosage to rid the
orchards of it. An ordinary Black-Scale dosage will do the work: But because
of its ability to increase in such enormous numbers, care must be taken to rid the
orchards of it before a great deal of damage has been done. Like most imported
scales it has probably been struggling under changed climatic conditions, and is
just beginning to thrive.
B
Figure 19. Parlatoria pergandii
Parlatoria pergandii, Comst.
(CHAFF SCALE.)
The female scale is irregularly elongated about 1 mm. in length, gray with
darker marginal exuviae. The female body has three pairs of well-developed anal
lobes (Figure 19), and a less developed fourth lobe resembling a papilla. Be-
tween the lobes and extending along the lateral margins are numerous hairs which
arise from well-defined lateral lobes. There are four groups of circumgenital
pores, the two upper groups usually having six, the two groups near cauda having
seven. The whole body shows the segmentation very plainly.
34 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The scale of the male is narrow and much smaller than the scale of the
female. In color it is considerably lighter, with marginal exuviae a littlel darker.
(Figure 20.)
ee]
Figure 20. Parlatoria pergandii
This is more strictly a Florida scale, and is seldom found in California. Its
color is so near that of the bark that infections are very difficult to find when
only on the trunk or stems. However, it readily attacks the leaves and fruit so
that it soon becomes very evident. Inspector C. H. Vary found this scale in
great numbers infesting trunk (Figure 18), leaves, and fruit of a single orange
tree in the very center of Pomona. It was promptly eradicated, for it was feared
that it might do the damage here that it has done in Florida. Mr. E. K. Carnes
reports this scale in only two districts in the State.
Figure 21. Coccus longulus.
THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA
¥. O. ESSIG.
The following study of this difficult genus is manifestly provisional. Much
more material is needed to complete the work, and we should be glad to receive
specimens of any species of the genus from any source. A synopsis of the females
has been a great desideratum, and we have attempted to construct such a synopsis.
It now includes all the known native species and most of the introduced forms,
though there are some like Pseudococcus calceolariae, P. affinis, and P. hymen-
ocleae recorded as having occurred in the State, which we have not yet seen.
These insects are very variable in most of their characters, and minute differences
in the antennal articles or bristle arrangement taken alone are not to be depended
upon. So we have used only characters, or combinations of characters, which
seem to us, on the average, to be good. For this reason in using the synopsis,
care should be taken to examine numbers of specimens of any form, since even
species having normally 8-articled antennae occasionally include specimens with
only 7 articles or even with 9. We have not always used in the synopsis charac-
ters which we consider of greatest value in distinguishing the species, since we
are limited always to the use only of described characters in those species we have
not seen.
PROVISIONAL KEY TO FEMALES OF CALIFORNIA PSEUDOCOCCUS.
A. Third article of antennae about half the length of the last; spines of anal
lobes usually much longer than circumanal spines ; body with only powdery
wax.
B. Antennae 7-articled and very small.
C. Antennae with very few hairs, article 4 shorter than 5; body
slate colored. Under bark of Artemisia californica.
artemisiae Nn. sp.
CC. Antennae with normal number of hairs, article 4 longer than
5; body pinkish. Under bark of Quercus agrifolia.
agrifoliae n. sp.
BB. Antennae 8-articled, large, and normally haired.
C. Antennae with article 2 much longer than 3.
D. “Sides with rows of spinneret spine areas”; eggs
enclosed in an egg-sac. On Azalea.
azaleae.
36 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
DD. Sides without rows of spine areas ; eggs not enclosed
in an egg-sac. On roots of Solanum douglasii.
solani.
CC. Antennae with article 2 sub-equal with 3, (either may be
slightly the longer).
D. On leaves and in cracks of bark of Quercus chryso-
lepis. quercus
DD. On roots of Eriogonum latifolium.
maritumus.
AA. Third article of antennae three-fourths as long or longer than the last ; spines
of the anal lobes usually not longer than the circumanal spines, (citri,
sequoiae, etc., excepted. )
B. Lateral margins of all segments with dark callouses bearing two to
eight denticles; antennae 7-articled. On roots of Ramona stachy-
oldes.
_Phenacoccus ramonae n. sp.
BB. Lateral margins of segments without denticled callouses; antennae
8-articled.
C. Article 1 of antennae as long as 3 and longer than 2; spines
of anal lobes as long as circumanal spines. On Opuntia
and under the bark of Sambucus glauca.
obscurus n. sp.
CC. Article 1 of antennae shorter than either 2 or 3.
D. Anal wax appendages as long as entire body; spines
of anal lobes much shorter than circumanal spines ;
on various cultivated plants.
longispinus.
DD. Anal wax appendages much shorter than the body.
E. Articles 2 and 3 of antennae sub-equalling 8;
anal wax appendages about one-third
length of the body.
F. Article 1 of antennae shorter than 5;
viviparous.
G. Body wholly light yellow,
thickly covered with mealy
wax; secreting only a
white cottony matter, on
which the female rests. On
the leaves of Ramona
polystachya.
crawit.
ESSIG, THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA 37
GG. Body dark-olive, almost
black, thinly covered with
snow-white mealy wax;
secreting a cottony sac
which finally entirely en-
closes the female. On
Ephedra californica.
ephedrae.
FF. Article 1 of antennae longer than 5;
oviparous.
G. Body dull salmon-brown;
eggs laid in a fluffy cot-
tony mass. On Cupressus
macrocarpa, Thuja orien-
talis, Araucaria excelsa.
ryan.
GG. Body lead-gray; eggs laid
in an ovisac. On Cupres-
sus governiana, Liboce-
drus decurrens.
anderson.
EE. Article 2 of antennae distinctly shorter than
8; anal wax appendages much shorter than
one-third length of body.
F. Article 3 of antennae shorter than 8.
G. Body yellow ; eggs deposited
in a cottony mass. On
various cultivated plants.
citri.
GG. Body gray; eggs deposited
in a definite ovisac.
H. Body with conspic-
uous lateral wax
plates ; female not
at all enclosed in
the ovisac. On se-
quoia sempervir-
ens.
sequoiae.
HH. Body without con-
spicuous lateral
wax plates; fe-
male completely
enclosed in the
38 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
ovisac. On Cup-
ressus —macnabi-
ana.
dudleyt.
FF. Article 3 of antennae longer than 8;
spines of anal lobes not longer
than circumanal spines; eggs de-
posited in an ovisac. On Cupres-
sus macrocarpa.
cupresst.
Pseudococcus artemisiae n. sp.
This species (Figure 22) is decidedly long and narrow in shape, varying from
1 to 6 mm. in length, and from 1-5 to 2 mm. in width. Due to the lack of covering,
Figure 22. Pseudococcus artemisiae
which is but a very fine powdery wax, the segmentation of the body is very dis-
tinct. The body is slate colored, without distinct lateral or anal wax appendages.
The female encloses herself in a thin cottony sac, and one such enclosed individual
can be seen in the figure.
When boiled in K O H, the body becomes cardinal, while the legs and anten-
nae remain transparently yellow.
The antennae are 7-articled (Fig. 23 H), the articles are short and in many
cases wider than long. Article 3 is less than half as long as 8. The comparative
lengths of the others may be seen in the cut. The mouth-parts are slender—the
rostral loop, short. The legs (Fig. 24 H) are normal in length. The femur is
longer than the tibia, the tarsus nearly as long as the tibia. The anal lobes
(Fig. 25 H) are furnished with spines longer than the circumanal spines. The
whole pygidium is rounded, and the segmentation indistinct; there are 3 denticles
on either lobe, and few hairs on the body.
ESSIG, THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA
H
Figure 23. A, P. obscurus on Sambucus glauca; B, P. solani; C, P. obscurus on roots of
Opuntia; D, P. longispinis; E, P. ramonae: F, P. citri; G, P. agrifoliae; H, P. artemisiae.
39
40
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 24. A, P. obscurus on Sambucus; B, P. solani; C, P. obscurus on Opuntia; D, P.
longispinis; E, P. ramonae; F, P. citri; G, P. agrifoliae; H, P. arternisiae:
I, P. obscurus: on Sambucus
ESSIG, THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA 41
Figure 25. B, P. solani; C, P. obscurus on Opuntia; D, P. longispinis; E, P. ramonae
F, P. citri; G, P. agrifolae; H, P. artemisiae
42 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Pseudococcus agrifoliae n. sp.
This species occurs scatteringly under the bark of Quercus agrifolia.
So far, it has been taken only in the locality of Claremont.
This species (Figure 26) is more or less oval in shape, although many may be
found which are decidedly oblong. In length the body varies from 2 to 6 mm.,
and in width from three-fourths to nearly the length. The pink body, though
nearly naked, is slightly covered with a fine white powdery wax, without distinct
lateral or anal wax appendages.
When boiled in K O H, the body becomes cardinal
remain light-yellow.
The antennae (Figure 23 G) are 7-articled—the third article being about half
the length of the last. The comparative lengths of all the articles are shown in
the illustration. The mouth-parts are long, reaching nearly to the middle coxae.
The legs (Figure 24 G) are light brown, of medium length, and covered with
the antennae and legs
Figure 26. Pseudococcus agrifoliae
hair. See the cut for the comparative lengths of the different parts. The spines
of the anal lobes (Figure 25 G) are twice as long as the circumanal spines. Each
lobe is furnished with two ventral denticles. ‘There is very little or no hair on the
body.
This species lives beneath the bark and in the cracks of the bark of Quercus
agrifolia. It was first taken by P. E. Smith at Santa Paula. It differs from
P. quercus in the following:
P. quercus :—Body, greenish-brown ; antennae, 8-articled ; tarsus, one-third as long
as tibia; host-plant, Quercus chrysolepis.
P. agrifoliae :—Body, pink; antennae, 7-articled; tarsus, nearly as long as tibia;
host-plant, Quercus agrifolia.
ESSIG, THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA 43
Pseudococcus obscurus n. sp.
In form this species is very narrowly oblong. ‘The body segmentation is very
distinct. The length of the body varies from 2 to 6 mm., the width from 1 to 2
mm. ‘The covering consists of a very thin, powdery wax, which does not hide
the light-gray body of the insect. The lateral wax appendages are not distinct,
while those of the anal segments, though short, are well defined.
When boiled in K O H, the body becomes cardinal—the legs and antennae
remain a light-brown.
The antennae (Figure 23 C) are 8-articled, and normal in size and in the
distribution of hair. Article 3 is three-fourths as long as the last. Article 1 is
as long as 3 and longer than 2. The mouth-parts are short and stout; the rostral
loop about half the length of the body. The legs (Figure 24 C) are short and
stout. ‘The coxa is as broad as long; the tibia is longer than the femur, and twice
as long as the tarsus; the claw is short and well curved. The spines of the anal
lobes are as long as the circumanal spines (Figure 25 C). The lobes are quite
hairy, with two denticles on the inner margin of each. The body is nearly desti-
tute of hair.
Figure 27. Pseudococcus obscurus on Sambucus glauca
The eggs are laid in loose cottony masses. The male is unknown.
This species was taken from the roots of Opuntia at the home of Mr. Meserve,
County Horticultural Commissioner, on Boyle Heights, Los Angeles: In some
ways it resembles P. ryani, but differs as the antennae shows in the following
comparative table of the different articles beginning with the longest article first :
P. ryani :—8, 3, 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 7.
P. obscurus :—8, 1, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 6.
A form taken at Santa Paula (Figure 27) from the bark of Sambucus glauca
resembles P. obscurus closely enough to be the same species or a variety of it.
The following cuts will point out some of the resemblances: Fig. 23 A; Fig.
24 A; Fig. 24 I.
It was first taken by County Commissioner P. E. Smith, of Santa Paula.
44 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Phenacoccus ramonae n. sp.
The form (Figure 28) is distinctly oval, tapering slightly toward the anai
end. The body varies from 4 to 6 mm. in length, and from 1 to 3 mm. in width.
The covering is a snow-white cottony wax, which entirely hides the insect’s body.
The segmentation is very distinct. Along the median line of the dorsum there
extends a well-defined ridge, on either side of which is a similar indistinct ridge
parallel to it. On the margin of each segment is a stout waxy lateral plate, the
two anal wax plates being twice as long as any of the rest, and much heavier.
Beneath the covering the body is greenish-yellow. When treated with K O H
the body becomes perfectly colorless and transparent, the legs and antennae re-
main brown.
The antennae (Figure 23 E) are 7-articled, long and rather stout. Article 3
Figure 28. Phenacoccus ramonae
is longer than 8. The comparative lengths of the remaining articles may be found
in the cut. All of the articles are hairy. The mouth-parts are short and stout—
the rostral loop, reaching nearly to the caudal end of the body. ‘The legs (Figure
24 E) are long, stout, and covered with short hair. The femur is longer than
the tibia, the tarsus about one-half the length of the tibia, the claw is slightly
curved with a tooth on the inner margin. ‘The spines of the anal lobes (Figure
25 FE) are shorter than the six circumanal spines. The body is covered with hair.
On the lateral margins of all the segments are dark callouses bearing from 2 to 8
denticles.
ESSIG, THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA 45
Although a large number of specimens were taken no eggs were to be found.
They are probably viviparous.
Figure 29. Phenacoccus ramonae
The adult male is yet unknown, but the pupa-cases (Figure 29) were taken
in considerable numbers.
Figure 30. Phenacoccus ramonae
The insect lives in great numbers (Figure 30) in the ground on the roots of
the Black Sage, Ramona stachyoides.
46 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
It has also been taken from the foliage of Diplacus glutinosus, in the canyons
above Claremont.
Figure 31. Pseudococcus citri
Pseudococcus citri (Risso)
It is to be noted that this species (Figures 31 and 32) as it occurs in Cali-
fornia, has been treated very fully in Bulletin No. 1 of the Claremont Pomological
Club, Claremont, California, February, 1909.
Figure 32. Pseudococcus citri
APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA II
E. O. ESSIC.
Rhopalosiphum violae Pergande
In the last number of the Journal this aphid should have been credited to
Pergande, who described it in Canad. Ent. vol. 32, page 29, 1900.
Aphis citri Ashmead
WINGED VivipARous FEMALE (Figure 33)—Length 1.2 mm., width 0.7 mm.,
wing expansion 2.65 mm. Prevailing color of thorax dark, abdomen dull green.
Head narrower than thorax, nearly twice as wide as long. Compound eyes
Figure 33. A.andB. Aphis citri
large, black, with long terete tubercles just behind the outer margin. Antennae
(Fig. 34 1) arise from inconspicuous tubercles, nearly black, longer than the
body, 1.42 mm., six-articled with a nail-like process near the apex of the sixth
article. The lengths of the respective articles are as follows: I 0.5 mm., IT 0.07
mm., III 0.4 mm., IV 0.35 mm., V 0.3 mm., VI 0.45 mm. Distribution of the
48 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Q
QU MrcA Uinta
Figure 34. Aphis citri. A and B, apterous female; C, pupa; D, cornicle of nymph; E, cornicle
of apterous female: F, cornicle of winged female; G, antenna of young;
H, antenna of apterous female; I, antenna of winged female
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 49
sensoria; I and II none, III five large circular in a row, LV none, V one large
circular at distal end, VI several small ones in the nail-like process. All but the
last articles are scabrous, and there are few hair on any. Pro-thorax with lateral
tubercles. Rostrum reaching just beyond the metathoracic coxae. Abdomen
more or less distinctly segmented. Cornicles (Figure 34 F) cylindrical and
scabrous, length 0.18 mm. Legs moderately long with few hair and no sensoria.
Wings hyaline; primary length 2.3 mm., width 0.95 mm. Cubitus very distinct,
as are all the veins. Stigma long and linear. Radius sharply curved. First and
second obliques straight, third twice forked. Secondary wing, length 1.55 mm.,
width 0.6 mm. Swxb-costal extends to wing tip, slightly bent at base of second
discoidal. First Discoidal arises from the sub-costal one-third its distance from
the base. Second Discoidal arises from the sub-costal two-thirds its distance
from the base. Style cylindrical, about one-half the length of the cornicles.
The pupa is shown in Figure 34 C.
Figure 35. Callipterus juglandicola, winged female
ApTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE.—( Figs. 34 A and B.) Length 1 mm., width
0.8 mm. Differs from the winged form in the following respects: Body nearly
globular, scarcely segmented at all, dark brown to black. Antennae (Fig. 34 H)
considerable longer than the body, 1.22 mm., and without sensoria. The corni-
cles of this form are shown in Figure 34 E.
Nympu oF Aprrgrous VivipArous FrEmMALE.—Resembles the adult only is
much smaller and lighter in color. The antennae (Fig 34 G) are five-jointed,
the respective lengths are as follows: I 0.93 mm., II 0.95 mm., III 0.12 mm.,
IV 0.06 mm., V 0.22 mm. The body segmentation is more distinct than in the
adult. Rostrum reaches just beyond the meta-thoracic coxae. The cornicles of
the nymph are shown in Figure 34 D.
This, the Orange Aphid, attacks with vigor the tender shoots of the citrus
trees. Although in time checked by parasites, it succeeds in doing a great deal
50
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 36. Callipterus juglandicola, A, A, and C, forms of pupae; D, antenna
of pupa; E, antenna of winged female
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 51
of damage, first because of its rapid increase in numbers, and secondly because
it is able to do a life’s work before the parasite finally gets the upper hand. In
this way much of the new growth is completely destroyed and the tree thereby
injured. By summer only isolated specimens of the aphid can usually be found.
I have referred this common Californian form to the Aphis citri of Ashmead,
but it is only a provisional reference, since there appears to be no way in which to
tell what Aphis citri really is, except by a re-examination and description of
authentic material.
Callipterus juglandicola Koch
Pterocallis juglandicola—Kalt.
Lachnus juglandicola—Kalt.
Aphis juglandicola—W alk.
WIincep Vivirarous FeEMALe.—(Figure 35). Length 2 mm., width 0.5 mm.,
wing-expansion 3.25 mm. Prevailing color light yellow, many individuals hav-
ing two rows of black blotches on the back extending from the pro-thorax to the
cauda. Eyes are red.
Head short and as wide as the pro-thorax, with few short hairs on the frontal
margin between the antennae. Compound eyes large, bright red, with long terete
tubercles just behind near the posterior border. Antennae (Figure 36 E) arise
from head without tubercles, are shorter than the body, being 1.975 mm. long.
The tips of articles III, IV, V and VI are very deeply clouded. There are very
few hairs. Article VI has an apical nail-like process. The lengths of the respect-
ive articles are as follows: I 0.1 mm., II 0.1 mm., III 0.375 mm., IV 0.225 mm.,
V 0.125 mm., VI 0.15 mm. The distribution of the sensoria is: 1 and II none,
III one row of seven large circular, IV none, V one large circular near distal end,
VI several small ones in the nail-like process. Pro-thorax without lateral tuber-
cles. Rostrum short, not reaching the coxal cavities. Abdomen distinctly seg-
mented, in many cases having two rows of black blotches on the back. With few
hairs and no digitules. Cornicles short, with trumpet-shaped openings. Legs
moderate in length, more or less hairy, without sensoria. Hind tibia with a large
black blotch on the distal end. Wings hyaline, veins slightly pigmented at the
base. Primary wings, length 2.45 mm., width 0.75 mm. Cubitus well defined
Stigma long and narrow. Radius well curved. First and second obliques
straight, third well curved and twice-forked. Secondary wings, length 1.45 mm.,
width 0.5 mm. Two discoidals. Swb-costal bends down at the base of the sec-
ondary discoidal and extends to the wing-tip.
First discoidal is straight and arises from the sub-costal nearly one-half its
length and extends nearly to the margin. Second discoidal curves slightly in and
arises from the sub-costa at about two-thirds its length and extends nearly to the
margin. Cauda rounded and hairy. Style obscure.
Aprerous Viviearous FemMALe.—This form has not been obtained, although
close watch has been kept since the first of January.
Pura oF Vivirearous FemaLe.—(Figure 36 A, B. C.) In shape and color
the pupa resembles the adult form. On the frontal margin the hairs are replaced
52 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
by digitules, these digitules also cover the entire body in great numbers, as is
shown in the cut, but disappear with age, as there are none on the adults.
Antennae (Figure 36 D) five-jointed and short, being 0.58 mm. long. The com-
parative lengths of the various articles are: I .05 mm., IT .05 mm., III 1.18 mm.,
IV 0.2 mm., V 0.1 mm. The margins of the abdomen are deeply serrulated
between the many digitules. Rostrwm very short, scarcely reaching beyond the
pro-thorax. Legs as in the adult, only the hind tibia are marked, but in many
cases the middle tibia, and in some cases, all the tibia are marked at the distal
end with a conspicuous black blotch.
Of all the Southern California Aphids this form, commonly known as the
Walnut Aphid, is of the greatest economic importance because of the damage it
does to the Walnut trees. Introduced from Europe on nursery stock, it is
attacking the walnut, Juglans regiae, so vigorously as to threaten the out-put
greatly. Its appearance is so sudden and it often occurs in such countless num-
bers that the damage is done before the orchardist is aware of its presence. Last
year it threatened to ruin the entire crop on the Limoneira Ranch. It appears
to infest walnut trees throughout Southern California, settling on the under side
of the leaves, in numbers which at times entirely hide the whole surface.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE
EK. O. ESSIG AND C. F. LAKER.
The following index was first roughly compiled from all the publica-
tions which we happened to have at hand, and it was then submitted for
correction and emendation to Mr. Edw. M. Ehrhorn (Deputy Horticultural
Commissioner at San Francisco), Mr. R. S. Woglum (of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture), Mr. E. K. Carnes (Superintendent of State Insec-
tary), Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell (of Colorado State University), and Mr. E.
R. Sasscer (of the U. S. Department of Agriculture). The index has been
completely remodelled in accordance with their notes. But even now it is
evidently only a good beginning. Many of our common cultivated plants,
some of which at least must often be scale infested, are not yet on the list,
while there are beyond doubt many more native species awaiting discovery.
We shall be glad to publish all further corrections or additions, since the
great value of a complete index of this sort is very evident. We heartily
invite all Californian entomologists, horticultural commissioners, and in-
spectors, to assist us in the development of this index. It is
especially important that we indicate the species which are found
only in the greenhouses. Of course, quarantine records are not
in reality Californian records at all, though very important as
indicating the species which are actually knocking at our doors for admis-
sion. It is a splendid justification of our quarantine service, that so many
of such records have remained, so far as we know, only quarantine occur-
rences. Several specialists have indicated to us that the name Aspidiotus
camelliae should be used in place of Aspidiotus rapax, Dactylopius coccus in
place of Coccus cacti, and Pulvinaria vitis in place of Pulvinaria innumerabilis,
all of these apparently being changes compelled by priority rules.
Abies sp.? (Fir).
Chionaspis pinifoliae.
Abies concolor (White Fir).
Aspidiotus ehrhorni.
Leucaspis kelloggi.
Physokermes concolor.
Abies grandis.
Leucaspis kelloggi.
Abies magnifica (Red Fir).
Leucaspis kelloggi.
Abies shastensis.
Leucaspis kelloggi.
54 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Acacia sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae—W oglum.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii—Woglum.
Diaspis boisduvalii. Only in quarantine—Carnes.
Icerya purchasi.
Saissetia oleae.
Acacia melanoxylon (Australian Blackwood).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Acer sp.? (Maple).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Chrysomphalus tenebricosus.
Leucaspis japonica.
Pulvinaria vitis.
Acer macrophyllum (Large-leaved Maple).
Eulecanium crawii.
Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamiso).
Eriococcus adenostomae.
Eulecanium adenostomae.
Lecaniodiaspis rufescens.
Tachardia sp.—Woglum.
Xerophilaspis prosopidis—W oglum.
Adiantum pedatum (Maiden-hair Fern).
Aspidiotus hederae—Woglum.
Saissetia hemisphaerica. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Aesculus californica (Buckeye—Horsechestnut).
Aspidiotus aesculi.
Agathis—see Dammaria.
Agave sp.? (Century Plant).
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Alder—see Alnus.
Almond—see Prunus amygdalus.
Alnus sp.? (Alder).
Pulvinaria ehrhorni.
Alnus japonica.
Chionaspis wistariae . Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Ananassa Sativa (Pineapple).
Diaspis bromeliae . Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Andropogon furcatus.
Aclerda californica.
Anemone sp.?
Pseudococcus affinis—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Appie—see Pyrus malus.
Apricot—see Prunus armeniaca.
Aralia sieboldi.
Coccus hesperidum—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia hemisphaerica—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE 55
Araucaria bidwelli.
Chrysomphalus rossi—W oglum.
Chrysomphalus aonidum. Only in greenhouses
Eriococcus araucariae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudococcus aurilanatus.
Ehrhorn.
Araucaria excelsa.
Eriococcus araucariae—Woglum.
Araucaria imbricata.
Chrysomphalus rossii—U.
Eriococcus araucariae—U.
S. Dept. Agrcl.
Se Dept Aercl:
Arbor-vitae—see Thuya.
Arctostaphylos viscida.
Aspidiotus abietis—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Areca catechu (Betel Nut).
Saissetia hemisphaerica. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Artemisia californica (Sagebrush).
Eriococcus artemisiae.
Erium lichtensioides—Essig.
Phenacoccus artemisiae.
Pseudococcus artemisiae—Essig.
Pseudococcus crawii.
Pseudococcus hymenocleae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Asparagus plumosus (Climbing Asparagus).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Asparagus sprengerii.
Aspidiotus hederae—Ehrhorn.
Aspidistra lurida.
Chrysomphalus aonidum—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae. Only at quarantine and in greenhouses—
Ehrhorn.
Atriplex sp.?
Phenacoccus simplex.
Atriplex canescens.
Ceroplastes irregularis—Ehrhorn.
Atriplex confertifolia.
Ceroplastes irregularis—Ehrhorn.
Aucuba sp.?
Phenacaspis chinensis. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Australian Blackwood—see Acacia melanoxylon.
Azalea sp.?
Pseudococcus azaleae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
In greenhouses—Carnes.
Baccharis pilularis.
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Bahia sp.?
Ceroputo bahiae.
Targionia dearnessi—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
56 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Bambusa sp.? (Bamboo).
Antonina crawii. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Aclerda tokionis. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Odonaspis bambusarum. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Begonia sp.?
Pseudococcus citri. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Betelnut—see Areca catchu.
Bigelovia sp.?
Pulvinaria bigeloviae.
Bigelovia brachylepis.
Targionia bigeloviae.
Bignonia sp.?
Ceroplastes cistudiformis.
Pseudococcus citri.
Blackberry—see Rubus nigrobaccus.
Blackwood—see Acacia melanoxylon.
Boston Fern—see Nephrolepis exaltata.
Bottle brush—see Callistemon.
Boxwood—see Buxus.
Brunfelsia sp.?
Eucalymnatus perforatus. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Bryophyllum calycinum (Ghost Plant).
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Buckeye—see Aesculus.
Buxus sp.? (Boxwood).
Aspidiotus hederae—Woglum.
Saissetia hemisphaerica—W oglum.
Saissetia oleae—Woglum.
Cacti (genera? species?)—-see also Opuntia, Cereus, etc.
Dactylopius coccus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Diaspis cacti—Ehrhorn.
Diaspis echinocacti—Ehrhorn.
Cajaput tree—Melaleuca leucadendron.
Calla Lily—see Richardia africana.
Callistemon lanceolatus (Bottle brush).
Pseudococcus citri.
Camellia japonica.
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Ceroplastes ceriferus. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Chrysomphalus aonidum. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Coccus hesperidum.
Fiorina fiorinae. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Parlatoria pergandii—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudaonidia duplex. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
In greenhouses—Carnes.
Pseudaonidia paeoniae. Only at quarantine
Pulvinaria camelicola—W oglum.
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Ehrhorn.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE
on
~sI
Camphora officinalis (Camphor tree).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii—W oglum.
Pseudaonidia duplex. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Carex breweri (Sedge).
Exaeretopus caricis—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Castor Bean—see Ricinus communis.
Cattleya sp.?
Diaspis boisduvalii.
Diaspis cattleyae. These two scales only at quarantine and in green-
houses—Ehrhorn.
Ceanothus sp.?
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae.
Ceanothus cuneatus.
Ceroputo yuccae.
Aspidiotus camelliae—Essig.
Ceanothus rigidus.
Mytilaspis concolor—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Century Plant—see Agave.
Cercis sp.? (Judas Tree, Red Bud).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Chamiso—see Adenostoma fasciculatum.
Chenopodium sp.? :
Eriococcus neglectus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Cherry—see Prunus cerasus.
Cissus sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Citrus aurantium (Orange).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Ceroplastes ceriferus. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Ceroplastes cirripediformis. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Ceroplastes rubens. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Chrysomphalus aonidum. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Chrysomphalus citrinus.
Coccus hesperidum.
Eulecanium pruinosum—uU. S. Dept. Agrci.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn
Howardia biclavis. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Icerya purchasi.
Lepidosaphes beckii.
Lepidosaphes gloverii.
Parlatoria pergandii.
Pseudococcus citri.
Pseudococcus longispinis.
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Saissetia oleae.
58 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Citrus deoumanus (Forbidden Fruit, Fruit of Paradise, Pomelo, Grape
Fruit).
Same list as for Citrus aurantium.
Citrus medica (Citron).
Same list as for Citrus aurantium.
Citrus limonum (Lemon).
Same list as for Citrus aurantium.
Citrus trifoliata.
Aspidiotus perniciosus var. andromelas.
Clianthus sp.?
Coccus hesperidum—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Coachwhip—see Fouquieria splendens.
Cochineal cactus—see Nopalea cochinellifera.
Coconut palm—see Cocos nucifera.
Cocos nucifera (Coconut Palm).
Pseudococcus pseudonipae—W oglum.
Saissetia hemisphaerica. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Cocos plumosa.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae. Rare in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Coelogyne cristate.
Aspidiotus dictyospermi—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Coleus sp.?
Pseudococcus citri. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus longispinis—Carnes.
Cornus sp.?
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Lepidosaphes ulmi—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Crane’s-bill—see Geranium.
Crataegus sp.? ..(Thornapple, Hawthorn).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin).
Pseudococcus citri.
Cupressus goveniana.
Leucaspis cupressi.
Pseudococcus andersoni.
Cupressus macnabiana.
Aspidiotus coniferarum shastae.
Pseudococcus dudleyi.
Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress).
Chionaspis striata—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudococcus cupressi.
Pseudococcus ryani.
Xylococcus macrocarpae.
Currant—see Ribes.
Cycas revoluta (Sago Palm).
Coccus hesperidum. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Fiorina fiorinae. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus longispinis. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE 59
Cydonia vulgaris (Quince).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Cydonia japonica (Japanese Quince).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Cyperus alternifolius.
Aspidiotus hederae. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus citri. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus longispinis. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Cypress—see Cupressus.
Dammaria ovata.
Pseudococcus aurilanatus. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Dammaria vitiensis.
Pseudococcus aurilanatus. Only in greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Dioscorea sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae—W oglum.
Diospyros kaki (Japanese Persimmon).
Diaspis pentagona. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Diplacus glutinosus (Monkey flower).
Ceroputo yuccae.
Phenacoccus ramonae—Essig.
Distichlis maritima (Marsh spike grass).
Sphaerococcus distichlium.
Dracaena sp.?
Aulacaspis crawii. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus longispinis.
Saissetia oleae.
Elaeagnus sp.?
Chionaspis difficilis. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Lepidosaphes beckii. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Elaeagnus umbellata.
Aulacaspis crawii. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Elder—see Sambucus.
Elm—see Ulmus.
Ephedra californica.
Pseudococcus ephedrae.
Erica sp.? :
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Eriogonum sp.?
Erium eriogoni.
Eriogonum fasciculatum.
Eriococcus palmeri. Recorded also from Lower California on Boureria
sonorae—Ehrhorn.
Eriogonum latifolium.
Pseudococcus maritimus.
60 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOCY
Eucalyptus sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Phenacaspis latissima. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae.
Euonymus japonicus.
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Chionaspis euonymi. In nursery houses—Ehrhorn.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Saissetia oleae.
Euonymus latifolius.
Chionaspis euonymi. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia).
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Pseudococcus citri.
Saissetia oleae.
Ferns—see Filicales.
Fescue—see Festuca scabrella.
Festuca scabrella.
Ripersia festucae.
Ficus carica (Fig).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Chrysomphalus citrinus—Carnes.
Coccus hesperidum.
Fig—see Ficus carica.
Filicales (Ferns).
Ceroplastes rubens. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae. Only at quarantine
Pinnaspis buxi. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus citri. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus longispinis. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pulvinaria psidii. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia hemisphaerica. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Ehrhorn.
Fir—see Abies.
Forbidden Fruit—see Citrus decumana.
Fouquieria splendens (Octillo, Coach-whip, Vine Cactus, Jacob’s Staff).
Lecaniodiaspis rufescens.
Fragaria chilensis (Wild Strawberry).
Aulacaspis rosae.
Fuchsia sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Pseudococcus citri.
Gardenia sp.? (Jasmine).
Ceroplastes ceriferus. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Coccus hesperidum.
Genista alba.
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE
Geranium sp.? (Crane’s-bill).
Icerya purchasi—Carnes.
Pseudococcus citri. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Coccus hesperidum.
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Saissetia oleae.
Ghost Plant—see Bryophyllum calycinum.
Gleditschia sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Golden Rod
Gramineae, genera? species? ..(Grass).
Odonaspis graminis—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus salinus.
Ripersiella kelloggi.
see Solidago.
Grape—see Vitis.
Grape-fruit—see Citrus decumana.
Grass—see Gramineae, Festuca, Distichlis and Spartina.
Gum-tree—see Eucalyptus.
Hawthorn—see Crataegus.
Hedera helix (English Ivy).
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Coccus hesperidum—Carnes.
Fiorina fiorinae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae.
Heteromeles arbutifolia.
Coceus hesperidum—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Hibiscus sp.? (MarshMallow, Rose Mallow, Chinese Rose).
Diaspis pentagona. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Ceroplastes ceriferus. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae.
Incense Cedar—see Libocedrus decurrens.
Ivy—see Hedora helix.
Jacob’s Staff—see Fouquiera splendens.
Jasmine—see Gardenia.
Judas Tree—see Cercis.
Juglans regia (Walnut).
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Eulecanium cerasorum—W oglum.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Juniperus sp.? (Juniper).
Diaspis carueli.
Kentia sp.?
Aspidiotus dictyospermi—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Lantana sp.?
Orthezia insignis—W oglum.
62 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Larrea sp.?
Tachardia larreae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Latania borbonica (Fan Palm).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Laurus nobilis (Sweet Bay Tree).
Coccus hesperidum—Ehrhorn.
Eucalymnatus perforatus.
Saissetia oleae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Lavatera assurgentifolia.
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Lemon—see Citrus limonum.
Leucadendron argenteum (Silver Tree).
Saissetia oleae.
Libocedrus decurrens (Incense Cedar).
Aspidiotus ehrhorni.
Pseudococcus andersoni.
Ligustrum ovalifolium (Privet)
Saissetia oleae.
Ligustrum vulgare (Privet).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Magnolia sp.?
Aspidiotus hederae.
Eulecanium magnoliarum.
Lepidosaphes gloverii.
Leucaspis japonica.
Maiden-hair Fern—see Adiantum pedatum.
Maple—see Acer.
Marsh Mallow—see Hibiscus.
Mazzard—see Prunus avium.
Melaleuca leucadendron (Cajaput Tree, Paper-bark Tree).
Saissetia oleae.
Melia azedarach (Umbrella Tree).
Aspidiotus cameliae—Ehrhorn.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Coccus hesperidum.
Mistletoe—see Phoradendron flavescens.
Monkey Flower—see Diplacus glutinosus.
Monterey Cypress—see Cupressus macrocarpa.
Morus sp.? (Mulberry).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii—Woglum.
Mulberry—see Morus.
Myrtus sp.? (Myrtle).
Aspidiotus cameliliae—Ehrhorn.
Coccus hesperidum.
Saissetia oleae.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE 63
Nerium oleander (Oleander).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Coccus hesperidum.
Pseudococcus citri—Essig.
Pseudococcus longispinis—Carnes.
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Saissetia oleae.
Nephrolepis exaltata (Boston Fern).
Pinnaspis buxi. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia hemisphaerica. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Nightshade—see Solanum douglasii.
Nopalea cochinellifera (Cochineal Cactus).
Dactylopius coccus.
Norfolk Pine—see Araucaria.
Oak—see Quercus.
Octillo—see Fouquieria splendens.
Odontoglossum sp.?
Aulacaspis boisduvalli—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aulacaspis miranda—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Olea fragrans (Olive).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Pollinia pollini. Appeared in Los Angeles county, but was eradicated—
Carnes.
Pseudaonidia duplex. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae.
Oleander—see Nerium oleander.
Olive—see Olea.
Opuntia sp.?
Pseudococcus obscurus—Essig.
Opuntia littoralis.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Orange—see Citrus aurantium.
Orchids—see Coelogyne, Cattleya, Odontoglossum.
Osage Orange—see Toxylon pomiferum.
Paeonia sp.? (Poeony).
Leucaspis japonica. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pseudaonidia paeoniae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus citri. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Palma Cristi—see Ricinus commums.
Palmae genera? species? (Palms).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Phenacaspis cockerelli. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Phenacaspis latissima. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pandanus sp.? (Screw Pine).
64 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Palms—see Cocos, Kentia, Latania, Phoenix.
Paper Bark Tree—see Melaleuca leucadendron.
Peach—see Prunus persica.
Pear—see Pyrus.
Persimmon—see Diospyros kaki.
Phlox sp.?
Saissetia oleae.
Phoenix dactylifera.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Chrysomphalus aurantil.
Parlatoria victrix—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Phenicococcus marlatti—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Phoradendron flavescens (Mistletoe).
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrel.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Saissetia oleae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Phormium tenax.
Pseudococcus calceolariae.
Picea sp.? (Spruce).
Chionaspis pinifoliae.
Picea breweriana.
Phenacoccus kuwanae.
Pine—see Pinus.
Pineapple—see Ananassa sativa.
Pinus sp.? (Pine).
Chionaspis pinifoliae.
Pinus attenuata.
Aspidiotus californicus.
Pinus attenuata tuberculata.
Aspidiotus abietis—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Pinus coulteri.
Aspidiotus abietis—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pinus insignis.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Chionaspis pinifoliae—U. S. Dept. Agrel.
Coccus hesperidum—U. S. Dept. Agrel.
Physokermes insignicola.
Pinus lambertiana (Sugar Pine).
Aspidiotus abietis—U. S. Dept. Aegrcl.
Aspidiotus californicus.
Pinus ponderosa (Bull Pine).
Aspidiotus abietis—U. 5S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aspidiotus californicus.
Aspidiotus coniferarum.
Aspidiotus florenciae.
Pinus radiata.
Chionaspis pinifoliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE 65
Pinus sabiniana.
Aspidiotus californicus.
Chionaspis pinifoliae—U. S. Dept.-Agrcl.
Pittosporum undulatum.
Icerya purchasi.
Saissetia oleae.
Platycerium sp.? (Staghorn Fern).
Coccus hesperidum. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pseudococcus longispinis. In greenhouses—Ehrhorn.
Pluchea sp.?
Pulvinaria plucheae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Plum—see Prunus domestica.
Plumbago sp.?
Pseudococcus citri—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Poinsettia—see Euphorbia pulcherrima.
Populus sp.? (Poplar, Aspen).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Chionaspis ortholobis.
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae.
Populus deltoides (Cottonwood).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Chionaspis ortholobis.
Populus tremuloides.
Aspidiotus ancylus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Privet—see Ligustrum.
Prune—see Prunus domestica var. galatensts.
Prunus amygdalus (Almond).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Prunus armeniaca (Apricot).
Eulecanium armeniacum.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Saissetia oleae.
Prunus cerasus (Cherry).
Aspidiotus camelliae—Ehrhorn.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus—Ehrhorn.
Eulecanium armeniacum.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Prunus domestica (Plum).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Epidiaspis pyricola.
Eulecanium armeniacum.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
66 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Lepidosaphes ulmi.
Pseudococcus longispinis.
Pulvinaria amygdali—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Saissetia oleae.
Prunus domestica var. galatensis (Prune).
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Diaspis pentagona—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Eulecanium armeniacum.
Eulecanium persicae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Saissetia oleae—Ehrhorn.
Prunus persica (Peach).
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Diaspis pentagona—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Eulecanium armeniacum.
Eulecanium persicae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Epidiaspis piricola.
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Saissetia oleae.
Prunus triflora (Japanese Plum).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (False Tsuga).
Aspidiotus abietis—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Leucaspis kelloggi.
Physokermes taxifolia.
Pomegranate—see Punica Granatum.
Pomelo—see Citrus decumanus.
Pumpkin—see Cucurbita pepo.
Punica granatum (Pomegranate).
Aspidiotus camelliae—Ehrhorn.
Aspidiotus hederae—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae.
Pyrethrum roseum.
Saissetia oleae.
Pyrus communis (Pear).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Aulacaspis rosae.
Epidiaspis piricola.
Eulecanium armeniacum.
Eulecanium cerasorum—Carnes.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Lepidosaphes ulmi.
Pulvinaria vitis.
Saissetia oleae.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE
Pyrus malus (Apple).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Chionaspis furfurus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Chrysomphalus tenebricosus.
Epidiaspis piricola.
Eulecanium pruinosum—W oglum.
Lepidosaphes ulmi—vU. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Saissetia oleae.
Pyrus sinensis (Sand Pear, Chinese Pear).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Quercus sp.? (Oak).
Aspidiotus densiflorae.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Aspidiotus yulupae.
Cerococcus quercus.
Chionaspis quercus.
Eulecanium pubescens.
Eulecanium quercitronis var. kermoides.
Kermes nigropunctatus.
Kermes shastensis.
Pseudococcus quercus.
Quercus agrifolia.
Cerococcus ehrhorni.
Cerococcus quercus.
Chionaspis quercus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudococcus agrifoliae.
Ripersia villosa.
Quercus chyrsolepis.
Kermes rattani—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudococcus quercus.
Xylococcus quercus.
Quercus lobata.
Aspidiotus yulupae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Chionaspis quercus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Quince—see Cydonia.
Ramona polystachya.
Phenacoccus ramonae—Essig.
Raspberry—see Rubus.
Redwood—see Sequoia sempervirens.
Rhamnus californica.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Chionaspis ortholobis—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Rhododendron sp.?
Coccus hesperidum—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudaonidia duplex. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pseudaonidia paeoniae—Ehrhorn.
Rhus sp.?
Aspidiotus hederae—Woglum.
Chrysomphalus aurantii—W oglum.
Saissetia oleae.
68 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Rhus diversiloba (Poison Sumac).
Pulvinaria rhois.
Rhus integrifolia.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Ribes sp.?
Aspidiotus ancylus—U. S. Dept. Agrecl.
Aspidiotus juglans-regiae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Chionaspis furfurus—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Ribes rubrum (Red Currant).
Aspidiotus hederae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Epidiaspis piricola.
Lepidosaphes ulmi.
Richardia africana (Calla Lily).
Saissetia oleae. In greenhouse—Essig.
Ricinus communis (Castor Bean, Palma Crista).
Chrysomphalus aurantii—mMaskew.
Saissetia oleae.
Rosa sp.? (Rose.)
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Aulacaspis rosae.
Chrysomphalus aurantit.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Lepidosaphes ulmi.
Icerya purchasi.
Saissetia oleae.
Rubus nigrobaccus (Blackberry).
Aulacaspis rosae.
Coccus hesperidum—Ehrhorn.
Rubus strigosus (Red Raspberry).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Aulacaspis rosae.
Sage—see Artemisia.
Sago Palm—see Cycas revoluta.
Salix sp.? (Willow).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Chionaspis ortholobis.
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae.
Salix babylonica.
Chionaspis wistariae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Salvia sp.?
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. of Agrcl.
Sambucus glauca.
Pseudococcus obscurus—Essig.
Schinus molle (Pepper Tree).
Aspidiotus camelliae—Carnes.
Coccus hesperidum—W oglum.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIAN COCCIDAE
Saissetia hemisphaerica—Ehrhorn.
Saissetia oleae—Ehrhorn.
Screw Pine—see Pandanus.
Sedge—see Carex.
Selaginella sp.?
Pseudococcus citri. In greenhouses—Essig.
Sequoia sempervirens (Redwood).
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Pseudococcus sequoiae.
Silver Tree—see Leucadendron.
Slough Grass—see Spartina stricta.
Snow Ball—see Viburnum.
Solanum douglasii (Nightshade).
Chrysomphalus aurantii—W oglum.
Pseudococcus citri.
Pseudococcus solani—P. E. Smith.
Saissetia hemisphaerica.
Saissetia oleae.
Solanum umbelliferarum.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Solidago sp.?
Saissetia oleae—Essig.
Spartina stricta (Slough Grass).
Chionaspis spartinae.
Spike grass—see Distichlis maritima.
Spruce—see Picea.
Stachys pullata (Incorrectly “Stachyos”).
Phenacoccus stachyos.
Staghorn Fern—see Platycerium.
Strawberry—See Fragaria.
Sumac—see Rhus.
Tea—see Thea.
Thea japonica (Japan Tea).
Lepidosaphes newsteadi. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Pseudaonidia paeoniae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Thuya sp.?
Diaspis carueli.
Thuya orientalis.
Pseudococcus ryani.
Toxylon pomiferum (Osage Orange).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Trisetum subspicatum.
Exaertopus caricis.
Ulmus americana (Elm).
Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Gossyparia spuria.
Lepidosaphes ulmi.
70 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Umbellularia californica.
Aspidiotus camelliae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Aspidiotus hederae—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Umbrella Plant—see Cyperus.
Umbrella Tree—see Melia.
Viburnum sp.?
Phenacaspis latissima. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Vitis vinifera (Grape).
Aspidiotus camelliae.
Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Diaspis pentagona—U. S. Dept. Agrcl.
Eulecanium magnoliarum—Carnes.
Eulecanium pruinosum.
Pulvinaris vitis.
Walnut—see Juglans regia.
Wistaria sp.?
Chionaspis wistariae. Only at quarantine—Ehrhorn.
Willow—see Salix.
Yucca aloifolia.
Saissetia oleae—Essig.
Yucca whipplei.
Aspidiotus hederae.
Ceroputo yuccae.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR.
(In this department we hope to give in each number of the Journal, some idea of
the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of publications of interest to
western students, notices of entomological meetings, ete. To this end, we hope that
students or collectors will send in all items of entomological interest about themselves or
others. Address, Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., 572 N, Marengo Avenue, Pasadena, Cal.)
Mr. Erval J. Newcomer, of Palo Alto, will probably spend the summer
collecting around Lake Tahoe, where he has already spent two summers.
Mr. Virgil W. Owen, of Los Angeles, has been engaged in natural history
collecting on the Tres Marias Islands, off the west coast of Mexico. He is
expected home the last of May.
Mr. and Mrs. V. L. Clemence left Pasadena the first part of May, for a four
months’ trip to Europe. Mr. Clemence will visit the British and Tring Museums,
and will probably go over to Rennes, France, and see Oberthur’s collection, which
is supposed to contain Boisduval’s California Lepidoptera.
Mr. J. G. Grundel has presented his collection of 100 boxes of Lepidoptera to
the California Academy of Sciences. ‘This collection is especially rich in species
of the Santa Cruz mountains, where Mr. Grundel lived for several years.
Mr. Don. Ross, of Pasadena, made a short trip to San Clemente Island in
April. The only butterfly which he saw and captured is probably the same as
the mainland form—Cyaniris pseudargiolus piasus.
The Monograph of the Eleodiini by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell of San Francisco, will
soon be issued by the U. S. National Museum as Bulletin No. 63, 519 pages, 13
plates, and 8 figures. This work has been in preparation for eight years.
At the Entomological Conference held during the last of April at Berkeley,
an organization of the Society of Economic Entomologists was effected. Prof.
C. W. Woodworth was elected president ; Prof. W. B. Herms secretary-treasurer,
and thirteen vice-presidents, representing the various Western States. There are
now five entomological clubs or societies in California, most of which, however,
are in need of a tonic.
Mr. Wilhelm Schrader, of Los Angeles, is doing some very interesting and
significant experimental work with Dione vanillae, Junonia coema, and Lemonias
chalcedon.
In Wickson’s California Fruits and How to Grow Them, 4th edition, 1909,
there is a section on injurious insects, edited by Prof. W. T. Clarke, of the Univer-
sity of California. On page 394 there is a figure of an insect labeled ‘“Thrips—
greatly enlarged.’”’ The insect figured belongs to the Mallophaga or Biting Bird-
lice. One would hardly look for it on a fruit tree.
~I
ie)
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Prof. W. B. Herms of the University of California, is writing a book on
Medical Entomology.
The annual Field Day of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was re-
cently held near San Mateo.
In the Annals of the Entomological Society of America, I, 4, 1908, is an
interesting account of the trap-door spiders and tarantulas of California, by Mr.
C. P. Smith. There are four rather important papers referring directly to the
habits of California forms, which are not to be found in the appended bibliography.
T will give these titles here to render the bibliography more complete, and to bring
them to the notice of students. Three of them are in publications which are
seldom consulted by entomologists, which may account for their omission by
Mr. Smith:
Davidson, Dr. A~—An Enemy of the Trap-door Spider. Entomological News,
XVI, 7, pp. 233-234, 1905.
Monks, Sarah P.—Trap-door Spiders. Publication of Historical Society of South-
ern California, I, pp. 28-36, 1886.
Monks, Sarah P.—Aestivation of Californian Mason Spiders. loc. cit. pp. 18-22,
1887.
Rivers, J. J—Description of the nest of the Californian Turret-Building Spider,
with some reference to allied species. Zoe, II, 4, pp. 318-320, 1892.
Pomona Journal of Entomology
Volume I OCTOBER 1909 Number 3
CONCERNING TWO NEW GENERA AND THREE NEW
SPECIES OF APHIDS OF CALIFORNIA
G. DEL GUERCIO.
(The following very important paper has recently appeared in the Rivista
di Patalogia Vegetale, Pavia, Anno III, n. 20-21, 1909. As this publication is
inaccessible to most of our students, I have made a free translation from the
Italian of the most important portions, and give it herewith—Editor. )
Of the three species of new aphides which are figured and described by
E. O. Essig in Pomona Journal of Entomology, I, 1-10, under the names of
Lachnus califormcus, Rhopalosiphum violae, and Pemphigus radicicola, two are
here referred to new genera under the names Essigella and Trifidaphis Del
Guercio. :
I. Lachnus californicus Essig
The pine louse resembles in a general way Lachnus agilis Kalt. From
that species and all others of this small tribe, californicus differs first of all in
the antennae, which are five-articled and not six. By the character of the
cubital vein this species resembles more the genus Schizolachnus Mord., than
the old genus Lachnus Burm., though this character, drawn from the winged
female only, is far less important than one drawn from the tarsi, since the
latter is a more comprehensive and constant one. So that the characters as a
whole do not correspond either with those of Eulachnus or Lachnella, which
latter, however, have the first tarsal article also distinctly elongate and sub-
equal to half of the second article. We are obliged to exclude californicus
from either of these genera on account of the nature of the antennae, and I
call it Essigella, the name taken from that of the student who has collected
and described the species. The new genus is distinguished from others of the
Tribe Lacnidi in the following manner:
74 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Tribe Lacnidi (Lachnides)
I. Tarsi with the first article much elongate, always subequal to half of the
second article.
A. Apterous and winged females with antennae formed always of five
articles.
Genus Essigella Del Guercio.
(Sp. top. Lachnus californicus Essig.)
AA. Apterous and winged females with antennae of six articles.
Genus Eulachnus Del Guercio.
Il. Tarsi with the first article very short, always shorter than half of the second
article.
Genus Lachnus Burm.
Among other characters of interest in the systematic study of the species,
it is enough to mention that the apterous and winged females have shorter
antennae, with the third article equal to the two following together, the two
last subequal—including in the fifth article its very short appendix. It lives
on a cultivated pine at Claremont, California, where it is common, according to
Essig.
III. Pemphigus radicicola Essig
The apterous and winged females in this species have the abdomen dis-
tinctly margined. Their antennae are formed of five articles. In the apterous
female the second article is rounded at tip where it is broader than at base and
is as long as the third article, longer than the fourth, and a little shorter than
the fifth. In the winged female the second article is also somewhat swollen
at the tip, but is subequal to only half of the third, the third becoming attenu-
ated in the apical half, while the fourth is clavate like the fifth, but shorter
than it. ‘The third article is provided with numerous sensoria of various sizes.
Now, even from these characters alone it seems evident to me that this species
is not a Pemphigus, and also that because of the wing venation it forms a part
of the Pentafidi. In the fore wings it has the four oblique veins of Pentaphis,
but in that genus the two oblique veins of the posterior wings are distant or
remote, while in this they spring from practically the same point. Pemphigus
radicicola resembles Pentaphis, as the genus Pachypappa resembles the genus
Schizoneura, or as the genus Pemphigus resembles Tetraneura. It, therefore,
can well serve for the type of a new genus, which, because of the peculiar posi-
tion of the two oblique veins of the posterior wings taken in connection with
the distal portion of the subcostal, may well be named Trifidaphis. ‘The genera
in question may be separated thus:
Tribe Pentatidi ( Pentaphides)
A. Posterior wings with the two oblique veins distinct and remote.
Genus Pentaphis.
(Sp. tip. Tychea trivialis Pass.)
DEL GUERCIO, NEW GENERA OF APHIDS 75
AA. Posterior wings with the two oblique veins united at the base, causing the
subcostal to appear trifid at the point of division.
Genus Trifidaphis Del Guercio.
(Sp. tip. Pemphigus radicicola Essig.)
Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig) was collected for the first time at Santa
Paula in California in November, 1908, on the roots of Amarantus retroflexus,
on which we have also found Tetraneura phaseoli (Pass.). T. radicicola was
collected on the roots of Solanum douglasii near Claremont, California.
AN ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO GUADALAJARA
D. L. CRAWFORD.
(The following account adds one more to successful entomological ven-
tures into the Mexican field. ‘Though with but limited time and at an unfavor-
able season, yet Messrs. Crawford and McConnell brought together extensive
collections in the groups to which they gave especial attention—namely, the
Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. Their gatherings in some other groups were
also of great interest and value. Most of this material has already been per-
manenty deposited in the collections of various institutions, but there still
remain for sale considerable numbers of Coleoptera, Arachnida, Neuroptera,
and some other groups.—Editor. )
Mr. R. A. McConnell and the writer left Claremont for Mexico on the
last day of June, 1909, arriving in Mexico City about five days later. Several
delays along the route enabled us to make collections at various points on the
way. Less than a week was spent in Mexico City. We arrived in Guada-
lajara, our headquarters, on July 12. About this latter city, collecting was
done over most of the desirable territory within a radius of perhaps twenty
miles and a trip was made high up on the slopes of San Pedro Mountain, about
forty miles from the city. A visit was also made to Lake Chapala, about fifty
miles from headquarters. ‘The altitude covered ranged from 3000 feet above
sea level upward, most of the work being done at or near 5000 feet.
The chief difficulty lay in the frequent rains. It might be supposed that
any part of Mexico so far south as Guadalajara would be very tropical in
character, but this is not at all the case. Instead of a more or less continuous
rainy season such as may be found in truly tropical regions, there is a period
of about three months of thunder storms and cloud-bursts, lasting from about
June to September, while during the remaining nine months it is very dry and
sometimes quite cold. In consequence of this condition, the great burst of
insect life comes during the winter months of January, February and somewhat
later. During our few weeks of work, we noticed hordes of larvae, hemi-
pterous and orthopterous nymphs and pupae, as well as coleopterous grubs,
dipterous larvae, and odonate nymphs. ‘Towards the close of our trip we
were able to find a few early butterfly chrysalids here and there, but apparently
the great majority of larvae had not yet pupated. ‘There were some butterflies,
but nearly all had frayed or torn wings—relics of the past season.
The same might be said of Orthoptera. In some grassy places we en-
countered hopping masses of immature grasshoppers and locusts, a great many
of them beautifully colored. Any amount of some four or five common vari-
eties were in season, but of the very numerous later forms we encountered only
a few extra early adults. Mature Blattidae were, of course, abundant, as they
are at all seasons. Mantidae were still in the nymphal stages. Also adults of
CRAWFORD, ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO GUADALAJARA 77
one phasmid and several gryllids were taken. However, throughout the rainy
season, there were thousands of good Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera,
Diptera, and Arachnida, everywhere, and somewhat less of Odonata and Neu-
roptera. It might be remarked that the general cast of the whole insect fauna
at this season is, as to families and genera, remarkably similar to that of the
Southwestern United States.
The topography of the region about Guadalajara is very interesting. The
city is situated on a high inland plateau ranging from 4000 to 7000 feet alti-
tude. Enclosing the city, but some fifty miles away, are numerous mountain
peaks of varying height, San Pedro overtopping them all. Between two of
these small ranges of mountains and at about 6000 feet altitude, lies Lake
Chapala, which is some seventy miles long and half as wide. Santiago River,
the outlet of the lake, flows through these mountains and out into the level
valley, on its way carving out a long deep cafion or barranca. In some places
this barranca may be as much as 2000 feet below the surrounding country, and
is filled with a very rich vegetation. Bananas, mangoes, cocoanuts and other
tropical fruits flourish in the barranca, while they do not thrive in the level
country about Guadalajara. The walls of the barranca are practically cloaked
with creeping vines which make progress very difficult. The insect fauna of
the barranca includes many forms not found in the country above, though very
many are common to the two regions. Some very distinct and interesting
forms were also taken during a hasty visit to the slopes of San Pedro moun-
tain. ;
One would naturally assume that the waters of the region would yield a
great number of aquatic forms, but this certainly was not so during our visit.
Careful dredging was done everywhere, but very few Hemiptera and Cole-
optera were taken. Collecting about electric lights also proved very poor.
We were told that at Vera Cruz there were millions of “bugs” flying about
the lights, but there were very few at Guadalajara. In spite of the unfavorable
season we managed to secure some 30,000 specimens. All of the Hemiptera
and Hymenoptera went to Pomona College. All of the Diptera and some of
the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Odonata went to the Carnegie Museum in
Pittsburg. The Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia took the Orth-
optera, as well as the entire collection of landshells. Mr. E. O. Essig is now
studying the Coccidae, and the writer is working up a report on the Thysan-
optera.
Mexico certainly needs active practical work in economic entomology and
botany. The parks, plazas, and private plantings are usually very badly in-
fested with all sorts of serious pests. In one of the chief parks of Mexico
City we made a considerable collection of Coccidae. In the central plaza of
Guadalajara, Chrysomphalus aurantii was abundant on citrus trees, and Diaspis
echinocacti thrived on cactus, and there were many other species besides these.
In this same park also occurred myriads of Aleyrodidae. During most of the
summer, a species of rose beetle—Macrodactylus—was enormously abundant
on rose bushes, though this disappeared-about the first of September and was
replaced by swarms of another beetle.
ON SOME DIPLOPTERYGA FROM THE SOUTHWEST
OF NORTH AMERICA
Pp. CAMERON.
Nortonia acanthopus Cam.
A female of what is doubtless this species from Lee county, Texas, ( Birk-
man), has an oblique longish mark or line on the top of the basal slope of
the first abdominal segment on the sides, and the mark on the sides of the
metanotum is larger and wider, covering the apical half of the sides.
Ancistrocerus pilias Cam.
A specimen of this species from the mountains near Claremont, California,
has the two large marks of the second abdominal segment of the type, united
into one broad yellow band; the other markings are larger.
Ancistrocerus howardi sp. nov.
Black, the head and thorax covered densely with fuscous pubescence, the
clypeus except for a wide mark down the center of the upper half, a small
triangular mark on the base of the mandibles, a mark not much wider than
long over the antennae, a short line on upper part of outer orbits, a line on
the basal third of pronotum narrowed in the center, a broad line on the scutel-
lum roundly narrowed at the base and nearer the apex than the base of the
scutellum, postscutellum, a line on the apex of the first abdominal segment
broadly dilated backwards to the suture on the sides, a line all around on the
second and fourth, and one on the top of the fifth segment, the apices of the
femora broadly, and the tibiae, bright orange yellow; the tarsi rufofulvous ;
the tegulae of a paler yellow, with a fuscous spot in the center. Wings hya-
line, the radial cellule smoky, the costa and nervures black, the stigma dark
fuscous. Female, length to end of second segment 8 mm. Lee county, Texas,
(Birkman).
Metanotum bordered all around with a stout keel, there being also a keel
down the center; the keels at the top curve down obliquely to unite with the
central keel, at the sides below is a leaf-like expansion. Clypeus broad, pyri-
form, strongly punctured, the apex transverse. Antennal scape yellow except
above and there is a small yellow spot at its outer side; the flagellum is brown-
ish below. Base of thorax almost transverse, the sides rounded, not project-
ing. Apex of postscutellum almost transverse. First abdominal segment
longish cup-shaped, the base triangular, flat, smooth and shining, the second
CAMERON, DIPLOPTERYGA FROM THE SOUTHWEST 79
segment narrowed at the base, distinctly longer than it is wide at the apex,
which is flat.
Belongs to Saussure’s Section I. It comes near A. trichionotus Cam., but
is more slenderly built, is not so densely pilose, and the mark on the clypeus
of trichionotus is much larger, triangular, and united by a narrow line to the
apex ; the thorax in the latter, too, is wider compared with the length.
Odynerus approximatus Cam.
This species comes close to O. mediatus Cam. from California. The fe-
males may be separated thus:
A. Clypeus longer than wide, a broad black mark down the center, com-
mencing behind the middle and continued to the apex, the yellow mark
on postscutellum rounded at apex, the oblique line on first abdominal
segment longish, of equal width, the second abdominal segment fully
as long as wide. approximatus.
AA. Clypeus as wide as long, the center only marked with black, the yellow
mark on postscutellum completely transverse at apex, the oblique line on
first abdominal segment broad, narrowed on inner side, the second ab-
dominal segment longer than wide. mediatus.
Odynerus macfarlandi sp. nov.
Black, a curved band slightly wider than the antennal scape on the top
of the clypeus, small irregular spot on the front, one on the base of the
mandibles, a small spot on the top of the outer orbits, a line on the basal fourth
of the pronotum, a conical mark below the tegulae a little longer than wide,
the entire postscutellum, a line on the sides of the metanotum, its spines, lines
on the basal five abdominal segments at the apices, a semi-circular large mark
on the sixth, and the apices of the second to fourth ventral segments, yellow.
The apices of the femora narrowly and the tibiae yellow; the base and apex
of the hind tibiae and the tarsi rufo-fulvous. Wings hyaline, iridescent, darker
colored in front, the radial cellule violaceous, the stigma dark fuscous, the
nervures black. ‘Tegulae pale yellow, with the usual fuscous spot. Female,
length 8 mm. Sapello Cafion, New Mexico, (Oslar).
Closely strongly punctured, sparsely pilose, the metapleurae closely weakly
obliquely striated. Clypeus pyriform, longer than wide, its apex with a dis-
tinct but not deep rounded incision. Temples broad, rounded, nearly as long
as the top of the eyes. Thorax more than twice longer than wide, the base
transverse, not projecting laterally; the apex with the sides bluntly rounded,
the center very little depressed, the lateral keels large, curved, more prominent
than usual. Postscutellum gradually obliquely narrowed to a bluntly rounded
point. First abdominal segment, longish, cup-shaped, longer than it is wide
at the apex, the base narrowed to a point. Second segment clearly longer than
wide, narrowed at the base, the apex more strongly punctured than the rest,
with a narrow smooth border.
A narrow slender species, showing an approach to Nortonia. It is not
unlike O. acanthopus Cam., and has, like that species, a blunt tooth on the top
80 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
of the hind coxae, but in other respects it is very different. The species with
the coxae spined appear to have the first abdominal segment longer than usual,
e. g. O. acanthopus Cam., and O. austrinus Cr. O. austrinus Cr. has a dis-
tinct curved spine on the hind coxae, narrowed towards the apex.
Odynerus blakeanus sp. nov.
Black, the clypeus except narrowly around the apex and two small spots
in the middle, a small semi-circular mark on the front, a short line behind the
top of the eyes, underside of antennal scape, a large irregular triangular mark
on the base of the sides of pronotum, an irregular mark as large as the tegulae
at the base of mesopleurae above, a small irregular mark on the sides of the
scutellum in the center, postscutellum, a small irregular mark on the sides of
the metanotum at the base, the first abdominal segment from the top of the
apical slope, an irregular mark on the sides of the second segment near the
base, the apices of the second to fifth segments somewhat broadly, the apices
of the second to fourth ventrals more narrowly, and the sides of the fifth,
lemon-yellow. The first abdominal segment is yellow from the top of the
apical slope, except for an irregular mark which at the base is slightly more
than one-third the width of the segment, beyond this dilated into a longish
line from the inner part of which it becomes gradually narrowed to a fine point,
which does not extend near to the apex. Apices of the femora broadly, and
the tibiae, yellow, the tarsi rufous. Wings smoky violaceous, more deeply so
in front than elsewhere, the nervures and stigma black. Female, length 12
mm. Lee county, Texas, April.
Head and thorax densely covered with longish fuscous pubescence, closely
strongly punctured, the clypeus less closely than the rest of the head, and the
latter more closely than the thorax, the metapleurae opaque, bare, and alutace-
ous. Clypeus as long as wide, rounded above, the apex depressed, transverse.
Temples broad, rounded, not much narrowed. Base of thorax almost trans-
verse, the sides of the apex rough, almost margined, the center hardly de-
pressed, somewhat coarsely obliquely striated. Apex of postscutellum broadly
roundly narrowed and smooth. First abdominal segment large, cup-shaped,
the basal slope weakly and sparsely punctured compared with the apex in the
center of which is a narrow longitudinal furrow. The second segment is
slightly longer than wide, weakly punctured, the apex more strongly and closely
punctured, not reflexed, the third to fifth more coarsely punctured.
Allied to O. arvensis Sauss. Apart from the differences in coloration—
the presence of a yellow mark on the sides of the second abdominal segment,
there being only two small marks on the clypeus, etc.—arvensis may be known
by the shorter second abdominal segment and by its being strongly depressed
and punctured in the center behind the apical line. The mandibles in blake-
anus are black save for a small yellow mark near the base; in arvensis they are
for the greater part rufous.
CAMERON, DIPLOPTERYGA FROM THE SOUTHWEST 81
Odynerus (?) bradleyi sp. nov.
Black, the clypeus, a narrow line on the lower half of the upper inner
orbits reaching to the lower edge of the incision, a similar line on the upper
half of the outer, the base of the prothorax broadly, this mark extending close
to the apex of the propleurae where it is narrowed, a narrow line on the lower
edge of the propleurae, a large oblique spot widest above on the base of meso-
pleurae above, a broad band on apex of postscutellum, a large irregular mark
on the sides of apical slope of the metanotum, an irregularly oval mark on the
sides of the base of first abdominal segment, the band dilated laterally, and
broad bands on the following five segments, bright yellow. The lower edge
of the segment on the lower basal half between the yellow and a large mark
on the sides of the basal half of the second segment, rufous. Coxae black,
the trochanters and femora reddish fulvous, the tibiae red, the tarsi yellow
einged with fulvous. Antennal scape yellow below, the flagellum reddish
brown below, the apical joints marked with black at the apex, the last rounded
above, flat below, roundly narrowed at the apex. Wings fulvous hyaline, the
apex smoky, the costa and nervures fulvous. Female, length 13 mm. Col-
lected at Durango, Colorado, by Oslar.
Clypeus not much longer than wide, the top dilated broadly in the middle,
the apex with a shallow incision. Antennae longish, stout, dilated towards the
apex. Front and vertex closely not very strongly punctured, densely cov-
ered with long fuscous pubescence. ‘Temples obliquely narrowed. Pronotum
roundly narrowed from the apex to the base, which is keeled, transverse and
slightly projecting at the angles. Mesothorax closely strongly punctured, a
smooth line down the center of the base, and the two short furrows on the
apex. Apex of postscutellum steeply sloped, transverse, smooth and shining.
Metanotum short, its sides broadly rounded. Base of metapleurae smooth,
irregularly striated below, the apex aciculated and sparsely punctured. First
abdominal segment cup-shaped, large, a short but distinct neck at the base,
the second is as wide as long and narrowed at the base, both are sparsely
weakly punctured, more strongly at the apex. Mandibles reddish at the apex,
a yellow spot at their base. Head as wide as the thorax. The thorax is dis-
tinctly longer than wide, and is narrowed posteriorly. The whole body is
longer than usual with the Odynerina. The species may be an Epiponus to
which it has a greater resemblance than to Odynerus proper or to Pachody-
nerus.
Odynerus bruesi sp. nov.
Black, the basal segment of the abdomen red, the clypeus except around apex,
underside of antennal scape, the outer edge of tegulae, two irregular spots on
the apex of scutellum, a triangular spot below the tegulae, its sides rounded,
and narrow bands on the apices of the basal three abdominal segments (that
on the first with a shorter black line in front), pale yellow. The apex of the
femora and the outer side of the tibiae pale yellow. Wings hyaline, the stigma
and nervures black. Male, length * mm. Claremont, California (Baker).
82 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Base of the thorax stoutly obliquely distinctly projecting laterally, the pro-
jection longer than it is thick at the base, narrowed and rounded at the apex.
Clypeus clearly broader than long, rounded broadly above and below, widest
in the middle, the top not so broad as the bottom. Head and thorax closely
punctured, except the metapleurae which are aciculated, sparsely punctured, and
obscurely striated. Postscutellum strongly punctured at the base, the rest
smooth and shining; it has an oblique slope and its apex is broadly rounded.
First abdominal segment cup-shaped, strongly punctured, especially before the
apex, which is smooth and raised. ‘The second segment is less strongly, but
more closely punctured, except at the apex, which is slightly raised. The
other segments are more closely punctured. Antennal hook black, not quite
reaching to the apex of the last joint. Trophi long, reaching beyond the mid-
dle coxae.
Odynerus tosquineti sp. nov.
Black, the abdomen rufous, the clypeus, mandibles except at apex, underside
of antennal scape, a broad line narrowed in the middle on the apex of prono-
tum, tegulae except for a fuscous spot in the middle, sctitellum broadly, a large
spot below the tegulae longer than wide, transverse above and rounded and
narrowed below, a broad line on the top of the first abdominal segment, a
broader one on the second, all around, considerably dilated above, the apex
of the femora narrowly and the greater part of the tibiae, whitish yellow.
Flagellum of antennae brownish red, darker at the apex above. Wings hyaline,
the stigma fuscous, the nervures blackish. Male, length 5 mm. Claremont,
California (Baker).
Front and eye incision densely covered with silvery pubescence, the rest
of the head and body with shorter and sparser silvery pubescence. Head and
thorax strongly punctured, the puncturation on the pronotum and clypeus
sparser and weaker on the metathorax than on the mesothorax, the lower part
of the metapleurae almost smooth. ‘The apical slope of the median segment
is red, as is also the apex of the metapleurae. Clypeus longer than wide,
rounded above, the apex with a V-shaped incision. Base of thorax not quite
transverse, being slightly dilated in the middle, the sides are almost rounded.
Postscutellum large, transverse at the apex. The sides of metanotum rounded
and with two pale teeth. The apices of the two basal segments of the abdo-
men are slightly raised, closely and strongly punctured, the first is sup-shaped,
the second about one-fourth longer than it is wide, its apex more strongly
punctured than the rest. ‘The antennae are thicker than usual, the hook
black and reaching to the apex of the last joint. The second abdominal seg-
ment is not much narrowed at the base. ‘The four anterior tibiae are broadly
lined with black behind; so also are the posterior, which have besides a line
on the innerside. ‘The apical segments of the abdomen are darker colored
than the basal two.
Odynerus acuticarinatus sp. noy.
Black, two curved lines or spots on the top of the clypeus at the sides, a
narrow indistinct line across the base of the pronotum, a narrow but distincter
CAMERON, DIPLOPTERYGA FROM THE SOUTHWEST 83
one along the sides, and the postscutellum at the base, pale yellow. The upper
angles of the metanotum and broad bands on the apices of-the second and
following abdominal segments, pale orange yellow. The wings hyaline, the
costa, stigma, and nervures fulvous, the latter darker at the apex of the wings.
Abdomen smooth silky pruinose, the head sparsely covered with short black
pubescence, the thorax with short pale pubescence. Head, prothorax, and
mesothorax strongly closely punctured, the head less strongly than the thorax.
Clypeus slightly longer than its greatest width, the apex slightly roundly
incised, the sides broadly rounded and lined with yellow. Base of thorax
transverse, the sides not angled. Postscutellum smooth, the apex transverse.
Upper half of the sides of metanotum with a distinct keel, the upper part of
the metanotum obscurely reticulated, the rest for the most part finely trans-
versely striated, the upper part of the metapleurae reticulated, the rest finely
closely longitudinally striated. Propleurae finely aciculated with scattered
punctures, shortly above the middle of the basal half is a wide furrow. ‘The
apex of the second and following segments are closely strongly punctured.
The last ventral segment is entirely orange yellow, and the second and follow-
ing segments are broadly banded with that color. Female, length 12 mm.
Nogales, Arizona, (Oslar).
Belongs to the group of O. nasidens, but the head and thorax are not
densely pilose. ‘The wings too are hyaline.
Odynerus pallidipictus sp. noy.
Black, densely covered with a white pruinosity which gives it a greyish
appearance. The top of the clypeus to shortly below the middle, two small
lines on the apex, a spot on the base of the mandibles, a longish line above
the antennae which is slightly gradually narrowed below and transverse at
the top and bottom, the inner side of the eye incision, a line on the top of the
outer side of the eye orbits a mark near the apex of mesonotum, postscutellum,
a broad line on the upper lateral half of metanotum, a large wide conical
mark below the tegulae, a band on the first abdominal segment, a large trans-
versely oval mark on the sides of the base of the second segment, a broad
irregular band on its apex and a narrow one on the third and fourth seg-
ments all around, pale yellow. ‘Tegulae reddish, pale at the base and apex.
Under side of antennal scape yellow, the flagellum rufous below. Legs bright
red, the coxae black, the tibiae broadly yellow at the base. The apex of the
second abdominal segment is more strongly punctured than the rest. Wings
hyaline. Female, length 8 mm. Hot Springs, Arizona, (Oslar).
There is a specimen from Albuquerque, New Mexico, which agrees in
structure and form with the above, but has no mark on the mesonotum, the
frontal mark is smaller, and the others larger. In coloration the species is
almost identical with O. vegasensis Cam., but that species is easily separated
by the incised apex of the clypeus. In pallidipictus the head and thorax are
closely strongly punctured, the punctures sparser on the base of the meta-
pleurae, the apex of the clypeus is depressed in the center, the base of the
84 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
postscutellum is broadly raised, and its apex not transverse, the sides of the
metanotum are rounded but not broadly, and the base of the first abdominal
segment is roughened.
Pterochilus luteicollis sp. nov.
Luteous, the front except for a small transverse spot over the antennae,
vertex, the hinder part of the head except for a broad line behind the eyes
narrowed above and below, mesonotum, the base and apex of scutellum and
a line down its middle, a line on the base of the metanotum gradually widened
to the middle and one down the middle dilated at the apex, a broad line on
the lower basal half of the propleurae, the lower part of mesopleurae, a broad
line on the upper two-thirds of the apex, mesosternum, the base of metapleurae
broadly above and gradually narrowed below, the extreme base of first abdom-
inal segment (from this a narrow line runs, uniting the basal line to an irreg-
ular large mark which becomes gradually widened to the middle, then slightly
narrowed to the apex which is transverse), an irregular ragged line on the base
of the second segment united by a narrow line to a broad transverse one, dis-
tinct laterally narrowed lines on the base of third and fourth segments, and
irregular tripartite lines on the basal three or four ventral segments, black.
Legs colored like the body, their bases irregularly marked with black, the tarsi
tinged with rufous. Wings hyaline, the anterior distinctly tinged with ful-
yous, the nervures and stigma fulvous. The antennal scape below, mandibles
except at the apex and a line on the lower side of the eye orbits, yellow. Fe-
male, length 14-20 mm. Ormsby county, Nevada, (Baker), small form; Clare-
mont, California, (Baker), large form.
Densely covered with short pale fuscous pubescence, longest and densest
on the head, shorter and sparser on the abdomen. Clypeus clearly broader than
long, strongly but not closely punctured, gradually narrowed from the eyes to
the apex, which is rufous and transverse. Front, vertex and thorax closely
punctured, the mesopleurae with the punctures more widely separated, the
metanotum almost smooth, its sides broadly rounded, the metapleurae smooth.
Abdomen almost impunctate except on the penultimate segment, which is
weakly, and the last which is strongly, but not closely punctured. Tibial and
tarsal spines numerous, short thick and rufous. Base of the thorax transverse,
the edges slightly projecting.
The smaller example from Nevada has the black color more extended all
over, the scutellum is black except for a lateral spot on the basal half, the
pleurae are for the greater part black (not for the greater part yellow as in
the larger specimen), the black marks on the basal two abdominal segments
are larger and irregular as in the type.
Pterochilus flavobalteatus sp. nov.
Black, the clypeus, mandibles except at the apex, a broad line on the lower
side of the eye incision, a small spot between the antennae, a broad line on the
upper half of the outer orbits, a line on the pronotum broadly dilated on to the
upper half of the pleurae, tegulae, two irregular spots on the scutellum, post-
CAMERON, DIPLOPTERYGA FROM THE SOUTHWEST 85
scutellum, the sides of the median segments largely, a large broad conical
mark on the base of the mesopleurae, a smaller irregular one below it, broad
bands on the five basal abdominal segments, and all of the apical segment,
bright yellow. Antennal scape yellow, black above, the flagellum orange-red,
the apical half black above. Legs black, the fore femora except broadly on
top at the base, the middle femora except at the apex, the posterior femora
more narrowly, and the tibiae and tarsi, yellow. Wings fulvous hyaline, the
apex fuscous-violaceous, the stigma and nervures fulvous. Female length
8 mm. Durango, Colorado, (Oslar).
Front and vertex strongly coarsely punctured, the clypeus much more
sparsely and weakly punctured and surrounded by a black line, except on the
transverse apex, which is fulvous. Occiput distinctly roundly excised. Base
of thorax transverse, the sides hardly projecting. Apex of postscutellum
broadly rounded. Propleurae irregularly obliquely striated, the mesopleurae
strongly punctured with a large closely striated triangular space at the apex,
the metapleurae smooth with the apex irregularly punctured. Abdomen closely
somewhat strongly punctured. Apex of tibiae and the apices of the tarsal
joints with rufous spines.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
(In this department we hope to give in each number of the Journal, some
idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of publi-
cations of interest to western students, notices of entomological meetings, etc.
To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all items of ento-
mological interest about themselves or others. Address,—Fordyce Grinnell,
Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Calif.)
—Mr. Francis X. Williams and Mr. Erval J. Newcomer collected a lot of
interesting Lepidoptera in the Lake Tahoe region this summer, including the
life-history of Papilo indra.
—From numerous cards and letters received, Mr. and Mrs. Victor L.
Clemence are having a delightful time on their European trip, notwithstanding
the disagreeable weather prevailing in that part of the world.
—Mr. Karl R. Coolidge of Palo Alto is recovering from an attack of
typhoid fever, contracted at Visalia. We wish him speedy and complete re-
covery and return to his entomological studies.
—Mr. Leo Goeppinger has been collecting a few interesting Lepidoptera
in Kern and Inyo counties, including both color forms of Rusticus emig-
dionis and Pieris beckerit.
—Mr. E. K. Carnes of the State Insectary at Sacramento has been ap-
pointed a member of the State Board of Horticultural Examiners.
—Mr. Dudley Moulton has an interesting article on ‘Controlling the Pear
Thrips,” in the California Fruit Grower for July 24.
—The first annual meeting of the Pacific Slope Association of Economic
Entomologists assembled at Portland, Oregon, on August 20 and 21. A pro-
gram of papers and discussions on certain subjects of interest to economic
entomologists was prepared; the Secretary of the Association is W. B. Herms,
Berkeley, Calif.
—The “White Fly at Marysville” has become quite famous, but “the
closest and most extensive inspection fails to find any trace” of it now. It
looks as though politics or something else was badly mixed in this episode.
—According to ‘Nature,’ London, Lord Walsingham’s large collection
of Micro-Lepidoptera is to be transferred to the British Museum, in the course
of next year. ‘This collection contains types of a good number of Californian
species, collected in the early days.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES 87
—lIt is announced in the Pacific Rural Press of recent date, that Mr. E. M.
Ehrhorn, deputy commissioner of horticulture and state horticultural quaran-
tine officer, has resigned, to accept the position of superintendent of entomology
and inspection at the port of Honolulu. This position was held by Alexander
Craw, whom Ehrhorn succeeded at San Francisco.
—The thirty-third regular meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological
Society will be held at Thompson’s Café, O’Farrell street, between Fillmore
and Steiner streets, San Francisco, on Saturday evening, August 28, 1909, at 8
o'clock. Luncheon will be served. ‘These meetings are always full of enthus-
iasm and inspiration, and are remembered long after the time of dispersal.
—Prof. C. F. Baker made two trips East during the summer, visiting
Washington, New York, and other points, and also Seattle.
—Mr. C. O. Metz collected large series of Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and
Lepidoptera in Northern Wyoming during the summer, and has brought these
collections to Pomona College, where they are being mounted.
—Mr. E. O. Essig has been appointed horticultural commissioner of Ven-
tura County and will make his headquarters at Santa Paula, where he has an
office and laboratory.
—Professors Cook and Baker have announced the presentation to the
Biological Department of Pomona College, of their entire professional private
libraries, consisting of many valuable sets of technical journals, rare scientific
works, and special technical papers in great numbers, amounting in all to
about 4000 books and pamphlets, valued nominally at about $5000. ‘These
two libraries combined with what the College already possesses will give the
Department of Biology most unusual facilities in this direction. ‘These libra-
ries have been well developed on both the technical and the economic sides,
and along several special lines are practically complete, representing the assidu-
ous gatherings of twenty to thirty years, at a total expense far exceeding
that mentioned above. ‘This is one more step in a logical program of upbuild-
ing which Professors Cook and Baker have in mind for the Biological Depart-
ment.
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Pomona Journal of Entomology
Volume I DECEMBER 1909 Number 4
COMBATING THE CITRUS MEALY BUG
E. O. ESSIG.
(Horticultural Commissioner of Ventura County, California. )
Without doubt, this is by far the worst scale pest which could be intro-
duced into an orchard in the vicinity of Santa Paula, for here it thrives as
in no other locality in California. This is probably due to the following
reasons:
A. A moist ocean climate, but not too cold.
B. Fifteen years of adaptation.
C. No effort to hold it in check until it had become firmly intrenched.
It is now an established fact that scale pests which may be harmless when
first introduced into a new place become in time acclimated and very harmful.
This is evidently the case with the Mealy Bug in this locality. During the
long years in which it was apparently harmless it was becoming perfectly
adapted, until now we are facing the most serious problem which has ever
come before our citrus growers, worse I believe by far than the White Fly
or any other scale. In no case has fumigation failed so completely as with the
Mealy Bug. We are aware of the good work done on the White Fly at Marys-
ville, where in less than one year it has been practically exterminated. Not
so with the Mealy Bug. For two years every possible means has been tried
without regard to expense, for the fruit growers have done all in their power
to help in the fight. The following work which has been done will show this:
Last Fall Mr. P. E. Smith, a Pomona graduate and a man excellently
equipped for carrying on. this work, was called to the Commissionership of
this county in order to exterminate this scale. The aim was to rely wholly
on fumigation, and a new county outfit for the purpose was furnished him.
He used at first the Purple Scale dosage, R. S. Woglum’s Dosage No. 1, which
did not kill all of the Mealy Bugs. The dosage was increased, with no better
results. He then came to the conclusion that a tighter tent was necessary, so
the entire number were dipped in a preparation of cactus and tannin recom-
mended by prominent fumigators for this business. A slight difference was
noted in results, which seemed better than before. This led to the belief that
an absolutely air-tight tent would solve the problem, and one was accordingly
90 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
dipped in linseed oil, which rendered it so. In use it did not take more than
half the dosage to get the results obtained with the other tents, but in no case
could more than 90% be killed. The oil rotted the cloth, and the weight alone
made the tent impractical.
This year we started with what knowledge had been accumulated the year
before, but without better results.
The dosage was increased from Schedule No. 1 to three and four times
its strength! The trees were very badly burned in many cases with a heavy
loss of fruit, and a serious back-set to the tree.
In general the work was done with double Dosage No. 1, or to 3 oz. of
Cyanide, 3 fluid oz. Sulphuric Acid, and three times as much water to 100
cu. ft. of tent space, the Morrill system being used exclusively.
It was found that two tents over the tree gave excellent results and prom-
ised to do the work, and this was used in most of the fumigations for the
Mealy Bug. Later inspections however have revealed the fact that little better
results were really obtained, for live individuals and eggs are plentiful on all
fumigated trees. Where the dosage was increased 1%, 2, 2%, 3, 3% times
the results were no better than the normal dose! ‘The following table of in-
spectton will show this:
Dos- Date of Date of Inspections and Results
Row Tree Tents age Fumigation Ist 2nd 3rd
23 1 2 1 10-5 10-5 70% killed. 10-12—Poor. 11-15—Very poor.
23 iG ee val 10-5 10-5 70% killed. 10-19—Poor. 11-15—Very poor.
26 17 2 2 10-5 10-5 75% killed. 10-19—Poor. 11-15—Very poor.
26 21 5 ee) 10-5 10-5 85% killed. 10-19—Fair. 11-15—Fair.
27 5 1 2% 10-8 10-8 85% killed. 10-19—Fair. 11-15—Very poor.
27 6 1 3 10-8 10-8 85% killed. 10-19—Poor. 11-15—Many young.
27 8 1 3 10-9 10-9 90% killed. _ 10-19—Good. 11-15—Many young.
27 9) WA «52 10-9 10-9 70% killed. 10-19—Poor. 11-15—Poor.
29 13 2 2 10-9 10-9 95% killed. 10-19—Good. 11-15—Fair
29 144 2 2 10-9 10-9 95% killed. 10-19—Good. 11-15 Many young
30 14 2 2 10-6 10-6 Nonefoundalive. 10-19—Good. 11-15| and live adults
30 15 2 2 10-6 10-6 Nonefoundalive. 10-19—Good. 11-15 on all of the
31 13 2 2 10-6 10-6 Nonefoundalive. 10-10—Good. 11-15 | last trees.
31 144 2 2 10-6 10-6 Nonefoundalive. 10-19—Good. 11-15—Not at all good.
Dosage 1 equals Woglum’s Schedule Dosage No. 1.
At the present time the results show very discouragingly for fumigation
but our work gave the scale a decided set-back, the advantage of which we
hope to take by now introducing all the enemies of the mealy bug. Of course
we must concede that the pest has been intrenched for so long that it cannot
be cleaned out in so short a time, but we contend that two years should give
at least some results which might be hopeful. Fumigation has not given this.
However, the general outlook is not so discouraging as would appear from
the foregoing account. The enemies are doing excellent work. Cryptolaemus
montrouziert was introduced last year by P. E. Smith. Now it is simply be-
yond belief how it has increased. In every part of the orchards where it was
placed last year it may be found abundantly. Hundreds have been found
pupating on one tree trunk.
ESSIG, COMBATING THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 91
At this time of the year the Mealy Bug is massed on the trunks of the
tree and limbs. In these masses are millions of eggs intermixed with a cottony
excretion to protect them from cold and rain. The larva of the Cryptolaemus
works on these egg masses and upon the adult female. All stages of it may
still be found (November), showing that it will yet work on through most of
the winter. In not a few cases these masses have been cleaned from the tree,
the mark being left to show its position. On the fruit the same thing is found
and there are prospects that in another year it will clean the trees almost com-
pletely. Nothing is more encouraging to the grower than to see the millions
of these insect friends doing such good work.
Rhizobius ventralis is doing just as good work, from all that I can ascer-
tain through successive observations. This Lady-bird Beetle pupates right in
the egg masses, and the larva is more abundant than the larva of the Crypto-
laemus. This is because it has been here for years.
The Brown Lace-wing, a Hemerobid, works very rapidly and is very
effective. The one draw-back is the fact that it is preyed upon by an internal
parasite which reduces its numbers so that it cannot hope to compete with the
Mealy Bug, which breeds so uninterruptedly.
The work done is thorough enough to warrant some success along this
line. I am not willing to give up fumigation, for there is no better way pos-
sible to reduce the numbers of the pests in so short a time. The aim is to fumi-
gate and introduce the parasites and predaceous insects into the orchards imme-
diately, checks being reserved to propagate them. I have found it harder
to kill the larva of the Cryptolaemus with the cyanide gas than the Mealy
Bug, so it is hardly probable that fumigating would kill all of them. However,
until they get a fine start we shall take no chances.
The hope of ridding the community of the Mealy Fae lies, I believe, in
the work of beneficial insects, for it is simply on everything. It is the aim of
this commission to procure an internal parasite this Fall to aid in this work.
We hope to introduce several other varieties of the Lady-bird Beetles also.
They way to handle such a pest is simply to employ every possible agency that
will help reduce the numbers. To this end we are now working.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCIDAE
E. O. ESSIG.
Parlatoria pergandii Comst.
Figure 37. Parlatoria pergandii
Figure 18 of the second number of the Journal was intended to be from
a photograph of this species as it occurs on the twigs of the orange. By mis-
take the cut was replaced by one of the citrus mealy bug on lemon. We now
present herewith (Figure 37), the proper cut illustrating this interesting spe-
cies.
Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson.
ApuLt FEMALE.—The general exterior appearance (Fig. 38, and 39, A)
of this scale reminds one of lumps of dough stuck to the limbs of a plant. The
uneven lobes of the large waxy secretion have the yellowish-white color of
well-kneaded dough. In diameter the secretion varies from 1 mm. to 1% mm.,
in height from % mm. to 1 mm.
Figure 38. Ceroplastes ceriferus
ESSIG, NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCIDAE 93
The body proper (Figs. 39, B, C) is jet black and the size of a small
garden pea. Its chief characteristic is a long anal projection nearly half as
long as the body. ‘This projection or tail corresponds to the anal plate in most
coccids, and is two lobed (Fig. 39 D).
The male has never been obtained.
A
D>
Pat ae )
tg
Q
~_
D
‘
Figure 39. Ceroplastes ceriferus
This most interesting form was taken at Mexico City and Guadalajara,
Mexico, by David Crawford. It occurs in great numbers, infesting Hibiscus
in the public gardens of the cities. Nothing is being done to stay its ravages,
which are very severe.
Chionaspis quercus Comst.
FEMALE. Scale—(Fig. 40 and 41 B).—The scale is long and tapers from
the anterior to the posterior end. Length, 1 mm. to 2 mm.; width, % mm. to
1mm. The color is gray and very hard to distinguish from the oak bark.
Body—(Fig. 41 A)—Greatly resembles Lepidosaphes becku in shape and
manner of segmentation, being much broader at the posterior end and the
sides deeply segmented. Pygidium (Fig. 41 E) consists in one large median
lobe, instead of the usual two with two smaller lobes and a rudimentary lobe
on both sides. The spine arrangement is as follows: median lobe—1 large
and 2 small, second pair lobes—1 large and 1 small, third pair—1 on tip and 1
on middle. Spinnerets—consist in 4—6 marginal, 18—22 lower laterals, and
18—20 upper laterals.
Mate. Scale—(Fig. 42 B)—Is white with three ridges extending from
the anterior to the posterior end. Length, % mm. to 1 mm.; width, % mm. to
94 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 40. Chionaspis quercus
%4mm. The scales are so numerous on the limbs as to make them appear white.
Body—(Fig. 42 A)—Very minute, near % mm. Color, carmine with
appendages yellow. yes, black and prominent. Antennae, ten articled
and hairy. Thorax, with dark band. Wings, hyaline, and hardly distinguish-
able under the microscope. The two veins join one-fourth the distance from
the base to the wing tips. Legs, slender, yellow, hairy. Tibia, as long or
longer than femur. Tarsus, less than half the length of tibia. Abdomen, very
distinctly segmented. Style, as long as abdomen.
Young—(Fig. 41 D)—Nearly oval in shape and very small. The anten-
nae (Fig. 41 C) are 6-articled with long hairs on distal article.
Taken in large numbers from Quercus agrifolia, at Santa Paula. (Essig.)
Ceroputo yuccae Coq.
In the second number of the Pomona Journal of Entomology this insect
was described as Phenacoccus ramonae n. sp. ‘The female as therein stated,
was found in great numbers on the roots of the wild Black Sage (Ramona
ESSIG, NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCIDAE 95
stachyiodes) in the Spring. On examining over fifty slides of mounted speci-
mens, I failed to find a single individual with more than seven articles to the
antennae. Not having found the male, and the fact that Ceroputo yuccae had
never been reported on Black Sage, led me to believe that the insect was a
new species, and so I described it as such. This Summer I have given it a
great deal of time and have obtained all the forms.
Both the male and female were taken in large numbers from the leaves
and stems of Diplacus glutinosus near Claremont, on roots of Ramona stachy-
oides, at Santa Paula, and from Yucca at Guadalajara, Mexico, by David
Crawford.
The female is described as Phenacoccus ramonae in the Journal, Vol. II,
page 44. A drawing of the antennae of the adult female is shown in Fig.
43 E of this number.
96 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 42. Chionaspis quercus
Mare.—(Fig. 43 A)—Length of body, 1.5 mm.; width, 0.34 mm.; wing
expansion, 2.74 mm. Prevailing color, almost black with yellow membrane.
The entire body is covered with a white waxy secretion. Antennae (Fig. 43 F)
are 10-articled, very dark, and covered with long hair. The lengths of the
respective articles are as follows: 10.4 mm., II 0.4 mm., III 0.2 mm., IV 0.17
mm., V 0.2 mm., VI 0.17 mm., VII 0.13 mm., VIII 0.13 mm., [IX 0.1 mm.,
X 0.08 mm. The abdomen is distinctly segmented with a long style on either
side of which is a white wax appendage as long as the body. ‘The legs are
long, slender, and hairy. The claw (Fig. 43 D) has the characteristic tooth
common to the genera Phenacoccus and Ceroputo. Wings, hyaline; elngth
1.2 mm., width 0.47 mm. A detailed drawing (Fig. 43 B) shows the poiser,
hooks, and pockets of the wings.
The male pupates in a white cottony sac which is very numerous among
the females. The adult is quite active.
ESSIG, NOTES ON CALIFORNIA GOCCIDAE 97
Figure 43. Ceroputo yuccae
APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA III
E. 0. ESSIG.
Chaitophorus populicola Thos. (?)
WINGED Viviparous FEMALE: (Fig. 44 A)—Length 1.38 mm., width
0.5 mm., wing expansion 2.7 mm. Prevailing color, nearly black with yellow
membrane. Head, slightly narrower than thorax, much wider than long, and
hairy. Compound eyes, coarsely granulated, red, with terete tubercles just
behind the outer margin. Antennae, (Fig. 44 G) do not arise from frontal
tubercles, two-thirds as long as body, 6-articled. The color and length of the
respective articles are as follows: I 0.06 mm. dark, II 0.06 mm. dark, III 0.26
mm. yellow, IV 0.15 mm. yellow with dark distal end, V 0.12 mm. dark, VI 0.2
mm. dark. Distribution of sensoria: I and II none, III many large circular,
IV several large circular in row, V one large circular at distal end, VI several
marginal in the nail-like process. All the articles are hairy. Pro-thorax,
without lateral tubercle, hairy. Rostrum, reaches to metathoracic coxae. Ab-
domen, distinctly segmented, hairy or spiny. Cornicles (Fig. 44 C) cylindrical
and pale yellow. Legs, moderately long and hairy. Color, dark near body
and at tips, light near the middle. Wangs, clouded along the veins. Primary,
length 1.1 mm., width 0.33 mm. Cuwubitus, hairy near the stigma. Stigma, long
and rounded at apex, very dark. Radius, well curved. Obliques, first straight,
second curving slightly out, third curving and twice-forked. Secondary, slight-
ly clouded, length 0.7 mm., width 0.2 mm. Swb-costal, extends to wing tip.
First discoidal, rudimentary, does not connect with the sub-costal, short and
straight. Second discoidal, does not connect with the sub-costal, nearly twice
as long as first discoidal, curves slightly outward. Style, rounded, hairy,
Cauda, obscure.
AprreRous VivipArous FEMALE: (Fig. 44 E)—Length 1.4 mm., width
0.8 mm. Differs from the winged form in the following: Body is more
robust and is extremely hairy or spiny. Prevailing color, reddish brown with
light yellow marking on the back. Antennae, sensoria are distributed as fol-
lows: I, II, III, IV, none; V, one circular near the distal end; VI, several
small marginal in the nail-like process. Antennae (Fig. 44 F). Cornicles
(Fig. 44 C).
Nympu oF Aprerous Viviparous FEMALE: (Fig. 44 B)—The first-born
are extremely small—almost microscopic. Color, pinkish. Antennae (Fig.
44 D) usually four-articled, half as long as the body, with sensoria as follows:
I, II, none; III, few circular; IV, small marginal in the nail-like process. All
articles are slightly hairy. Abdomen, distinctly segmented with hair or spines
in definite rows on the back, usually six. Rostrum, nearly as long as the body.
This aphid is found in considerable numbers on the young stems of
Populus trichocarpa in the Santa Clara River Valley near Santa Paula.
While in general it conforms to the general description of Chaitophorus
populicola by Thomas, yet the yellow marking on the back of the apterous
female is more triangular than y-shaped. In no case has it been found on the
leaves of the tree.
ESSIG, APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, III 9
Figure 44. Chaitophorus populicola (?)
SOs NEW THYSANOPTERA FROM SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA, I
D. L. CRAWFORD.
In collections made by the writer in the vicinity of Claremont, ten different
species are represented, three of which are new, besides a new variety of a
species previously described, and one new genus..
Ankothrips, new genus.
Antennae strongly geniculate, with the tip of second segment strongly
produced inwardly beyond insertion of third (Fig. 45 I).
Head broader than long, reticulated posteriorly; ocelli present in both
sexes. Antennae nine-segmented, all segments free; without long spines.
Maxillary palpi three-segmented; labial palpi two-segmented. Prothorax
shorter than head, with bristles on both anterior and posterior angles. Fore-
femora thickened in both sexes. Wings present in both sexes; the forewing
with two longitudinal veins and five cross veins; anterior margin with a row
of unusually strong spines. Anterior wings colored a uniform pale brown;
posterior wings clear white. Abdomen with several stout spines on posterior
angles of each segment; last two segments with extremely long strong bristles.
Ankothrips robustus, n. sp.
Average length, 1.46 mm. General color, dark brown to black.
Head (Fig. 45 C) somewhat wider than long, rounded and slightly nar-
rowed anteriorly; with subrectangualr projection over insertion of antennae
bearing two spines; cheeks arched; back of head reticulate; with several very
long spines around the eyes. Eyes prominent, black, coarsely facetted, slightly
pilose. Ocelli present, placed well forward; posterior ocelli nearly contiguous
with inner margin of eyes. Mouth cone reaching five-sixths the length of
prothorax; bluntly pointed; maxillary palpi with terminal segment very small.
Antennae (Fig. 45 H) less than twice as long as head, brown, unicolorous
with body; each segment with from six to ten small spines on distal end; small
sense areas on segments four to seven.
Prothorax (Fig. 45 C) about twice as wide as long and shorter than head ;
with two large spines on each anterior and posterior angle, and two midlaterals
on each side; with a row of twelve conspicuous spines on posterior dorsal mar-
gin and several scattered on dorsal surface. Thorax broadest across meso-
thorax. Metathorax tapering roundly from mesothorax to abdomen. Legs
(Fig. 45, G, F, and E) dark brown, a trifle lighter than the body ; clothed rather
sparsely with bristles; fore-legs very large, with femora and tibiae strongly
thickened; fore-coxae with several large conspicuous spines; fore and second
tibiae with two long spines at tip, and hind tibiae with several; tarsi with only
a few spines. Forewings (Fig. 45 A) broadly rounded at tip, and somewhat
narrowed after the mid-cross vein; with two prominent longitudinal veins
CRAWFORD, SOME NEW THYSANOPTERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 101
extending from base to tip; anterior longitudinal connected with ring vein by
two distinct cross veins, and with the posterior longitudinal by one large cross
vein in center of wing; posterior longitudinal connected with ring vein by two
slightly less distinct cross veins; both longitudinal veins with a row of con-
spicuous spines; twenty-five on the anterior and eighteen on the posterior;
anterior markin a row of stout spines, and a short fringe appearing about the
middle of margin and increasing in length toward the tip; posterior margin
with long double fringe; entire surface covered with microscopic hairs. Fore-
wings light brown; hind wings clear white, and margined on both sides with
a long fringe.
Abdomen ovate, about half as broad as long; uniform brown; segments
four to seven with a row of short spines on the dorsal surface, and all seg-
ments with several longer spines on edges and posterior angles; last three
segments (Fig. 45 B) with numerous very long, stout bristles; three last seg-
ments form sheath for large upturned ovipositor.
Measurements: Head, length, .18 mm. (.15 - .21 mm.), width .21 mm.;
prothorax, length .15 mm., width .27 mm.; mesothorax, width .26 mm.; abdo-
men, width .32 mm.; total length 1.46 mm. (1.28 - 1.65 mm.) Antennae:
I .025 mm., IT .067 mm., III .054 mm., ITV .040 mm., V .041 mm., VI .040 mm.,
VII .027 mm., VIII .018 mm., IX .023 mm.; total, .32 mm.
Matrrs.—Males somewhat smaller than females; legs slightly lighter than
body; abdomen very dark brown to black, darker than thorax, with a broad,
white intersegmental membrane between first and second segments, appearing
as a white band across the abdomen. Ninth abdominal segment with four
very long bristles (Fig. 45 D), and twenty shorter but extremely stout spines
(almost teeth) on dorsal surface; anal segment with a partially covered de-
pression on dorsal surface, and two claspers on ventral side; four very long
bristles at tip of abdomen.
Described from five females and three males.
Food plant: California laurel (Umbellularia) and Cal. lilac (Ceanothus).
Locality: Cafion near Claremont, Cal.: altitude, 5000 ft. (Crawford.)
Aeolothrips longiceps n. sp.
Head (Fig. 46 F) as long as wide, rounded in front and slightly elevated
between basal segments of antennae; distance from eye to occiput unusually
long; cheeks arched ; with many inconspicuous spines on the dorsal surface and
several on the ventral. Eyes prominent, pilose, with dark encircling ring;
facets large, well separated. Ocelli present, placed well forward on anterior
part of head, posterior ocelli almost contiguous with inner margin of eyes.
Mouth cone long, reaching three-fourths the length of the prothorax, subacute ;
maxillary palpi three segmented, basal segment large, terminal very small;
labial palpi four segmented. Antennae (Fig. 46 B) nine segmented, a little
more than twice as long as head; light brown, lighter than body, except seg-
ments four and five, which are unicolorous with body; third light lemon yellow
with darker area at distal end; all segments, except two basal ones, thickly
and uniformly clothed with stout spines; basal segments with fewer spines;
102
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
A.
Figure 45. Ankothrips robustus.
CRAWFORD, SOME NEW THYSANOPTERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA _ 103
spines on third very light colored; sense area on distal portion of third and
fourth, and conspicuous sense cone on lower side of fifth near tip ; two conspic-
uous long spines on tip of ninth.
Prothorax one and one-half times as wide as long, and wider than head,
with an emargination and thickening of wall on each side; with several small
inconspicuous spines on dorsal surface. Thorax broadest across mesothorax.
Metathorax with sides tapering uniformly, and quite noticeably posteriorly.
Legs (Fig. 46 A, C, D) dark brown, except fore-tibiae, which are lighter ; fore-
femora thickened; fore-tibiae with conspicuous long spine on inner side near
the middle (Fig. 46 A) ; fore- and second tibiae with two stout spines at tip,
and posterior tibiae with several stouter spines at tip; fore-tarsi armed with a
stout hook and tooth and overreaching spine; legs thickly clothed with con-
spicuous spines, and the second and posterior tibiae and tarsi with numerous
microscopic hairs. Fore-wings (Fig. 46 E) broadly rounded at tip and slightly
broadened in distal half; with no longitudinal veins whatever, but two rows
of spines extending the entire length of the wing; the anterior row is white and
inconspicuous, but the posterior row brown and distinct ; anterior margin with-
out fringe, but having a row of short spines; posterior margin with long fringe
of cilia; wings clear white with dark brown longitudinal band covering post-
erior half of wing, extending from near base to near tip; microscopic hairs on
clear portion white, on brown portion brown. Posterior wings clear white,
except small brown longitudinal band near base; without longitudinal veins;
with simple fringe on posterior margin.
Abdomen widest at seventh segment, about one-third as wide as long;
first segment lightest in color, the rest shading uniformly to dark brown at
ninth segment ; segments three to seven with dark transverse line near anterior
margin. One small spine on posterior angles of eighth segment, and several
on ninth, which bears two large articulated claspers (Fig. 46 G); six very
long and stout and several smaller spines on tip of ninth segment; posterior
ventral margin of ninth segment with deep indentation, reaching one-third the
length of segment.
Measurements: Head, length .17 mm., width .17 mm.; prothorax, length
.13 mm., width .20 mm.; mesothorax, width .25 mm.; abdomen, width (at sev-
enth segment) .26 mm.; total length of body 1.33 mm. Antennae: I .034
mm., II .051 mm., III .098 mm., IV .083 mm., V .080 mm., VI .010 mm.,
VII .010 mm., VIII .08 mm., IX .09 mm.; total .38 mm.
General color, brown; head, pro- and mesothorax brown; metathorax and
first five abdominal segments lighter; remaining abdominal segments shading
to dark brown.
Described from one male.
Food plant: Artemisia.
Locality: Claremont, Calif. (Crawford.)
This species in general appearance is close to Acolothrips kuzwanaii, Moul-
ton, but in having no longitudinal veins in anterior wings it not only differs
sharply from that species, but presents a slight departure from current de-
scriptions of the family.
104 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 46. Aeolothrips longiceps
CRAWFORD, SOME NEW THYSANOPTERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 105
Euthrips minutus var. setosus n. var.
The specimens of this variety resemble very closely Euthrips minutus,
Moulton, but possess several distinctive characters, which, however, are hardly
of specific value. In the description, only the diagnostic characters will be
mentioned.
Anterior margin of head (Fig. 47 A) with distinct notched prolongation
of vertex between insertion of antennae. Antennae (Fig. 47 F) nearly three
times as long as head.
Prothorax (Fig. 47 A) with anterior margin reticulate ; two spines on each
anterior angle; four long spines on posterior margin; without a spine on lateral
side of posterior angle. Anterior margin of wing (Fig. 47 G) with twenty-
two spines; fore vein with nineteen spines; hind vein with fourteen.
Abdomen (Fig. 47 B) with two conspicuous spines on each side of every
segment, and two on the dorsal surface of each segment.
Measurements: Head, length .076 mm., width .14 mm.; prothorax, length
125 mm., width .18 mm.; mesothorax, width .24 mm.; abdomen, width .29 mm. ;
total length 1.28 mm. (.91 - 1.65 mm.). Antennae: I .015 mm., II .032 mm.,
III .035 mm., IV .039 mm., V .030 mm., VI .041 mm., VII .08 mm., VIII .013
mm.; total .28 mm. Color, uniform light to dark brown; wings, gray-brown.
Described from numerous females.
Food plants: Certain Compositae, Rhamnus crocea, Monardella lanceo-
lata, Sambucus glauca, and other flowers.
Locality: Claremont, Calif. (Crawford.)
Phyllothrips fasciculata n. sp.
Average length 1.55 mm.; general color very dark brown to black.
Head (Fig. 48 A) a little more than one and one-half times as long as wide,
widest posteriorly, narrowed anteriorly ; frons projecting over insertion of basal
segments of antennae, with anterior ocellus on vertex; back of head slightly
reticulate and conspicuously serrated, and set with small spines raised on in-
conspicuous tubercles ; post-ocular spines long, and blunt at tip. Eyes medium,
finely facetted, slightly pilose, light brown. Ocelli present, anterior ocellus on
apex of produced part of vertex above insertion of antennae, and directed
forward; posterior ocelli nearly contiguous with inner concave margin of eyes.
Mouth cone short and broadly rounded, reaching scarcely half the length of
prothorax; maxillary palpi long and slenger. Antennae (Fig. 48 D) eight-
segmented, only a little longer than head; two basal segments almost black,
three light yellow, the remaining segments brown; sense area on two and seven ;
two sense cones on distal end of three to six, inclusive; antennae sparsely
clothed with small spines.
Prothorax (Fig. 48 A) more than twice as wide as long, very much wider
posteriorly than anteriorly ; with one spine on anterior angles, one on posterior,
and one midlateral about equal in length to the one on anterior angle; a few
spines on posterior margin. Pterothorax with sides almost parallel, converging
106 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
slightly posteriorly; coxae somewhat protruding. Legs (Fig. 48 E, F, G)
sparsely clothed with inconspicuous hairs or spines; fore-femora somewhat
enlarged; with a membranous appendage near distal end within; tibiae with
a few short spines; fore-tarsi with conspicuous tooth on inner side of basal
joint. Wings fully developed, both pairs alike; with no venation or spines;
A
cS = = ee ee ee Ee
Figure 47. Euthrips minutus var. setosus.
both anterior and posterior margins with long simple fringe.
Abdomen about as wide as pterothorax; intersegmental membrane as dark
as segments. Segments one to six, inclusive, with a row of two spines on each
segment about 0.1 mm. from each margin, and two spines on each posterior
angle; segments seven and eight (Fig. 48 C), with several spines on each pos-
terior angle; tube about half as long as head, and converging toward tip; with
four long, and sevearl short spines at tip.
Males are similar to females in most respects and averaging fully as large;
with distinct scale at base of tube (Fig. 48 B); tube shorter than in female,
with six long spines and several short ones at tip; with a long setigerous tuber-
cle on ventral surface near base.
Measurements (female): Head, length .28 mm., width .17 mm.; pro-
thorax, length .14 mm., width .31 mm.; pterothorax, width .32 mm.; abdomen,
length .81 mm.; tube, length .14 mm.; total length of body 1.55 mm. (1.28 -
CRAWFORD, SOME NEW THYSANOPTERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 107
Figure 48. Phyllothrips fasciculata
108 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
1.81 mm.). Antennae: I .027 mm., II .040 mm., III .044 mm., IV .055 mm.,
V .053 mm., VI .051 mm., VII .045 mm., VIII .025 mm.; total .34 mm.
Described from many specimens of both sexes.
Food plant: Hriogonum fasciculatum (Wild Buckwheat).
Locality: Claremont, Calif. (Crawford.)
This species undoubtedly belongs in the genus Phyllothrips, being closely
related to P. aspersus Hinds, and to P. citricornis Hood, but differs from the
generic description as given by Mr. Hood, in the following points: Head
narrowed anteriorly instead of posteriorly. Mouth cone very blunt, reaching
to middle of prothorax. Fore-tarsi in both sexes with small tooth. It, how-
ever, shows abundant evidence of the closest relationship to the other species
of Phyllothrips, even in minor details.
Phyllothrips fasciculata var. stenoceps, n. var.
The specimens of this variety (Fig. 48 H) resemble the species fascicu-
lata in almost every respect, but differ in the following: the insect is some-
what smaller, and the head converges distinctly posteriorly instead of ante-
riorly. The specimens were taken among specimens of P. fasciculata. The
existence of this variety shows that the form of the head does not furnish in
this genus a character of even certain specific value.
SOME THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH I
D. L. CRAWFORD.
Aeolothrips vespiformis n. sp.
Length of body 1.6 mm.; general color dark brown, with first two and
part of third abdominal segments light.
Head (Fig. 49 A) broader, posteriorly,:than long, rounded uniformly
from prothorax to insertion of antennae; distinctly retracted into prothorax; a
notched projection between insertion of antennae; two spines on each side near
posterior margin, and one near basal antennal segment; head giving a general
hemispherical appearance. Eyes large, extending far under onto ventral side
of head, coarsely facetted, not pilose. Ocelli present, large, conspicuous, mark-
ing an equilateral triangle between eyes. Mouth cone long, bluntly rounded ;
maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antennae lost, one basal segment, only,
present ; inserted very close to each other.
Prothorax (Fig. 49 A) longer and broader than head, broader anteriorly
than posteriorly, and broader than long; sides roundly tapering posteriorly,
with two mid-lateral spines and no others; head and prothorax at first sight,
appear as a large elongate head, so closely are they united. Mesothorax
narrowest at attachment to prothorax, diverging so that midlaterally it is a
little wider than prothorax; sides converging to posterior margin of meta
thorax. Legs (Fig. 49 D) long, clothed with conspicuous spines; posterior
tibiz with a stout spine at tip; posterior tarsi long, second joint with numerous
microscopic hairs. Wings (Fig. 49 C) moderately long, reaching a little
beyond posterior margin of seventh abdominal segment; broadly rounded at
tip; no cross veins present, but about one-third the wing’s length from the
tip the anterior longitudinal and ring vein bulge out and apparently unite;
with a small clear area near base and another almost at the tip, and a larger
clear area near center, occupying nearly one-fourth the wing’s length and
almost the entire width; eight spines on anterior longitudinal vein between
base and central clear area, none on clear area, and seven beyond clear area;
on posterior longitudinal vein, one spine between base and central clear area,
four on clear area—two on proximal and two on distal portion ——and nine
beyond clear area; a row of twenty-two spines on anterior margin, beginning
at base of central clear area; posterior margin with long simple fringe; wings
light brown, except above mentioned clear areas. Posterior wings almost
clear, margins light brown; with long fringe on both margins.
Abdomen (Fig. 49 B) very narrow at attachment to thorax, subpetiolate,
diverging to fully one and one-half the width of mesothorax; widest at sixth
segment, converging abruptly to tip; third to fifth with one short spine on
110 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
outer margin and segments six to eight with two; ninth with one long spine on
each side on dorsal surface near outer margin, and anal segment with four
spines on dorsal surface near anterior margin, and two small spines at tip.
Segments one and two and posterior half of three white, the rest very dark
brown, darker than thorax and head.
Measurements: Head, length 0.15 mm., width 0.24 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.22 mm., width 0.27 mm.; mesothorax, width midlaterally 0.29 mm.;
metathorax, width posteriorly 0.21 mm.; abdomen, width at base 0.10, at sixth
segment 0.46 mm.; total length 1.59 mm.
Described from one female, taken by Prof. C. F. Baker in Managua,
Nicaragua.
Food plant unknown.
This specimen was taken several years ago and, unfortunately, mounted
on a pinned slip; consequently, the antenne and all but one hing leg had been
broken off before being mounted in balsam by the writer. Although some
of the most important characters were thus destroyed, nevertheless it is plain
that it belongs to the fam. Aeolothripidae, and to the genus Aeolothrips, in
which I have placed it. It resembles closely Ae. bicolor Hinds, and Ae. al-
bocincta Uzel, in having the basal portion of the abdomen white, abdomen
more or less narrow at attachment to thorax, and, also, in the general aspect
of the head and prothorax, though the shape of these differ in the different
species. In Ae. bicolor and albocincta, however, the white band is on the
second and third abdominal segments, while in Ae. vespiformis the first,
second, and posterior half of third are white. The absence of cross veins
presents not only a specific difference, but also a slight departure from the
generic description as given by Hinds. It is hoped that other specimens of
this same species, or some closely related to it, will at some future time be
taken, and thus the true relationships of this imperfect specimen be made
plain.
Heterothrips decacornis n. sp.
Average length 1.18 mm.; color dark brown, occasionally light brown;
body surface reticulated.
Head (Fig. 50 A), one and one-half times as wide as long, slightly re-
tracted into prothorax, broadest across cheeks, narrowed anteriorly, with con-
cave depressions at insertion of antennae; cheeks arched, with two setigerous
tubercles behind eyes on margin; no prominent spines on head; back of head
reticulated. Eyes large, bulging; facets large, sometimes conspicuously pro-
truding; pigment orange-yellow ; eyes pilose. Ocelli remote from front, some-
what elevated, the anterior ocellus on anterior incline of elevated area, and di-
rected forward; posterior ocelli contiguous with inner margin of eyes. Mouth
cone medium, subacute; maxillary palpi three-segmented ; labial palpi one-seg-
mented. Antennae (Fig. 50 D) ten-segmented, without style at tip; III and
IV lemon yellow, the rest dark brown; IV with pseudo-joint near base and
a round sense area in the space cut off by the pseudo-joint;IV and V largest,
CRAWFORD, SOME THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 1
\
\
\
\ \ x \\\\\ \ i
\\\\ \\\ \ \\ \ \\
\ \ \ \\ \
NUCL AVE \\\ \
\ \\ \ \\ \ \ \\
\ . \\\
Figure 49. Aeolothrips vespiformis
112 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
with broad tip—IV with convex surface to receive base of V; V notched at
tip to receive base of VI; VI to X all free, with small sense areas; antennal
spines not very large.
Prothorax (Fig. 50 A) a little longer and wider than head ; angles rounded ;
one spine on anterior angles, and one very inconspicuous spine on posterior
angles ; a few small spines on dorsal surface; reticulated. Mesothorax largest,
with a triangular area on dorsal surface near the front more conspicuously
reticulated than the rest. Legs (Fig. 50 E, F, G) medium; tibiae with mod-
erately stout spines at tip; anterior tibiae light on distal half, the rest dark;
fore-tarsi with small tooth at tip; middle and posterior tibiae dark; femora
reticulated. Wings (Fig. 50 H) fully developed, broad at base, the rest
narrow ; with two longitudinal veins extending the entire length, set with short
spines, twenty on anterior vein and sixteen on posterior; simple fringe on
both margins, and a row of short spines on anterior margin posterior fringe
longer; wings light brown, except basal one-sixth clear; scale small.
Abdomen (Fig. 50 B) uniform dark brown, usually very stout, occas-
ionally slender; with two spines on dorsal surface in center of each segment,
and a few small spines on margin; spines at tip of abdomen short; comb-like
arrangement of spines on posterior margin of segments one to nine; surface
reticulated.
Mace: Much smaller than female, but similar in every respect except
tip of abdomen; with two claspers on posterior margin of anal segment (Fig.
SORE):
Measurements of female: Head, length .13 mm., width .19 mm.; pro-
therax, length .145 mm., width .26 mm.; pterothorax, width .25 mm.; abdo-
men, length .61 mm., width .28 mm.; total length 1.18 mm. Antennae: I .020,
II .032, III .021, TV .058, V .044, VI .025, VII .028, VIII .017, IX .016, X .020;
total length .28 mm.
Described from twenty-six females and ten males.
Food plant: A low native tree, with small yellow flowers, common in
the barrancas near Guadalajara; also a shrub belonging to the family Mal-
pighiaceae.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
There is no doubt as to the antennae being 10-segmented, for in some of
the mounted specimens used in this study, the segments are completely sepa-
rated at every true joint. The last five segments are smaller and free, as de-
scribed in some Aeolothripidae. ‘There is no differentiation of the style, which
is present in most Thripidae. In one deformed specimen the left antenna
is eight-segmented (Fig. 50 I), the right possessing the ten normal segments.
This is evidently a reversion to the normal type of Thripidae, the three basal
segments being similar to the normal, but the fourth is shortened and has
apparently two pseudo-joints instead of one in the normal, the fifth being
somewhat similar to the normal except that it is not notched at the distal end,
but is convex like the normal fourth; the last five segments of the normal
antenna are represented in this case by three relatively longer segments; the
arrangement of the antennal spines is similar in the two cases.
113
CRAWFORD, SOME THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH
Figure 50. Heterothrips decacornia
114 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
In the main, this species conforms to the characterization of the genus
Heterothrips Hood, but in one or two peculiarities it does not: (1) antennae
clearly 10-segmented; (2) prothorax much less than twice as long as head;
(3) rows of minute teeth extending across entire posterior dorsal margins of
abdominal segments two to eight. ‘These characters, however, are not neces-
sarily of generic value. The general type of the antennae in this genus is
unmistakable. |
Chirothrips mexicana n. sp.
Length, .86 mm.; general color, medium brown.
Head (Fig. 51 A) somewhat wider than long, small, spatulate and nar-
rowed anteriorly ; cheeks arched, about two-fifths as long as eye; portion be-
tween posterior margin of eyes and occiput very much elevated, arched and
reticulated, bearing the ocelli on the abrupt incline from the occiput to the
vertex ; front prolonged triangularly between insertion of antennae; with eight
small spines in front of the ocelli, and two very small postocular spines on
each side. Eyes moderately large, finely facetted, slightly pilose; distance
between eyes less than half the greatest width of head; ocelli small, pale, situ-
ated far back on elevated portion of head, between posterior angles. Mouth
cone moderately long, broadly rounded at tip; maxillary palpi consisting of
three very short segments; labial palpi one-segmented. Antennae (Fig. 51 B)
twice as long as head, stout, with only a few small spines; general color lighter
than body—basal segment concolorous with body, and second lemon yellow;
basal segment large, transversely egg-shaped, the point outward, with dark
transverse line; segment II prolonged outwardly into a long acute apophysis
with a small sense cone at tip; III pedunculate, asymmetrically pyriform, with
a prominent sense cone on outer anterior angle, as has, also IV; IV and V
roughly rounded, V smaller than IV; VI elongate, with two small sense cones
on distal half; VII and VIII small, moderately slender.
Prothorax (Fig. 51 A) about two and one-half times as long as head,
one and one-ninth times as wide as long, more than twice as wide posteriorly as
anteriorly; sides’ with a deep indentation above coxae and a short, black chit-
inised line curving in from it; with one prominent spine on posterior angles
and a few small inconspicuous ones on dorsal surface; dorsal surface deeply
reticulated. Metathorax wider than prothorax, and pleurae bulging beneath
insertion of wings. Pterothorax reticulated. Wings (Fig 51 H) long and
narrow, reaching beyond tip of abdomen; forewings light brown, surface
covered with microscopic hairs; hind wings lighter colored; fore-wing with
one median longitudinal vein, which disappears before the middle of the
wing; with five spines on median vein, and five on apical half of wing, ar-
ranged as though the two longitudinal veins were present; anterior margin
with row of twenty-six long slender fringe-like spines; posterior fringe long.
Legs (Fig. 51 E, F, G) short, with only a few small spines; fore-femora
(Fig. 51 E) enormously thickened, trapezoidal, nearly as broad at base as
long; fore-tibiae short and thick; fore-tibiae and all tarsi lemon yellow.
SOME THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 115
Abdomen elongate-ovate, bluntly pointed at tip, about one and four-fifths
times as long as broad; spines on last two segments (Fig. 51 C) moderately
long and stout ; segments one to five distinctly beaded (Fig. 51 D) on posterior
dorsal margin, five less so than the others; surface deeply deticulated.
Measurements: Head, length .084 mm., width .096 mm.; prothorax,
length .19 mm., width .21 mm.; pterothorax, width .24 mm.; abdomen, width
.23 mm.; total length .86 mm. Antennae: I .027 mm., II .025 mm., III .023
mm., IV .022 mm., V .024 mm., VI .028 mm., VII .011 mm., VIII .011 mm.;
total ,.17 mm.
Described from one female.
Food plant: ‘Tobacco flowers (Nicotiana tabacum).
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
Ss
Figure 51. Chirothrips mexicana
116 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Euthrips insularis Franklin var. reticulata n var.
Mr. Franklin speaks of the species as being very common throughout the
3arbadoes and West Indies; it is perhaps the most common species, also, in
the region of Guadalajara, Mexico. Hundreds of specimens were taken by
the writer on various flowering plants—several species of Lupinus, Convolvu-
lus, Compositae, and a Rhamnus, the localities ranging in altitude from 2500
feet above sea level to 10,000 feet. There is quite a marked variation in the
species. All the specimens have a reticulated body surface, some more mark-
edly than others—this character is not mentioned in the description of Eu.
insularis; the general color varies from dark brown, almost black, to very light
yellowish brown. The antennae vary in the shape, color, and relative lengths
of the segments; some, as in Mr. Franklin’s descriptions, have the third and
fourth segments yellow, the fourth darker on distal half; others have the third
and fourth segments uniformly yellow ; the shape of the segments varies from
slender, as in the description, to comparatively stout; nor are the relative
lengths of the segments constant. The wings, also, vary in length consid-
erably.
It seems that the most constant characters of this species are (1) the
arrangement of the cephalic and thoracic bristles, (2) the comb-like arrange-
ment of spines on the posterior dorsal margin of the eighth abdominal seg-
ments, (3) a large clear area at base of fore-wings, (4) antennae eight-seg-
mented, with the third segment yellow, and (5) in the Mexican variety, retic-
ulation of head, thorax, abdomen and femora.
Rhaptothrips, new genus
Head small, rectangular; eyes extremely small, with a few facets on outer
side; ocelli wanting. Antennae seven-segmented, long and slender, third seg-
ment very elongate. Mouth cone of medium size, very blunt at tip; maxillary
and labial palpi one-segmented. Prothorax about as long as head, wider
posteriorly than anteriorly ; pterothorax much broader than prothorax, with a
facetted spiracular(?) plate on anterior angles of mesothorax. Entire dorsal
surface from mesothorax to eighth abdominal segment inclusive covered with
irregular chitinous, setigerous plates, this irregular arrangement giving the
insect a curious patched appearance. Posterior coxae almost as widely sepa-
rated as second coxae. Legs of medium size, with several very long slender
spines on femora and tibiae, and one large spear-shaped horizontal spine on
apical end of tibiae. Wings wanting so far as known. Abdomen long and
slender, with facetted spiracular plates (sense organs?) on second and eighth
segments; all spines occur on the chitinous plates; ninth segment heavily
chitinized, tube nearly as long as ninth segment, converging to tip, with two
short apical spines.
Rhaptothrips peculiaris n. sp.
Total length of body 4.12 mm.; general color black.
Head (Fig. 52 A) small, about one and one-fourth times as long as
CRAWFORD, SOME THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 117
broad, and about as long as prothorax; cheeks parallel; anterior angles con-
cave to receive antennae; a concavity between insertion of antennae; four in-
conspicuous spines on anterior half of dorsal surface, one pair in front and
the other pair behind the eyes, and one small spine on each cheek. Eyes ex-
tremely small, dark, with two or three widely separated facets, which are
light, the rest of the eye apparently blind; no ocelli present. Mouth cone long,
broad, and broadly rounded at tip, reaching almost to posterior margin of
prothorax ; maxillary and labial palpi one-segmented, the latter short. Anten-
nae (Fig. 52 D) seven-segmented, long and slender, more than two and one-
half times as long as head; two basal segments rectangular in shape, I shorter
than II; III very elongate, enlarged at both ends, sides rough; IV to VI elon-
gate, but shorter than III, with a sense cone on distal end of each; VII bluntly
pointed at tip, with an obscure suture just beyong the middle and another more
obscure midway between the first suture and the tip; segments II, III, and
VII with three or four long slender spines at apical end; IV to VI with one
spine on side opposite to the sense cone; III light brown, except distal one-
sixth, the rest of the segments concolorous with body.
Prothorax (Fig. 52 A) about one and two-thirds times as wide as long,
narrowed anteriorly and bulging midlaterally, partly due to fore-coxae; two
rectangular chitinous plates between fore-coxae, each bearing two spines; no
other spines on prothorax. Mesothorax (Fig. 52 A) about as long as pro-
thorax, and one and one-half times as wide posteriorly; sides diverging to
midpoint, and from there to posterior margin of metathorax, sides about
parallel, slightly diverging; with a pair of large facetted spiracular plates
(Fig. 52 H) near anterior angles, with closely crowded facets; dorsal surface
of both meso- and metathorax and all but two anal abdominal segments, with
irregular chitinous plates (Fig 52 A), most of which bear one spine, a few
with two spines, and some with none; these are scattered promiscuously over
the dorsal surface, and are distinctly convex; spines moderately long and
stout; the rest of the body surface, both dorsal and ventral, apparently very
weakly chitinized. Metathorax shorter and slightly wider than mesothorax,
diverging somewhat to midpoint of pleurae, and then converging, but slightly
wider posteriorly than anteriorly; hind ¢oxae almost as widely separated as
middle pair. All thoracic spines set on chitinous plates. Legs (Fig. 52, E,
F, C) moderately long, with roughened surface; with several.extremely long
and slender spines on all femora and tibiae, and several other shorter ones
on each; distal end of tibiae, without, with a very long, remarkable, spear-
shaped spine (Fig. 52 G); tarsi almost abortive; middle tarsi with a heavy
setigerous projection on each side of the bladder. Wings not present.
Abdomen (Fig. 52 B) long, uniformly tapering from posterior margin
of metathorax to tip; segments one to six, with numerous irregular chitinous
plates; as described above, and segments seven and eight with two or three
larger and more symmetrical plates, with several spines; two anal segments
long and tube-like, and heavily chitinized over entire surface. deep black ;
ninth segment with eight long slender bristles on distal end; anal segment
118 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
@ >
ie
Figure 52. Rhaptothrips peculiaris
CRAWFORD, SOME THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 119
with two extremely stout and moderately long bristles at tip, and four short
inconspicuous ones, also; second and eighth segments with spiracular plates
on each side, as described on mesothorax; nearly all abdominal spines set on
chitinous plates.
Before treatment in caustic potash and clearing in clove oil, the general
color of the insect is a deep black; but after clearing, the chitinous plates
appear dark brown and the rest of the surface a clear transparent shade, show-
ing that the whole surface, in the natural state, is darkly pigmented, but this
pigment is more easily removed from the weakly chitinized portions. Owing
to the deep pigmentation of the two anal segments, it is difficult to determine
the sex of the insect.
Measurements: Head, length .35 mm., width .27 mm.; prothorax, length
.34 mm., width .54 mm.; mesothorax, width .82 mm.; metathorax, width .85
mm.; distance between mesocoxae .50 mm.; between posterior coxae .47 mm.;
abdomen, width .86 mm.; tube, length .34 mm.; total length 4.12 mm. An-
tennae: I .065 mm., II .097 mm., III .31 mm., IV .17 mm., V .096 mm., VI
.076 mm., VII .075 mm.; total .88 mm.; color, natural, black.
Described from one specimen. The writer, while on a trip up the slopes
of San Pedro mountain, near Guadalajara, reached into a thorny solanaceous
shrub to capture a beetle, and a moment later discovered this thysanopterous
insect on his hand; repeatedly beating the same shrub failed to bring forth any
more of the insects.
Food plant: A certain spiny solanaceous plant.
Locality: San Pedro mountain, near Guadalajara, Mexico.; altitude 8000
feet. (Crawford.)
It might be noted here that there is somewhat of a similarity between this
species and members of the Fam. Urothripidae Bagnall; in that family the palpi
are one-segmented, the antennae seven-segmented, and the posterior coxae
widely separated, though the middle pair are more so. But inasmuch as
Kladothrips Froggatt, Allothrips Hood, and Neothrips Hood, all have the an-
tennae seven-segmented, and, furthermore, since this species does not possess
the eleven pairs of stigmata, the posterior coxae are not most widely separated,
and the bristles and spines are not by any means absent or obsolete, therefore
it is most reasonable to suppose that this new genus—for it probably is such—
belongs in the family Phloeothripidae, necessitating, however, some slight mod-
ification of the diagnosis of that family. A difference in palpi and antennae
is hardly enough to erect a new family on, when such differences are fre-
quently of questionable generic value.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA THYSANOPTERA I
Euthrips tritici (Fitch)
(Euthrips occidentalis Pergande. )
This is the most common species in Southern California, being present in
nearly all the wild flowers and many of the cultivated ones. The differences
indicated for occidentalis are not very marked; about the most constant differ-
ence is in the relative lengths of the fourth and fifth antennal segments, and
even these relative lengths are not always constant. There is a wide specific
variation in color, from extremely light lemon yellow to light brown; the
cephalic and thoracic spines, also, present a specific variation in length. These
variations make it very difficult to assign any definite characters to either
form, which could distinguish it from the other; owing to these variations,
and to the inconstancy of the relative lengths of the fourth and fifth antennal
segments, it hardly seems justifiable to maintain these as two distinct species,
although they have been so thus far. Occidentalis certainly does not have
more than varietal value.
Thrips tabaci, Lindeman
Specimens belonging to this species were taken by the writer on flowers
of onion and also of chilicote (Micrampelis macrocarpa). ‘This species is not
very abundant, however, in this locality, because of the fact that not many
onions are raised here. Larval and pupal forms were taken together with the
adult forms.
Thrips madronii Moulton
Specimens evidently of this species were taken by the writer on Umbellu-
laria, Ceanothus, and on Sambucus glauca. Their general color ranges from
light lemon yellow to brown, a few very dark brown. ‘The description of the
species by Moulton is: color uniform brown, usually dark brown. The speci-
mens in this collection show, also, a considerable variation in the size of the
individuals. ;
Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande
Numerous specimens of this have been sent to me from Santa Paula, Cal.,
by E. O. Essig, taken from pine foliage; others have been taken by the writer
on pine foliage in this locality; also, from Lotus glaber, and from the flower
end of ripe apples brought from Chino, Cal. The wings are very long, reach-
ing much beyond tip of abdomen; posterior longitudinal vein branches from
anterior just beyond distal margin of basal white area. Femora are black,
CRAWFORD, NOTES ON CALIFORNIA THYSANOPTERA 121
except distal portion yellow; tibiae black in the middle, and yellow at both
ends. Abdomen is very stout. Color almost black.
Leptothrips aspersus Hinds
Several specimens of L. aspersus have been taken by the writer on the
foliage of orange trees ; one specimen was taken from a breeding cage in which
orange foliage, infested with yellow scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii) had been
placed about three weeks before. This species was formerly placed in Crypto-
thrips Uzel, by Hinds, but was later referred to the genus Phyllothrips Hood,
and finally to Leptothrips Hood.
SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWEST
UNITED STATES
P. CAMERON.
Leptochilus cratocerus n. sp.
Black, the clypeus, labrum, mandibles (except the apex which is rufous),
a small spot on the front, the lower edge of the eye incision, a short line
behind the eyes above, a line on the base of the thorax, dilated irregularly on to
the propleurae, a small spot on the sides of the scutellum at the base, post-
scutellum, an irregular spot narrowed behind on the sides of the metanotum
in the middle, a large conical spot below the tegulae, and broad bands on the
bases of the basal six abdominal segments, bright lemon yellow; the ventral
segments are also edged with the same color, the mark on the second being
wider and trilobate. Legs bright lemon yellow, the base of coxae in front,
entirely behind, the trochanters, and the base of the femora broadly, the poste-
rior to near the apex above and below, and the middle femora beyond the
middle above, black. Antennal scape lemon yellow, black above, the flagellum
brownish red, black on top. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma dark fulvous,
the nervures black. Male—Length 7 mm.
Ormsby county, Nevada, July (Baker).
Antennae long, stouter than usual, especially toward the apex, the last
joint straight above, roundly narrowed to a blunt point below. Clypeus
sparsely punctured, covered with silvery pile; the apex transverse, broad, as
wide as the sides which are straight and oblique. Front and vertex closely
rugosely punctured, thickly covered with long pale fuscous hair. Temples
roundly obliquely narrowed; the occiput transverse. Thorax clearly longer
than wide, the base transverse, with bluntly projecting lateral angles, the apex
narrowed, the sides broadly rounded. Pro- and mesothorax strongly closely
punctured; the postscutellum large, with a rounded oblique slope, the apex
transverse. Metanotum deeply depressed in the middle where it is finely
closely striated, the rest distinctly punctured above, sparsely punctured and
obscurely striated below. Metapleurae shining, aciculated. First abdominal
segment cup-shaped, longer than it is wide at the apex, gradually narrowed
from the apex to the base, somewhat strongly but not closely punctured; the
second segment is about one-fourth longer than wide, but not much narrowed
at the base, sparsely weakly punctured. The trophi are very long, the maxillae
reaching slightly beyond the apex of thorax. The basal two joints of the
maxillary palpi are clearly thicker than the others, which are long and slender;
the penultimate joint of the labial palpi is very long and slightly nodose at
the apex, the last is about six times longer than wide. Mandibles long, with
two teeth behind the apical, the posterior being less distinct than the second.
Labrum large, projecting, longer than wide, its apex rounded.
Saussure (Syn. Am. Wasps, 367) describes two species of Leptochilus:
fallax Sauss., of doubtful origin, and ornatus Sauss. from Carolina. The
CAMERON, SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 123
former is omitted by Mr. Cresson in his Catalogue (Trans. Am. Ent. Supp.
1887, 288), while ornatus he refers to Odynerus. As the species are very
easily recognized, Leptochilus might as well be adopted as a generic group.
Pterochilus bakeri n. sp.
Black, the clypeus except a small irregular spot in the center; mandibles
except apex, a narrow line on the lower edge of the eye incision, a broader one
obliquely narrowed below on the outer orbits, the upper part of the thorax to
near the apex, where it is broad and incised, tegulae, two large marks on the
scutellum, postscutellum, the sides of metanotum broadly, the marks not reach-
ing to the lower edge, a squarish mark on the base of the mesopleurae rounded
below and reaching beyond the middle, a similar but longer mark immediately
below it, and the abdomen for the greater part, lemon yellow; the basal slope
of the first abdominal segment the mark continued beyond as a narrower
rounded projection, a larger similar mark on the second, narrow rounded
bands on the base of the second to fifth, and the basal half of the sixth all
around, black. Legs of a paler yellow, the coxae behind, the hind femora to
near the apex, the four anterior femora at the base all around, more broadly
behind, and the intermediate to beyond the middle, black. Antennal scape
yellow, black above, the flagellum black, reddish brown below. Wings hyaline,
suffused with fulvous, the apex slightly violaceous, the costa and stigma ful-
vous. Female—Length 9 mm. Claremont, California. ( Baker.)
Clypeus as broad as long, sparsely punctured, the apex somewhat broad,
transverse, margined. Head and thorax closely but not strongly punctured.
Base of thorax transverse, the sides slightly but distinctly bluntly projecting,
the sides at the apex broadly rounded, apical half of mesonotum with a longi-
tudinal furrow bordering the middle. Abdomen closely coarsely punctured,
the second segment square, the base of the second ventral segment has a band,
which bifurcates at the outer edges the outer fork the larger.
The apex of the clypeus is broader than it is in Juteicollis Cam.; in that
species the lower mark on the mesopleurae is narrower, more irregular and
obliquely sloped, there is a yellow mark on the metapleurae, and the marks
on the basal two abdominal segments are differently shaped, e. g., they are in-
cised in the middle.
Symmorphus hornii n. sp,
Black, a small, semi-circular mark on the top of the clypeus, a small one
over the antennae, a triangular spot on the sides of the pronotum slightly
longer than that on the clypeus, two spots wider than long, and narrowed on
the inner side on the scutellum, an irregular spot narrowed below under the
tegulae, a line of uniform width on the apices of the first and second abdominal
segments, a narrow interrupted one on the middle of the third, a broader one
(not much narrower than those on the basal segments) on the fourth, and an
irregular line curved and laterally dilated, on the underside of the third, pale
whitish yellow. Tibiae, except at the apex, testaceous. Wings, hyaline, suf-
fused with violaceous, the base tinged with dark testaceous, the stigma and
nervures black. Female—Length 10 mm. Gunnison, Colorado. ( Baker.)
124 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
A longish insect, narrow compared with the width, the thorax more than
twice longer than wide, the base narrowed transverse, the sides distinctly pro-
jecting. Parapsidal furrows complete, but shallow. Scutellum with a distinct
furrow down the apical three-fourths. Apex of postscutellum rounded, almost
transverse. Metanotum furrowed down the center, the furrow widened below,
keeled stoutly in the middle, the sides with a distinct edge. Propleurae punc-
tured above, the rest strongly closely striated; mesopleurae with scattered
punctures, the apex above closely rugosely punctured; metapleurae obscurely
finely striated at the apex. First abdominal segment distinctly longer than
it is wide at the apex, without a distinct neck at the base, it is narrower than
the second which is clearly longer than wide, and is narrowed at the base,
smooth and shining. Clypeus pyriform, shining, weakly sparsely punctured,
its apex with a wide shallow incision. The transverse keel on the base of the
abdomen is weak, the apical longitudinal furrow deep and clearly defined.
Pubescence short, sparse and pale.
Belongs to Saussure’s division a. It is not unlike S. trisculatus Cam., but
that species has the markings luteous, not white, the stigma testaceous, the
wings hyaline, the first abdominal segment with a distinct narrowed neck, and
the propleurae are punctured, not regularly striated as in the present species.
Odynerus annulatus Say.
This species appears to be fairly common and widely distributed, judging
by the number of specimens in Prof. Baker’s collection, also it is a very vari-
able one. The varieties seem to run into local races. The variety from Fedor,
Texas, (Birkmann) is black, with the following parts rufous: Clypeus except
above, a broad line on the upper half of the outer orbits, pronotum except at
the base, tegulae, scutellum, sides of metanotum and the parts round the black
central spot on first abdominal segment; yellow are the under side of the
antennal scape, clypeus, base of mandibles, the frontal spot, base of pronotum,
the postscutellum, sides and apex of first abdominal segment broadly, and the
apices of the second and third. Some of the red markings may be yellow
and vice versa, e. g., the clypeus, and the sides of metanotum may be yellow
or red; the scutellum may rarely be black; there may be a rufous spot on the
sides of the second abdominal segment at the base; in most the postscutellum is
yellow; in all the wings are fuscous violaceous. This variety may be known
as var. birkmanni.
The form from Prescott, Congress, and Phoenix, Arizona (Oslar), and from
Berkeley, Colorado (Oslar), is smaller and has the yellow and red colors much
more extended. The female has the head and thorax red, with the ocelli, the
sides and base of mesonotum, and more or less of the pleurae and breasts
black; the top of the clypeus, a line on the eye incision, a line on the center
of the apex of pronotum, a large spot under the tegulae, sides of scutellum,
postscutellum, and the sides of the metathorax broadly, bright lemon yellow ;
the abdomen is bright lemon yellow, with the bases of the first and second
segments broadly red; the wings are almost hyaline, smoky violaceous along
the anterior margin. The male of this variety has the front, vertex, occiput,
CAMERON, SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 125
lower part of prothorax, mesothorax, middle of metanotum, and a more or
less large spot on the center of the basal abdominal segments; the clypeus, a
large semi-circular spot on the front, the eye incision, a spot under the tegulae,
a spot on the sides of the scutellum, and the postscutellum, are yellow more or
less tinged with rufous. The red mark on the base of the second abdominal
segment is of irregular form and may be incised laterally at the middle and at
the apex; there may be a square or triangular black mark in its middle; the
basal half may be black with an enclosed transverse oval spot on the sides;
the yellow apical band on the first segment may be dilated backwards at the
sides. An example from Ormsby county, Nevada, has the upper part of the
head, the thorax, except the apex of pronotum, a mark below the tegulae,
one on the sides of the scutellum, the postscutellum, and the first and second
segments of the abdomen (except at the sides), black. This variety may be
known under the name oslari.
This is a very variable species and very confusing, owing to some of the
varieties simulating other but distinct species. O. orasus Cam., for example,
agrees with the last form that I have described, but may at once be known by
the incised apex of its clypeus. O. bradleyi Cam., could be matched in color
by one of the aberrations, but may be known by the apex of the clypeus not
being transverse, and by the very different form of the antennae. O. belti
Cam., from Nicaragua is very similar in coloration, but has the clypeus longer
compared with the width, and otherwise differs in the middle of the metapleurae
at the sides projecting into a distinct tooth.
Some of the forms are not unlike Rhygchium dorsale F., in coloration.
Two characteristic features of the species are: the broad clypeus truncated at
the apex in both sexes, and the form of the second abdominal segment, which
is broader than long, its apex depressed, the depression widest in the middle
and strongly punctured.
Odynerus sapelloensis n. sp.
Black, the clypeus except for a small black spot (broad and round above,
narrowed beneath shortly below the middle), a mark over the antennae, a line
on the base of the mandibles, a line on the base of the thorax, narrowed in the
middle, an irregular oval mark (straight behind, rounded in front and nar-
rowed), tegulae, base of postscutellum, two small irregular spots on the sides
of the postscutellum, two small irregular spots on the sides of the metanotum,
the apex of first abdominal segment (the sides of the apical half more broadly,
the yellow projecting towards the center so that the black central part is nar-
rower than the apical), the sides of the second segment from near the base
(the yellow projecting into the central part at the base, the apex more nar-
rowly), the greater part of the following segments, the apex of the second
ventral and the greater part of the following except the last, sulphur yellow;
the apex of the femora above, their lower part more broadly (especially the
anterior), and the tibiae and tarsi, of a more rufous yellow, the rufous tint
most distinct on the tarsi. Wings almost hyaline, clouded slightly with fulvous
126 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
in front, the radial cellule violaceous. Antennal scape yellow, black above.
Female. Length 11-12 mm. Sapello Canon and Las Vegas, New Mexico
(Oslar).
Clypeus as wide as long, its apex transverse. Base of thorax transverse,
the sides of the apex bluntly margined, the upper half more distinctly than the
lower, the middle projecting into a slight blunt tooth. The puncturation on
the head, pro, and mesothorax, is strong and close; the apex of the metanotum
is closely finely obliquely striated, the metapleurae except at the base is closely
somewhat strongly obliquely striated, the striae intermixed with punctures.
Abdomen closely punctured, the apex of the second segment and the following
much more coarsely than the rest; the first segment cup-shaped, the second
slightly wider than long, its apex reflexed. The pubescence is dense and
fuscous.
The male is smaller, its clypeus is entirely yellow and with a transverse
apex, the whole being longer than wide; the markings on the abdomen are
more irregular, e. g. the yellow oblique line on the second abdominal segment
is almost enclosed, the black mark on the second ventral is, divided on the sides
by an oblique yellow line; the antennal hook is broad, thick, rounded, and
slightly narrowed at the apex, reaching to the apex, of the penultimate; the
legs have less black on the base, the coxae being yellow below, and the black
on the femora shorter.
This species is allied to O. arvensis Sauss., that being larger with clypeus
not entirely yellow below, the legs not broadly black at the base, the sides of
the metanotum yellow above, and the sides of the second abdominal segment
only yellow at the apex. It is not unlike some of the varieties of O. annulatus
Say : that species may be separated by the broader more bluntly pointed clypeus,
it having also the sides of the metanotum yellow at the base.
Odynerus deficiens n. sp.
Black, the head and thorax densely covered with long fuscous pubescence,
the clypeus, mandibles except at apex, a mark over the antennae, a short one
behind the eyes, a line on the base of thorax laterally not reaching to the
middle of pronotum, tegulae except for a central spot, a spot below them,
postscutellum, a mark on the sides of the metanotum above, a broad line on
the apex of the first abdominal segment broadly dilated laterally to the top of
apical slope, a wider one on the second widely dilated laterally to near the
base where there is an oblique projection narrowed towards the innerside,
broad lines on the other segments, the second ventral (except for a large wide
black mark irregularly narrowed laterally in the middle on the basal three-
fourths), the greater part of the third to fifth ventrals, and a mark in the center
of the last, yellow. Legs yellow, the femora largely marked with black. Male.
Length 10 mm. Prescott, Arizona (Oslar).
Clypeus pyriform, a little longer than wide, the apex depressed, not quite
transverse, the sides slightly projecting. Base of thorax transverse, the sides
not projecting, the apex transverse, the sides more strongly keeled above than
below. Apex of postscutellum transverse. First abdominal segment cup-
CAMERON, SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 127
shaped with a short neck, the second is, if anything, wider than long, nar-
rowed at the base, the apex reflexed. Wings hyaline, tinged with violaceous ;
the basal nervures, costa and stigma, testaceous, the apical nervures blackish.
Allied to O. sapelloensis Cam., but that species may be known by the
second abdominal segment being clearly longer than wide, by the yellow basal
line being enclosed, not open, by the apical part of the black mark on the first
abdominal segment being narrower and broader on the projecting sides, by
the black mark on the second ventral segment being larger, having a larger
more rounded incision on the sides, and the apex having a broad rounded
incision.
Odynerus viereckii n. sp.
Black, the clypeus, base of mandibles, a triangular frontal mark (the nar-
row end below and with a short pedicel), the eye incision, the greater part of
the outer orbits, the basal half of pronotum, sides of scutellum, postscutellum,
a broad conical spot below the tegulae, the sides of the first abdominal segment
from the top of the basal slope, its apex more narrowly, the second segment
except a large broad mark on the center of the basal two-thirds (this mark
has the basal half obliquely narrowed, the narrowed apical part of equal width),
and all the rest of the abdomen pale orange yellow. Legs fulvous, the under-
side of the coxae pale yellow, the upper black, the apex of the femora and of
the tibiae in front, yellow. Antennal scape rufous. The center of the clypeus
tinged with rufous; the apical half of pronotum, the center of the scutellum
broadly, the upper edges of the sides of metanotum broadly, and a broad band
bordering the sides of the black spots on the center of the first and second
abdominal segments, rufous. Wings fulvo-hyaline, the apex slightly infus-
cated, the nervures blackish, the costa and stigma fulvous. Female. Length
12 mm. Claremont, California (Baker).
Clypeus as wide as long, the upper half strongly but not closely punc-
tured, the lower flat with scattered punctures; the apex broad, transverse,
furrowed behind. At the end of the vertex in the center, there is a smooth
transverse curved space roundly dilated behind, and with a curved trans-
verse depression on the hinder half. Base of thorax transverse, the apex
laterally becomes gradually widened from the top and bottom to the middle;
the center of the apex is roundly depressed and closely transversely striated.
The puncturation is strong and close, and on the pleurae running into reticu-
lations. First abdominal segment smooth, cup-shaped, the second slightly
longer than wide, sparsely weakly punctured, the apex strongly punctured
with a smooth reflexed border, the other segments are much more coarsely
punctured, the apex of the third is strongly reflexed.
This species might be taken for a form of annulatus but may readily be
known by the reflexed borders of the second and third segments, by the
fulvous tinted wings and by the longer second abdominal segment.
Odynerus trichiosomus n. sp.
Black, the clypeus, mandibles except the teeth, labrum, a mark over the
antennae (broad and transverse above, the lower part of it obliquely roundly
128 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
narrowed, the lower half of equal width, half the breadth of the upper), a
line on the lower part of the eye incision, a narrow interrupted line on the
outer orbits, the pronotum, two small spots on the scutellums, a curved spot
narrowed below on the sides of the metanotum above, and the greater part of
the abdomen, orange yellow; the yellow on the pronotum and two basal seg-
ments of abdomen largely suffused with rufous; the abdomen has the follow-
ing black markings: the basal slope of first abdominal segment, the black con-
tinued down the middle of the segment to shortly beyond its middle, this part
being narrowed at the base, widely dilated at the apex, it becoming gradually
widened from the base to the apex, a large broad mark on the basal half of
the second segment, its basal part extends to the outer edge of the segment,
from where it becomes gradually obliquely narrowed to the middle, then
obliquely dilated to the apex which is transverse, this apical part not being
so wide as the basal; an irregular band on the base of the fifth segment, a
broader regular one on the base of the sixth, a narrower more irregular line
around its sides and apex, the first ventral segment, a narrow band on the
base of the second with a square projection in-its middle, and the basal half
of the apical segment. Basal three joints of the antennae rufous above, the
scape yellow below. Legs reddish yellow, the coxae, trochanters, and base of
femora black, the black on the hinder femora longer than on the others.
Wings fuscous hyaline, the anterior fulvous in front to the stigma, the costa
and stigma fulvous. Male—Length 11 mm. Gallinas Cation, New Mexico,
July. (Oslar.)
Entire body covered with long dark fuscous pubescence. The yellow on
the pronotum and on the basal two segments of abdomen is suffused with
rufous. Clypeus pyriform, slightly but distinctly longer than wide, the apex
with a shallow rounded incision. Upper part of head and thorax coarsely
punctured, the punctures on the mesopleurae coarser, running into reticula-
tions; the base of the metapleurae finely closely striated, the rest much more
coarsely irregularly striated. First abdominal segment cup-shaped, smooth,
the second as wide as long, the basal two-thirds smooth, the apical deeply
irregularly, but not very closely punctured; the third to sixth are similarly
punctured, the punctures becoming gradually smaller, the apices of the seg-
ments smooth, not reflexed. Antennal hook black, curved, reaching to the
case of the penultimate joint. Base of thorax transverse, the sides not pro-
jecting. Postscutellum with a steep slope, its base punctured, the rest smooth,
the apex transverse. Sides of metanotum rugose, not margined, the center
closely transversely striated, not hollowed; it is almost transverse behind.
This species can only be placed in Odynerus sens. str.
Odynerus approximatus n. sp.
Black, the clypeus, mandibles except the teeth, a line fully three times
longer than wide and roundly dilated above over the antennae, a broad line
bordering the lower part of the eye incision, a short narrow line behind the
eyes near the top, a broad spot of equal width behind on the base of the pro-
notum reaching close to the middle, tegulae, postscutellum, a narrow line on
CAMERON, SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 129
the top half of the sides of metanotum, an oblique conical mark below the
tegulae, lines on the apices of the abdominal segments, an oblique mark touch-
ing the apical line on the sides of the first about three times longer than wide,
a large irregular oval spot on the sides of the second, and two small spots in
the center of the second ventral, pale yellow. Legs pale yellow, the coxae,
trochanters and base of femora black above, the black on the fore-femora on
the basal third, on the intermediate reaching shortly beyond the middle, on the
hinder close to the apex; the tarsi tinged with fulvous. Wings hyaline, tinged
with violaceous, the nervures and stigma black. Male—Length 6-7 mm.
Fedor, Texas. (Birkmann.)
Antennae stout, becoming thicker towards the apex, the hook brown,
reaching to the middle of the penultimate joint. Clypeus slightly longer than
wide, the lower half straight, obliquely narrowed, the apex with a shallow
rounded incision. Base of thorax almost transverse, the sides not projecting.
Apex of postscutellum broadly rounded. Sides of metanotum rounded, not
margined. Basal slope of first abdominal segment smooth, the second segment
a little wider at the apex than it is long; the apex is more strongly punctured
than the rest; it is slightly reflexed. The apical half of the middle femora is
dilated laterally and compressed, of irregular form. Puncturation of the head
and thorax’ close and strong; they are covered with white pubescence.
This species is based on three males which agree in form, sculpture, size,
and coloration, and in having the middle femora more or less dilated and com-
pressed. The structure of the middle femora is not quite alike in any two of
them, though this may not be a point of specific distinction. The two ventral
yellow marks may be absent.
Odynerus mediatus n. sp.
Male—Length 6 mm. Three Rivers, California (Culbertson.)
This species agrees in coloration of the body with O. approximatus, hav-
ing also the same form of clypeus and thorax; they may be separated as fol-
lows:
A. Hind femora black except at the extreme apex, the middle femora as
as seen from the front dilated from near the middle, the apex
of the expanded part dilated, with an oblique slope; the middle
tibiae becoming gradually widened from the base to the apex;
the second abdominal segment distinctly longer than wide, its
apex flat, its basal half smooth; the apical weakly punctured ex-
cept at the apex, where the puncturation is stronger.
approximatus.
AA. Hind femora yellow on the outer side, black below and within, middle
femora compressed at the apex, clearly thinner than the basal,
the middle tibiae not much thickened at the apex compared with
the base, the second segment distinctly punctured throughout, its
apex reflexed. mediatus.
The yellow on the legs (especially on the anterior) is largely suffused with
rufo-fulvous; the pubescence is dense, white, and silky; the sides of the first
130 POMONA JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY
abdominal segment are yellow, as is also the apex; the oblique mark is large
and broad, the mark on the sides of the second segment is large, broad, and
widest on the outer side; there are two spots on its ventral surface, which are
large and oval; the incision on the clypeus is triangular and is deeper and more
distinct than in approximatus. First abdominal segment cup-shaped, wider
than long, almost smooth except at the apex, which is weakly punctured.
The female (from mountains near Claremont, California) has the yellow
markings larger, the apex of the second abdominal segment is more deeply
punctured, and is distinctly reflexed, the clypeus is slightly broader than long,
has the apex depressed and transverse, and has in its center a large transverse
oval black spot, the yellow oblique mark on the first abdominal segment is
almost enclosed on the outer hinder part, the narrowed black part of the apex
being almost continued to the outer edge; as in the male there are two large
irregular oval yellow marks.
Odynerus crassispinus n. sp.
Black, the clypeus, mandibles except the teeth, a line about two and a half
times longer than wide and of equal width over the antennae, a broad line
dilated above on the lower edge of the eye incision, a short line near the top of
the outer orbits, an interrupted line of equal width on the base cf the thorax,
a large conical mark (the wide end above) below the tegulae, tegulae except
a large brownish spot on the inner basal part, base of postscutellum, a small
oblique longish oval mark on the middle of the first basal obdominal segment,
a line on the apex of the first abdominal segment of almost equal width, broad
lines extending backwards on the sides to near the base, broad lines on the
apices of the second to sixth ventrals and two large oval marks on the second
ventral near the outer edges, bright orange yellow. Legs of a paler yellow,
the coxae, trochanters, and basal two-thirds of the femora behind, black,
Underside of the antennal scape bright yellow, of the flagellum fulvous
brown. Wings clear hyaline, the radial cellule clouded, the stigma dark
fuscous. Male—Length 7 mm. Claremont, California. (Baker.)
Hind coxae armed at the base with a stout tooth, narrowed towards the
apex gradually, and longer than it is wide at the base. Clypeus longer than
wide, broad and transverse at the apex. Apex of postscutellum broadly
rounded, narrowed. Metanotum with bluntly rounded sides, rough, the middle
finely closely obliquely striated. First abdominal segment cup-shaped, smooth,
the second as long as it is wide at the apex, its base smooth finely, the apex
more strongly punctured and flat; the other segments are finely but distinctly
punctured. Pro- and mesopleurae distinctly but not closely punctured, the
metapleurae closely roughly obliquely striated. Characteristic of this species
are the transverse broad apex of the clypeus, and the stout spine on the hind
coxae.
Odynerus sulciventris n. sp.
Red; flagellum narrowly at the base, a large mark square in front obliquely
narrowed behind covering the ocelli, the lower part of occiput, a mark dilated
at the base on basal half of mesonotum, a narrower longer one down the
CAMERON, SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 131
sides extending to the apex, a line around the postscutellum, lower edge of
propleurae, lower half of mesopleurae, mesosternum, base of metapleurae, the
base of the third abdominal segment narrowly, of the fourth more broadly,
and the base of the second ventral, black. Wings hyaline, narrowly suffused
with fuscous in front, the costa and stigma dark testaceous, the nervures black.
Female—Length .12 mm. Nogales, Arizona. (Oslar.)
A broad stout species, sparsely haired and except the basal abdominal
segment, closely strongly punctured. Clypeus as broad as long, its apex
bluntly rounded. Thorax about twice longer than wide, as wide as the head,
the base with the sides rounded, the sides of the apex rounded and rough.
Postscutellum projecting over the metanotum, coarsely punctured except on
lower apical slope which is perpendicular. Metanotum roundly hollowed, the
sides transversely striated. Abdomen long-ovate, as long and as wide as the
thorax; the first segment cup-shaped, with a distinct pedicel at the base, as
wide as the second which is slightly wider than long, its apex depressed and
more strongly punctured than the rest. Mandibles of a paler rufous color than
the head, the teeth black. Tegulae rufous, with a large lead-colored spot in
the center. There is a distinct oblique depression over each antenna, the lower
part of the front being thus gradually narrowed. The base of the second
ventral segment is thicker than usual, projecting more downwards, and there-
fore appearing more clearly separated from the first; there is a distinct furrow
down the basal half. The punctured apical depressed part of the second
abdominal segment is wide, and broadly roundly dilated backward in the
middle.
Odynerus jeromensis n. sp.
Black, the head, thorax and base of abdomen densely covered with a
longish pale pile; the clypeus, the greater part of the antennal scape a small
mark wider than long and roundly narrowed below over the antennae, post-
scutellum, a line on the apex of the first abdominal segment dilated laterally,
the dilation longer up and down than longitudinally and with the edge of
the base ragged, the basal two-thirds of the second segment, the apex not
reaching to the outer edge, before it an irregular indentation longest laterally,
narrowed inwardly, the base with an irregular edge, the apical boundary nar-
row and narrowed towards the outer edge, the third and fourth segments
except narrowly at the base, the lfth more widely, the line roundly widened
at the base, the apical half. of the sixth, and the greater part of the ventral
surface, lemon yellow. The following parts are black on the ventral segments:
the first segment, the base of the second broadly, the line in the middle nar-
rowed gradually and continued to the middle, where it ends in a narrow square
projection, the base of the following segments and the basal two-thirds of the
last, a short line behind the top of the eyes, a line narrowed in the middle on
the base of the thorax rufo-fulvous. Tegulae dark yellowish testaceous, largely
fuscous in the middle. Legs rufo-testaceous, the trochanters, the four ante-
rior coxae behind, base of four anterior femora, the hind coxae, and the hind
femora broadly, black. Wings hyaline, slightly infuscated, the costa and
132 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
stigma rufo-testaceous. Male—Total length 9 mm. Jerome, Arizona. (Oslar.)
Base of thorax almost transverse, the edges bluntly rounded, the sides of
the apex rough, not very blunt, the center closely obliquely striated. Apex of
postscutellum broad, transverse, first abdominal segment large, cup-shaped, the
second clearly longer than it is wide at the apex, where it is strongly punc-
tured and reflexed, the base is slightly narrowed, the third, fourth and fifth
segments are closely punctured, the punctures deep and distinctly separated,
the apex of the sixth is less strongly punctured. Clypeus slightly longer than
wide, the apex depressed, almost transverse. Antennal hook black, reaching
to the middle of the tenth joint.
Allied to O. sapelloensis, aequalis, and santaefeae from all of which it
may be known by the black mark on the first abdominal segment not being
incised laterally in the middle and by there being no yellow mark on the base
of the metanotum at the sides.
Odynerus congressensis n. sp.
Ferruginous, the following parts black: a broad oblique line above each
antenna, the vertex between the eyes, the fourth and following joints of the
antennae, the base and sides of the mesonotum broadly, the parts surrounding
the postscutellum, more or less of the center and apex of the metanotum, the
edges of mesopleurae, the mesosternum. The following parts are yellow:
the clypeus except for a curved rufous line around the center, a line on the
apex of the pronotum, a longish oval mark below the tegulae, postscutellum,
the apices of the first and second abdominal segments broadly, their sides to
near the base still more broadly, the others entirely, and the sides of the
metanotum broadly in the female, more narrowly in the male. Legs ferru-
ginous, the tibiae tinged with ferruginous in front. Wings hyaline, largely
tinged with violaceous in front; the costa and stigma fulvous, the other nery-
ures black. The pubescence is dense and pale. Female and male—Length
13 mm.. Congress and Prescott, Arizona. (Oslar.)
Clypeus as long as wide, its apex broad, transverse; it is strongly but not
closely punctured. Mandibles rufous, the teeth black. Apex of postscutellum
broadly rounded, rugosely punctured. Base of thorax transverse, the sides not
projecting; the thorax is more than twice longer than wide. First abdominal
segment cup-shaped, smooth, the second if anything longer than wide, smooth
except at the apex which is strongly but not very closely punctured, and not
reflexed; the third, fourth, and fifth similarly punctured, the last smooth, the
same parts of the ventral surface are more weakly punctured.
The male is similarly colored except that the sides of the metanotum are
not broadly yellow, the front is yellow, not rufous, the clypeus is broad as in
the female, but the apex is not quite transverse. ‘The antennal scape below,
the mandibles, the tibiae, and to a less extent, the tarsi, are yellow. Probably
the amount of yellow varies in both sexes. ‘The puncturation is strong, and is
sparser on the center of the mesonotum.
Allied apparently to O. ductus Cr. It is more slenderly built than arvensis
or annulatus, to both of which it is related.
CAMERON, SOME ODYNERINAE OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 133
Odynerus (?) tanynotus n. sp.
Reddish; the greater part of the first and the sides of the other abdominal
segments broadly, the apical two-thirds of the scutellum, and its lateral keels,
yellow. The fifth and following joints of the antennae, a large irregular
mark in the center of the vertex from which two broad lines run down to
the antennae, the mesonotum except for a broad V-shaped mark in the middle,
the base and apex of the scutellum, of the postscutellum more narrowly,
breasts, base of metapleurae broadly, a large semicircular mark on the apex
of the metanotum, and a broad band on the apex of the second abdominal
segment, black. Legs rufous, of a brighter tint than the body. Wings fus-
cous-violaceous, the costa and stigma dark fulvous, the nervures black. Fe-
male—Length 11 mm. Congress, Arizona. (Oslar.)
Thorax somewhat more than twice longer than wide, rounded laterally
behind, transverse at the base, the base of metanotum with a wide shallow
furrow on the middle, the apex hollowed. Apex of postscutellum broadly
rounded. Head cubical, fully wider than the thorax, the temples broad,
slightly rounded, not narrowed, the apex transverse. Clypeus pyriform,
broadly rounded above, gradually narrowed towards the apex which is trans-
verse. The head is longer than usual viewed from the sides or front; it is
closely strongly punctured, the rufous mark on the front is obliquely narrowed
above and below, the lower part being longer and narrower than the upper.
Thorax closely strongly punctured, more closely rugosely above than on the
pleurae where the punctures are much more clearly separated. The sides of
the metanotum project into pale colored horny plates, narrowed broadly in the
middle. The first abdominal segment is elongated bell-shaped, roundly nar-
rowed at the base which is more rugosely punctured than the rest; it is about
one-half longer than it is wide at the apex, and is of equal width from the top
of the narrowed part, and it is longer than the second, which is slightly but
distinctly longer than broad, not narrowed at the apex; its apex and that of
the third are slightly reflexed. All the segments are closely strongly punc-
tured, but not so strongly as the thorax. The abdomen is not much longer
than the thorax. :
A distinct species from its coloration, large cubical head, long thorax
compared with its width, and long bell-shaped first abdominal segment. The
wings are placed shortly beyond the middle, the fore part of the thorax being
thus longer than the posterior. There is no transverse keel on the base of
the first abdominal segment, which is, however, roughened as in many of the
Section Ancistrocerus, but not in Odynerus sens. str.
Odynerus leucospilus u. sp.
Black, shining, covered with a white down, dense and silvery on the
clypeus; the clypeus except for a line down the center and a broad one across
the apex, a narrow line on the lower part of the eye incision, a line on the base
of the thorax, the lateral widened part incised at the apex, tegulae except for
a black spot, a mark of almost equal width below them, two spots on the apex
of scutellum, the postscutellum, a mark on the lower edge of apex of meta-
134 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
notum, lines on the apices of the basal five abdominal segments, that on the
first trilobate, the middle lobe smaller than the lateral, and an oblique spot
gradually narrowed on the outerside, white. Underside of antennae rufous
brown, the hook small, not extending beyond the base of the joint. Legs
bright red, the coxae, trochanters, and base of anterior femora broadly, of
posteriorly more narrowly, black. The anterior femora behind, and the tibiae
behind, white. Wings hyaline, the radial cellule smoky, the costa testaceous,
the nervures black. Male—Length 10 mm. Prescott, Arizona. (Oslar.)
Clypeus longer than wide, its apex rather broad, bluntly rounded, narrowly
rufous. Thorax about twice longer than wide, the base transverse, the apex
broadly rounded laterally, the center hollowed, the whole strongly but not
closely punctured. The first abdominal segment is nearly as long as the sec-
ond, the basal half becoming gradually widened from the base, almost im-
punctate, shining, the apical part rather strongly punctured, the following four
segments more strongly and closely punctured, the second as wide as long,
distinctly roundly narrowed at the base, its apex not reflexed, the last smooth
and bluntly rounded.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
[In this department we hope to give in most numbers of the Journal,
some idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of
publications of interest to western students, notices of entomological meetings,
etc. To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all items
of entomological interest about themselves or others. Address, Fordyce Grin-
nell, Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.]
Mr. C. W. Herr, a lepidopterist, formerly of Pasadena, Cal., and Tellu-
ride, Colo., has settled in northern Idaho, where he will doubtless collect some
interesting insects.
Recent additions to the collectors and students of insects in Southern
California, are Mr. Karl R. Coolidge, formerly of Palo Alto, and Mr. G. R.
Pilate, formerly of Dayton, Ohio.
Mr. Karl R. Coolidge has finished a report on the Arachnida of the Gala-
pagos Islands, which is about to be published in the Proceedings of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.
The Regular Quarterly Meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological So-
ciety was held at Thompson’s Café, San Francisco on November 20, 1909.
Mr. William T. Bather, Librarian of the Brooklyn Entomological Society,
who visited Pasadena and the northern part of the State in September, ad-
dressed the November meeting of the Society on “A Collector Twice Across
the Continent.”
The last informal gathering of entomologists in Pasadena took place at
the residence of Mr. V. L. Clemence on November 11. Mr. Schrader of Los
Angeles, told more of his interesting experimental work with the Lepidoptera.
These meetings are held on the second Thursday evenings of each month, and
all students and collectors are cordially invited to attend.
Prof. J. J. Rivers of Santa Monica, our veteran student of entomology,
although near 80 years, is still active, and is writing up some notes on the
genus Melitaea (Lemonias) which he knows so well.
All students of zoo-geography in California should read and study Dr.
James Perrin Smith’s article in “Science” for September 10, on the “Geologi-
cal History of California.”
136 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell’s valuable paper on the Eleodiuni has elicited a number
of reviews and criticisms, mostly of a very commendatory character. In “The
Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation,” for October, an interesting
criticism is found. Although Dr. Blaisdell divides his genus Eleodes into sub-
divisions and groups, with full diagnoses, he drops these subdivisions and uses
Eleodes for all subdivisions ; ‘‘the binomial used not offering the slightest sug-
gestion as to the position of the species in any one of the eleven subdivisions
into which the group falls, and of which Eleodes is common to both series.”
It might be said the same of the formae, under the species, which are evidently
incipient species or subspecies, possibly a few mutations, and are consequently
very interesting, more so than the well differentiated and isolated species ; they
should be as much recognized by name, although possibly in a trinomial form
to express their relationships.
The intensive and systematic study of the variation of species, subspecies,
etc., with strict regard to their environment and geographical distribution is
of great value and interest in the study of the origin of species, faunae and
florae. Of course, this has to be done with immense series of specimens from
all over the range of distribution and in different years; for species which are
in process of formation vary in all directions in pattern or structure, 7. ¢., fluc-
tuating variation, some variations being more numerous than the others and
eventually one pattern or structure is evolved through selection; whether this
selection is germinal, environmental or determinate remains to be learned. In
a beginning study of the variations of a little blue butterfly, Cupido fulla, from
various mountains of Southern California, some very interesting points are
being discovered. The species which evidently had a continuous range, rather
recently, geologically, has become more or less isolated into colonies; the vari-
ous colonies( although showing their relationship among themselves, are, it
seems, beginning to vary in different directions, one form of pattern predomi-
nating over the others. Is this an example of determinate variation? The
mutations of certain plant breeders and experimenters are simply these indi-
vidual or fluctuating variations, isolated by human means and perpetuated for
atime. There are many mutations in every variable species, one of which, in
course of time, by means of natural selection may become the prevailing form
—the species. We can only get a correct idea of species from the study of
species in their true habitat and environment. Of course, plant and animal
breeding and improvement is of use economically; but it is not natural history.
De Vries’ idea is that “the slow and gradual changes surmised by Wallace and
his followers, . . . are entirely beyond our future and present experience” !
And further; “One of the greatest objections to the Darwinian theory of de-
scent arose from the length of time it would require, if all evolution was to be
explained on the theory of slow and nearly invisible changes. This difficulty
is at once met and fully surmounted by the hypothesis of periodical but sudden
and quite noticeable steps.”!! That reminds us of the teachings of Werner
and his followers in geology, in a different line, a century ago. ‘Time is as
long as space is wide.” Our finite minds can not grasp all the infinite.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES 137
Code des Couleurs, a l’'usage des Naturalistes, Artistes, Commercants, et
Industriels. 720 Echantillons de Couleurs Classés d’apres la méthode Chevreul
simplifiée. par Paul Klincksieck et Th. Valette. Paris: Paul Klincksieck,
Editeur, 3 rue Corneille, 1908.
This is a book of 32 pages of text, and 50 plates, on heavy paper, contain-
ing 720 blocked colors; a table of 10 principal colors in 18 languages, and a
table of contents. The whole making a neat and portable volume.
The publication of this book is a great boon to systematic naturalists
everywhere, as Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors has long been out of print,
and it has been practically impossible to obtain a copy of it.
This book was planned in 1906, through a real need felt in the study and
description of the “Champignons” ; thus it was planned, in part, by a naturalist
for naturalists. The hope is expressed that this color code may recommend
itself to the whole world, and there is vertainly great need of a uniform
nomenclature of colors accepted and used by naturalists everywhere. As the
recognition of geographic isolation as one of the chief factors in evolution,
comes to be better known and studied, it is imperative that tones of color,
where color is of use, should be very accurately stated, instead of in general
comparative ways as is usually done.
The fundamental colors are six, those of the solar spectrum, and the
tones are indicated by a number, the method invented by Chevreul; which is
decidedly better than “Se fatiguer pour trouver dans les trois Regnes on ailleurs
le nom d'un équivalent qui lui ressemble plus on moins vaguemont,” and “qui
ne signifient rien de précis.” There are over 14,000 tones in Chevreul’s sys-
tem, but some of these, Chevreul himself, could hardly distinguish. 720 tones
were thought to be enough for the use of naturalists. Part II. of the text, is
by Th. Valette and considers the following subjects:
Des couleurs au point de vue physique.
—
2. Sources de lumiére colorées.
3. Des couleurs matérielles on pigments colorés.
4. Classification des couleurs.
5. Code des couleurs a l'usage des naturalistes.
6. Confection du Code des Couleurs.
7. Examen des couleurs complémentaires contrastes.
The book ought to be in use by every systematic naturalist, dealing with
groups which exhibit color differences, thus helping to make a uniform nomen-
clature, instead of indicating colors by some vague term, which leaves an idea
of uncertainty. Stability in terminology ought to be as important as the
other rules of nomenclature,—priority, etc., and should be taken up by com-
mittees on nomenclature. The book can be had from the firm of G. E. Stechert
& Co., 129-133 West 20th St., N. Y.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Volume II MARCH 1910 Number 1
FUMIGATION STUDIES—I
THE USE OF WATER IN FUMIGATION DOSAGES
WRIGHT M. PIERCE.
|The people of this immediate region spend hundreds of thousands of
dollars each year for citrus fumigation. ‘They are acutely interested to know
just what they are getting, and want to understand clearly the factors which
control successful work. Mr. Pierce has taken up this work here in our
own region and has gathered a large amount of first hand facts by actually fol-
lowing up many contracting fumigators in the field and studying carefully their
methods and results. His work this year may be gathered under four heads, (1)
Use of Water in Fumigation Dosages, (2) Estimating Fumigation Dosages for
Trees, (3) Does Contract Fumigation Pay, and (4) Handling Chemicals in
Fumigation Work. Some of his first results are presented herewith. He has
gathered a remarkable series of photographs in evidence of the points he wishes
to make—many more than we are able to present here.—Ed. |
An enormous amount of Fumigation is being done in Southern Califor-
nia now, and to keep the more destructive scales out of his grove is the most
important problem facing the citrus grower of today. With our poor knowl-
edge of parasites and the best ways to use them in our service, it seems that
fumigation is now the most efficient process by which the citrus grower can
combat the insect pests found here. Within many miles of Claremont prac-
tically all of the fumigating done is for the black scale alone, and the cost to this
district on account of this pest alone, amounts to tens of thousands of
dollars. With this outlay and the prime importance of the work to the whole
citrus industry, it becomes a matter of the highest import to study carefully
the methods actually employed in the district, determining if the methods
used are the most efficient ones, if the greatest possible service is obtained from
the chemicals used, and if the whole operation is accomplished with the least
possible cost to the grower. In work so extensively carried on as this is, it is
140 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
easy to see that a very small saving of materials in some one operation, or
perhaps a little adding of expense in another, would in the long run, amount
to a difference of thousands of dollars to those who are now compelled for
their own safety to have the fumigating done. Out of the many problems and
urgent questions with which this subject is replete, the present article will con-
sider briefly the use of water in fumigation.
In the production of hydrocyanic acid gas by the action of acid upon
cyanide, it is absolutely necessary to add a certain definite proportion of water
in order that the action shall be complete and the maximum amount of gas
obtained for the chemicals used. Mr. R. S. Woglum, the Department of
Agriculture expert who has been carrying out fumigation investigations at
Whittier for several years, has long since called attention to the fact that to
vary the amount of water from a certain optimum standard, is to change very
materially the ultimate results obtained. His original conclusions were based
Figure 53. ‘“‘Frosted’’ Generators
upon laboratory work with the chemicals. As a result of his investigations
he recommends as giving the best all around results the following formula:
Water three parts, sulphuric acid one part, and potassium cyanide one part.
This having been determined, it was an interesting matter to follow
up our local fumigators and examine the actual practice in this regard.
Three out of four of the outfits studied were found to be using this standard
formula. Those using it were getting very satisfactory results from it. All
the cyanide “burned” and no “baking” or “frosting” took place in the generat-
ing dishes. When the refuse was turned out of the dishes there was no hard
residue left, showing conclusively that the action had been complete.
In the case of one outfit using a different formula a very different result
was encountered. Here the generating dishes were in a very dirty condition,
(Figure 53), much of the dose having “frosted,” so that each time it was
dumped out, a very liberal supply of the light colored flaky substance
THE USE OF WATER IN FUMIGATION DOSAGES 141
remained, sticking to the generator. When the material dumped upon the
ground in piles was examined again, even after several days, the strong odor
of hydrocyanic acid gas was easily distinguishable. Old specimens of this ma-
terial when analyzed, do not show the presence of any unused cyanide, as a
report from the Government Chemist kindly made by Dr. L. O. Howard
on some of this very material, would seem to indicate. Yet many days had
elapsed between the use of the material in the generators and its analysis by
the Chemist. It seems unquestionable that there is a considerable loss of gas
in real practice where severe “frosting” occurs, and when minimum dosages
are used as for black scale, it means not only a waste of materials, but a loss
in efficiency. Last year one outfit was followed up closely by men from this
department and was found not to be killing even the black scale on certain
trees with the dosages and times of exposure it was using. The outfit men-
Figure 54. Showing amount of material often dumped out of a single generator
tioned above, the work of which was seriously impeded by “frosting” of the
generators, was using a formula: water one part, cyanide two parts, acid one
and a half parts. In this formula there is evidently not enough water to
dissolve and free the potassium sulphate which is formed by the action of the
acid on the cyanide, and thus it cakes (Figure 54), retarding the action and
preventing the most rapid escape of the gas.
In spite of the importance to be attached to the matter of a proper amount
of water in the formula, we know of one outfit which sent a boy through the
orchard with a pail and dipper to ladle water into the generators. Such an
occurrence is, however, a rarity. All of the outfits whose work I have fol-
lowed, have measured out the water with glass graduates (Figure 55), and
have shown a disposition to mix the dosages with care, even when the formula
used was an unwise one, and the method of estimating the dosage a most
uncertain one—as is usually the case in this region. The day of guesswork is,
however, rapidly passing. The growers have had enough of it, and are rapidly
142 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
coming to the point where something better will be demanded. So in the
matter of the water used, in the case of contract fumigating the formula should
Figure 55. Showing a common method of handling water
be one of the important items of the contract, and it is up to the grower
to see that the 3-1-1 formula is the one stipulated and carried out.
Figure 56. The water wagon of a fumigating outfit
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS
MEALY BUG. I
EK. O. ESSIG.
Beginning with this article, we expect to present, as thoroughly as possible.
the life-histories of all our natural enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug ( Pseudo-
coccus citri). Due to the great variety of its food plants, and its natural
ability to ward off sprays and gases, it is believed by good authorities that the
only remedy possible for the Mealy Bug lies with its insect enemies. Whether
this be entirely true or not, we are sure that they will play a very important
part and should be known by all who are interested in the raising of citrus
fruits. Two divisions of friendly insects are recognized: First, those insects
which prey directly upon and devour the host, or Predacious enemies; and
second, those which undergo their transformations from the egg to the adult
within the body of the host, or Internal parasites. ‘The first to come under
consideration is one of the predacious enemies:
Sympherobius angustus Banks
(Brown Lace-wing).
ApuLtt FeMALE.—(Fig. 57)—In general the color is brown, and rightly
deserves the name Brown Lace-Wing. In shape and carriage it greatly resem-
bles the green Aphis-Lion, or Chrysopa, which is familiar to all. Length of
body, 6mm.; including wings, 7 mm. Width of body, 2 mm. Wing spread,
14 mm. Head, small with large compound eyes. Mouth-parts as shown im
Figure 58A. Antennae nearly as long as body, many articled (59 to 60) ; the
articles are nearly rectangular, and very hairy, as is the entire body. Legs,
rather long and slender. Wings, primary and secondary, are nearly alike in
structure. The former are much larger and highly pigmented, while the latter
are nearly hyaline. In repose the wings are folded with the costal margin
down, as are the wings of most Neuropteroids. The general and detailed
structure may be seen in the drawing (Figure 57).
The adult forms are very short-lived and scarcely survive a day or two.
In confinement they usually live about 24 hours. Although they have little
need of food, I have seen them greedily devour adult Mealy Bugs. ‘The pro-
cess of eating is simple. With their effective mouth-parts (Fig 58 A) they
rapidly eat a hole in the back of the mealy bug and extract the contents, with-
out lifting the prey from off its feet. At all times the female is very active
and continually keeps its antennae moving while it runs about or flits hither
and thither. As yet the eggs have not been found. I believe this is because
they are laid in the cottony egg masses of the Mealy Bug and are very difficult
144 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 57. Sympherobius angustus. Adult, enlarged about twenty-one times
ESSIG, THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 145
to find. The young larvae are always found in these egg masses, and in these
the pupa cases are also formed, so the whole life-cycle is practically right among
the eggs and bodies of the prey.
Larva (Fig. 59)—Length, 6 to 8 mm.; width, 1 to2 mm. The prevailing
color is slate gray to red at the ends of the body.
The larva resembles slightly the larva of the Chrysopa, but might be taken
for a maggot because the legs are very short and the movements are slow. ‘The
movements of the head, however, are very rapid, and almost continual. The
mouth-parts (Fig. 58, B, D) are specially fitted for sucking out the juices of
insects. ‘The mandibles or jaws are deeply grooved, allowing the liquids to
flow down on the inside. The prey is lifted bodily from its feet by seizing it
Figure 58. Sympherobius angustus; A, head of adult, ventral; B, head of larva, dorsal;
D, head of larva, ventral; C and E, claws of larva
with the long jaws. It is held suspended in the air until the entire contents
have been extracted and nothing but the empty shell remains. The claws of
the feet (Fig. 58, C, E) are excellent for grasping the leaf or footing on which
the larva stands. To hold a wriggling insect almost of its own weight must
needs require such an adaptation. As before stated, these larve are found
always in the egg masses, and feed a great deal on the eggs, and young Mealy
Bugs.
When the time for transformation comes the larva spins a cocoon, which
resembles a miniature moth cocoon. The head is folded on the breast as
shown in the cuts (Fig. 59, A). The cast-off larva skins may be seen in the
empty cases. When the pupa has emerged into the adult it eats out a hole in
one end and makes its exit.
146 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The development or life-cycle begins about September and the broods
are still (in January) hatching. Adults are coming out every day in the
laboratory breeding cages, and there are still plenty of the larval stages which
go to show that some adults may emerge late in the spring.
In general the life-cycle is much longer than that of the Citrus Mealy Bug
and the rate of multiplication much lower. Although a native of this section
and here prior to the Mealy Bug it has never been able to cope with it. This
is certainly due to a secondary internal parasite which attacks the pupa and
Figure 59. Sympherobius angustus; A, larva; B, early, and C, late, stages of pupa
destroys it. Large numbers of parasites have been hatched from it, and will
be described later.
While we can never hope for it to destroy the Mealy Bug by itself, we can
always look for quick and effective work wherever it has a chance. A combi-
nation of several as effective enemies as this one could do the work. Many
different enemies for the Mealy Bug must be obtained, and only when they are
all finally established and working together will we begin to really experience
relief through their efforts.
THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS IN CALIFORNIA
E. O. ESSIG.
Pseudococcus agrifoliae Essig
The description of this form on page 42, Vol. II, of the Journal applies
to the winter form. After close study I find that there are two forms; a sum-
mer and a winter. The winter form as described is viviparous, has antennae
with 7 short articles, legs with femur and tibia nearly co-equal. I am includ-
ing the drawings of the leg and antennae of the summer form and a rough
outline sketch of a winter form showing the chief characters (Fig. 60).
Figure 60. Pseudococcus agrifoliae. A, summer form with young; B, antenna
of same; C, leg of same
SuMMER Form—Antennae (Fig. 60 B)—8-articled and normally hairy.
The respective lengths of the articles beginning with the longest are: (2 and
8), 3, (1 and 5), 4, 6, 7. These characters would throw the form in F or FF
in the provisional key, on pages 36-37, Vol. II, of the Journal.
Legs (Fig. 60 C), are normal with few hair. Tibia nearly twice as long as
femur, and three times as long as the tarsus. In the anal lobes or pygidium,
148 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
there were no material differences noted. It is very probable that the same
dimorphic forms exist in Pseudococcus artemisiae.
In the Twenty-fifth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, Mr. Ste-
phen A. Forbes has drawings illustrating a similar case with Pseudococcus
trifolii, and it perhaps exists in a great many cases. This is a very interesting
fact, and seems to add to the complexity of a very difficult genus.
Pseudococcus ryani Coq.
This species was obtained from Mr. Edw. Ehrhorn, who collected it from
Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) at Berkeley, Cal. In Volume I,
Figure 61. Pseudococcus ryani. A, pygidium; B, antenna; C, leg
Number 2 of the Journal this form was included with the other California
species and I herewith add the drawings showing the chief characteristics.
Antennae (Fig. 61 B) 8-articled, the respective lengths beginning with
the longest as follows: 8, 3, 2,1, 7 (5 and 6), 4.
Legs (Fig. 61 C) normally long and hairy. Tibia and femur nearly equal.
Tibia nearly twice as long as tarsus.
Pygidium (Fig. 61 A) spines of the anal lobes as long as the circum-anal
spines. Lobes smooth and well rounded.
Body, slightly hairy, and covered with small round pores.
THYSANOPTERA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. II
D. L. CRAWFORD.
Euthrips minutus Moulton
This species has a wide distribution throughout California and quite natu-
rally, therefore, it is by no means constant in certain respects. Since de-
scribing the variety setosus of this species in the previous number of Pom.
Journ. Ent., I have received author’s specimens of E. minutus from Mr. Moul-
ton. After a careful comparison of these with the var. setosus, and, also, with
closely related specimens taken at Elsinore, Cal., by C. F. Baker, I have come
to the conclusion that neither of these latter are true varieties, but all merely
forms of the same variable species. The original description was drawn from
one specimen, and that, no doubt, is accountable for the fact that some
important details were omitted from the description and accompanying illustra-
tions; in the specimens sent me by Mr. Moulton I find the following varia-
tions from his figures: on the posterior margin of the prothorax there are three
small spines, one larger than the other two between the second and third
spines on each side (Contribution to our Knowledge of California Thysanop-
tera, Moulton, 1907, p. 56, Fig. 32); also the number of spines on anterior
margin of fore-wing and on both veins is not constant, and sometimes not the
same even on the two wings of one specimen. A comparison of the figure
referred to above with Fig. 47A on p. 106, Pom. Journ. Ent. Vol. I., will show
beyond a doubt that the extra prothoracic spine of var. setosus is nothing
more than the longer of the three spines, not shown in Moulton’s illustrations,
merely more developed and longer, while the two spines beside it have re-
mained minute in all specimens. Inasmuch as the species itself is variable in
regard to the spines on the forewing, it is simply impossible to found a new
variety on that basis. ;
Furthermore, the antenne of the species are sometimes nearly three times
as long as head, instead of twice; and the prolongation of the vertex, shown
in var. setosus, is present also in the species. One point of variation, how-
ever, between the northern and southern forms is in the apparent absence of
the orange crescents, bordering the ocelli, in the southern forms.
After such a comparison, the only reasonable thing to do is to let E. min-
utus setosus m. fall into synonymy as a good variety, and amend the descrip-
tion of the species as follows: Anterior margin of head almost straight, with
a small notched prolongation between insertion of antennae; ocelli sometimes
margined inwardly with large orange crescents; antennae varying in length
from two to three times as long as head.
Posterior margin of prothorax with four spines on each side, the third
spine relatively shorter in some forms. Wings reaching to tip of abdomen,
150 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
or more; anterior margin of forewing with from twenty-two to thirty-two
spines, anterior vein with eighteen to twenty-six spines, and posterior vein with
twelve to seventeen.
Average length from .83 mm. to 1.26 mm., occasionally more.
Food plant: Grass, several Composite, and others mentioned for var.
setosus.
Locality: Berkeley, Cal., (Moulton), Elsinore, Cal., (C. F. Baker), and
Claremont, Cal. (Crawford).
Figure 62. Anaphothrips longipennis
Anaphothrips longipennis n. sp.
Average length about .96 mm. ; general color, brownish yellow to yellowish
white; all spines very light colored and indistinct.
Head (Fig. 62A) somewhat wider than long, subglobose, broadly rounded
in front, with two small spines beside the anterior ocellus, and no more;
cheeks full; occiput faintly reticulated. Eyes prominent, bulging, somewhat
darker than head, lateral facets medium, dorsal facets very small; ocelli ante-
rior, rather small, very pale and indistinct. Mouthcone moderately short,
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 151
reaching about three-fifths the length of prothorax, blunt at tip and distinctly
tipped with black; maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antenne (Fig. 62 C)
apparently nine-segmented, about twice as long as head, slender, sparsely, briefly
and indistinctly spinose; with a sense cone on segment III, and a bifurcate one
on IV; II subglobose, III pedicellate, VI with a very distinct suture apically,
which appears to be as true a joint as either of the joints of the style; style
rather long and slender; basal segments very light, apical segments darker.
Prothorax (Fig. 62 A) subrectangular, about as long as head and three-
fourths as long as broad; with one comparatively long transparent and indis-
tinct spine at each posterior angie, several shorter ones on posterior margin,
and two very small ones on each anterior angle. Legs medium in length,
very sparsely spinose; tarsi unarmed. Wings (Fig. 62 D) long, slender, ex-
tending one-fourth the abdomen’s length beyond tip of abdomen, very light
brown, almost transparent, with a small clear area near base; veins rather prom-
inent, posterior vein appearing close after basal clear spot; anterior vein with
twelve spines, three on apical half; posterior vein with nine equidistant spines ;
anterior margin with a row of twenty-nine short spines; posterior marginal
fringe moderately short, all spines and cilia very inconspicuous. Posterior
wings shorter, entirely transparent, with a fringe on both sides.
Abdomen usually rather stout, fully half as broad as long, pointed at
tip; occasionally the abdomen is longer and more slender, and only one-third
as broad as long, and in such forms the wings only slightly over-reach the
abdomen ; broadest across segments five and six, tapering uniformly from six
to ten; anal segment (Fig. 62 B) rounded at tip; abdominal spines few, and
short; anal spines very short and almost transparent. This species apparently
is not saltatory.
Measurements: Head, length .11 mm., width .13 mm.; prothorax, length
12 mm., width .16 mm.; pterothorax, width across mesocoxae .21 mm.; abdo-
men, length .42 mm., occasionally about .66 mm., width .24 mm.; total length
about .96 mm. (.84—1.11). Antenne: I, .022 mm.; II, .032 mm.; III, .040
mm. ; IV, .041 mm.; V, .038 mm.; VI, .041 — .010 mm.; VII, .011 mm.; VIII,
.014 mm; total .25 mm.
Described from several females (two of which have the longer abdomen),
taken from olive foliage infested with black scale (Saissetia oleae). It has
not been determined yet whether or not this species has any definite relation
to the scale insect; a few specimens have been found also on the foliage of
common pine.
Locality: Claremont, Cal. (Crawford).
Although the current description of Anaphothrips precludes spines on
posterior angles of prothorax, and the genus Scirtothrips Shull was erected
for a certain species having such spines, nevertheless, I believe that without a
doubt this species belongs in the genus Anaphothrips. The obvious and un-
mistakable similarity to A. striatus Osborn places it beyond doubt in the closest
generic relationship with that species, at least, but whether a genus charac-
terized by the apparent division of the sixth antennal segment should be
erected might be a question of fair discussion; be that as it may, it is evident
152 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
that the presence or absence of spines on the prothorax is not in this case a
true generic character, and if this is true, Scirtothrips becomes a very doubtful
genus. Scirtothrips was erected with the following diagnostic characters sepa-
rating it from *Anaphothrips: “Head is shorter than broad and shorter than
prothorax. One spine of moderate length is borne by each posterior angle
of the prothorax. Species of this genus have the power of springing.” If these
three characters were constantly associated, a new genus erected on them
would be unquestionable; but A. longipennis shows beyond a doubt that these
characters are not constant; this species possesses the spines on the posterior
angles or prothorax, but is nonsaltatory, while the head is broader than long
and somewhat shorter than prothorax; consequently, the only diagnostic char-
acter left to Scirtothrips is the presence of the saltatory habit, and it is always
more or less dangerous to erect a new genus on one character, especially a mere
habital character. Whether the power of springing, taken alone, can serve
as a generic character, or not, we shall not discuss here.
Phyllothrips fasciculata Crawford
(Pom. Journ. Ent. I, p. 105.)
Since the genus Phyllothrips is now in synonymy, this species should be
known as Liothrips fasciculata; although Leptothrips was erected to replace
Phyllothrips, still this species undoubtedly should be included in Liothrips.
THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH. II
D. L. CRAWFORD.
In this paper the remaining new species from the South, including Mexico,
Central and South America, Cuba, etc., are described and figured; the fact that
only one previously described species was found, and that all the rest were
new, shows how little is really known of this group in the South.
Euthrips cephalicus n. sp.
Average length 1.1 mm.; general color, yellow.
Head (Fig. 63A) wider than long, rectangular, somewhat concave at
insertion of antennz; distinctly retracted into prothorax; cheeks parallel with
one pair of large postocular spines and several small ones; anterior portion
of head between the eyes and in front of the ocelli abruptly depressed, with
the anterior ocellus on the vertical plane, and a pair of very large spines on
the margin of the depression. Eyes pale yellow, comparatively large and
prominent; ocelli very indistinct, larger than facets of eyes; anterior ocellus
directed forward, with a small seta on each side. Mouthcone long and pointed,
reaching almost to posterior margin of prothorax; maxillary palpi three-seg-
mented. Antenne (Fig. 63B) about two and one-half times as long as head,
moderately slender ; segments VI - VIII and apical half of IV, light brown, the
rest almost white; basal segment short; II, with a large double tubercle on
dorsal surface extending beyond insertion of III, and bearing two very stout,
black spines; a bifurcate sensecone on III, and a single one on IV.
Prothorax (Fig. 63A) wider than jong, and slightly longer and wider
than head, broadly rounded posteriorly; with two large spines on posterior
angles, one equally large on anterior angles, an equal pair on anterior margin,
and a smaller pair midway on posterior margin; dorsal surface with numerous
small spines. Thorax broadest at mesothorax, with two large spines midway
on anterior dorsal margin of mesothorax ; metathorax with sides slightly con-
verging. Legs (Fig. 63 E, F, G) of medium size, with numerous incon-
spicuous spines; posterior tibiz, within, with a row of several stout spines,
and two longer ones on apical end; legs concolorous with body throughout.
Wings (Fig. 63 H) long and comparatively stout, reaching to eighth abdom-
inal segment, uniform light yellow; with two longitudinal veins, the posterior
one appearing about one-fourth the wing’s length from the base and disap-
pearing before reaching the tip; anterior margin with a row of twenty-three
stout spines, anterior vein with twenty-one, and posterior vein with seventeen ;
posterior margin with a long double row of cilia.
154 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Abdomen moderately slender, spines not prominent on basal segments;
ninth segment (Fig. 63 D) with six very long stout spines, and anal segment
with four equally long ones ; ovipositor large and conspicuous.
Eee \ ’ \ N ; ; ~
SN XN Ne ~ a
Re =
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= Sa RS Be ee ee
itp Ze
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y VI il f
Figure 63. Euthrips cephalicus
Measurements: Head, length .10 mm., width .14 mm.; prothorax, length
12 mm., width .18 mm.; mesothorax, width .26 mm.; abdomen, width .28 mm. ;
total length 1.12 mm. (.98 mm — 1.24 mm.). Antenne: I, .015 mm.; II, .040
mm.; III .054 mm.; IV, .045 mm.; V, .034 mm.; VI, .046 mm.; VII, .008 mm. ;
VIII, .006 mm.; total length, .25 mm. Color almost uniform yellow.
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 155
Males much smaller than female, average length .74 mm.; with smaller
depression in front of eyes; legs smaller and weaker. Abdomen (Fig. 63 C)
rounded at tip; with a pair of very long stout spines on ninth segment, set on
a distinct tubercle, and a similar pair on anal segment; four small spines at
tip of anal segment.
Described from numerous females and several males.
Food-plants: Several Composite, a small native acacia-like tree, a Solan-
wm, and several other plants.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico (altitude 2000-6000 feet), (Crawford).
This species resembles most closely &. tritici Fitch, but in the characters
of the head and antennz and several other details it is markedly different. It
is a very common species, found on many flowering plants and trees, and, con-
sequently the characters are not constant within the species; the double spine-
bearing tubercle on the second antennal segment is, in some of the mounted
specimens, less pronounced than in the illustration (Fig. 63 B) ; the depression
on the vertex and frons is sometimes smaller in extent, but always the anterior
ocellus is directed forward, and the large pair of spines is on the margin of the
depression. The color and the arrangement of the spines is quite constant ;
in some of the mounted specimens there is an abrupt variation in color to dark
brown; as there are several distinct minor characters in these brown specimens,
they are described below as a variety of the species.
Euthrips cephalicus reticulata n. var.
General color uniform brown. Average length .97 mm. Entire body
surface reticulated deeply; production of second antennal segment present. but
not so marked as in the species; depression of vertex less pronounced, but
with anterior ocellus directed forward. Spines arranged as in species; wings
light brown; legs concolorous with body except fore tibiz and all tarsi light
brown; basal antennal segment and basal two-thirds of II brown; apical third
of II, III, IV, and basal half of V yellow; the rest light brown.
Described from two females and three males taken with the species on
certain Rosaceae and Labiatae.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
Dictyothrips reticulata n. sp.
Length 1.55 mm.; general color light brown; entire body surface, includ-
ing legs and basal antennal segments, deeply and finely reticulated.
Head (Fig. 64 A) slightly broader than long, converging somewhat
posteriorly, and broadly rounded anteriorly; occiput elevated; cheeks finely
serrated, full, not spinose; vertex lower than occiput, elevated and produced
between eyes and bearing the anterior ocellus at its apex; front broadly bisul-
cate, sloping down to insertion of antennz, slightly produced between basal seg-
ments; with six short but conspicuous postocular spines, one behind each
posterior ocellus, two behind and one outside of anterior ocellus, and two on
the ridge between the sulca. Eyes very large, prominent, slightly bulging, very
coarsely faceted and very pilose; ocelli very large, prominent, oval, between
156 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
posterior angles of eyes; anterior ocellus on apex of produced vertex and di-
rected forward; posterior ocelli slightly more elevated than the eyes. Mouth-
cone very small and weak, scarcely reaching one-third the length of prothorax ;
maxillary palpi long, three-segmented. Antenne (Fig. 64 B) very slender, more
than twice as long as head, moderately spinose; segment III pedicelate, with
a pseudojoint near base; III, 1V and VI elongate, III and IV a symmetrically
fusiform; V very small; style short, with several long spines; III and IV with
Figure 64. Dictyothrips reticulata
a bifurcate sense cone, VI with a single one; antennae uniform light brown,
except base and tip of III and base of IV white.
Prothorax (Fig. 64 A) a little shorter than head, and about seven-tenths
as long as broad anteriorly, converging somewhat posteriorly ; anterior margin
straight, posterior broadly rounded; with one short spine at each posterior
angle, and two pair on posterior margin; anterior angles with two short
spines only a trifle longer than the numerous spines on dorsal surface. Ptero-
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 157
thorax large, broadest across mesocoxae, broadly rounded anteriorly, meta-
thorax tapering slightly to abdomen. Legs medium, very spinose; forefemora
not enlarged; femora concolorous with body; tibiz lighter, tarsi yellowish
brown. Wings (Fig. 64 D) not very long, reaching about to seventh abdominal
segment ; basal one-fourth clear, the rest light brown; posterior vein extending
from apical margin of clear area to near tip, with twenty spines; anterior vein
with twenty-nine spines, anterior margin with thirty-two spines increasing in
length toward the tip, and a short fringe of cilia on apical half; posterior
margin with a long double fringe of cilia. Posterior wings clear white with a
narrow longitudinal median stripe from base to near tip.
Abdomen large, moderately broad, broadest across fourth and fifth seg-
ments ; with several long spines on each posterior angle and margin; last three
segments (Fig. 64 C) abruptly converging to tip; posterior dorsal margin of
eighth with a row of long sharp comb-like spines; nine and ten with several
very long stout bristles on dorsal surface.
Measurements: Head, length .16 mm., width .18 mm.; prothorax, length
145 mm., width anteriorly .205 mm., posteriorly .19 mm.; pterothorax, width
.27 mm.; abdomen, width .29 mm.; total length 1.55 mm. Antenne: I, .026
mm.; II, .040 mm.; III, .087 mm.; IV, .071 mm.; V, .043 mm.; VI, .072 mm.;
VII, .009 mm.; VIII, .014 mm.; total .37 mm.
Described from one female taken on blossoms of a native Acacia-like tree.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
Thrips abdominalis n. sp.
Average length 1.0 mm.; general color light brown; body surface reticu-
lated; all spines very inconspicuous.
Head (Fig. 65 A) about one and one-half times as broad as long, angular,
markedly retractile, reticulated posteriorly; frons vertical; cheeks parallel;
with no prominent spines, but several very small and inconspicuous ones near
the eyes and ocelli. Eyes large, prominent, bulging, finely faceted, and slightly
pilose; anterior ocellus on frons and directed forward; posterior ocelli on the
sides of an elevated portion between the eyes and directed outwardly, slightly
higher up than the eyes. Mouthcone short and blunt, reaching one-third the
length of prothorax; maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antenne (Fig. 65 B)
more than twice as long as head, quite stout, with spines short and incon-
spicuous ; with a sense cone on segments III and IV, and several small sensory
areas on VI; II distinctly stouter than the rest, III pedicellate; V very broad
at apical end; VII comparatively long; I, Il, 1V, VI and VII concolorous with
body, III and V somewhat lighter.
Prothorax (Fig. 65 A) one and one-half times as long as head, and one
and one-fourth times as long as broad, posteriorly; sides strongly divergent,
with angles rounded; with no prominent spines, but a row of ten very small
spines on anterior dorsal margin, and eighteen on posterior margin, two on
each posterior angle larger than the rest ; with a distinct dark emargination and
chitinous thickening on each side above the fore-coxae. Legs small, short,
with no conspicuous spines, except two at tip of posterior tibie; fore-femora
158 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
(Fig. 65 C) somewhat enlarged. Wings (Fig. 65 E) narrow, moderately
long, reaching to seventh abdominal segment, somewhat broadened at base;
posterior longitudinal vein extending from near base to near tip, with seven
short spines, the first one about opposite the sixth spine on anterior vein;
anterior vein with either eight or nine short spines, six on basal half and
either two or three on distal half, the number varying on the same insect some-
times; when there are three the first one occurs near the center of the vein,
the third one near the tip, and the second about midway between; when only
two are present the one near the center is wanting, and the two are arranged
Figure ©5. Thrips abdominalis
as the distal two when three are present; anterior margin with a row of twenty
short spines, and a row of short cilia, on distal three-fifths of margin;
posterior margin with a row of long cilia; color of fore-wings light brown, with
a small more or less clear area near base between third and fourth spines on
anterior vein; posterior wings almost clear, with a light brown stripe in center,
extending through basal half of wing.
Abdomen usually slender, sometimes comparatively stout; with a row of
distinct sharp serrations on posterior margin of segments one to seven in-
clusive; eighth with longer and sharper teeth; almost no spines on abdomen
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 159
except on two anal segments; four comparatively stout spines on ninth (Fig.
65 D), and four on anal segment near tip; ovipositor weak and inconspicuous.
Measurements: Head, length .064 mm.; width .11 mm.; _prothorax,
length .12 mm., width anteriorly .10 mm., posteriorly .15 mm.; mesothorax,
width .22 mm.; abdomen, width (average) .24 mm.; total length 1.02 mm.
(.84 — 1.20 mm.) Antenne: I, .019 mm.; II, .024 mm.; III, .026 mm.; IV,
.027 mm.; V, .020 mm.; VI, .037 mm.; VII, .018 mm.; total .17 mm.
Described from numerous females.
Food-plants: Various Composite, Solanum, Daucus sp. (?), and others.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
This species resembles somewhat Thrips albopilosa Uzel, (1) in having
very inconspicuous spines, though they are not white as in that species; (2) in
the general arrangement of spines on the fore-wing; (3) in the shape of the
fifth antennal segment. Although these resemblances are unmistakable, still
this can not be the same species by any means.
Phloeothrips raptor n. sp.
Average length about 2 mm.; general color brown.
Head (Fig. 66 A) rather large, about one and one-half times as long as
broad, distinctly narrowed both posteriorly and postocularly; broadly rounded
in front; cheeks arched, with several conspicuous setigerous tubercles; vertex
elevated and produced, but not attaining the insertion of the antennz; with one
pair of long knobbed postocular spines, basal half of spine dark, distal half
almost transparent; all other cephalic spines small. Eyes large, prominent,
slightly bulging, finely and closely faceted, pigment transparent white; ocelli
rather large, but indistinct; anterior ocellus directed forward on apex of pro-
duced vertex ; posterior ocelli not contiguous with inner margin of eyes. Mouth-
cone short, reaching about three-fourths the length of prothorax; labrum pro-
duced, very pointed at tip. Antennz (Fig. 66 C) about one and one-half times
as long as head, and slightly more than twice the width of head, rather stout
and very spinose, but the spines not conspicuous ; several long thick sense cones
on segments ITI-IV ; III-VII pedicellate, III and IV pyriform, V and VI fusi-
form, VII and VIII connate; I and basal half of II concolorous with body, the
rest uniform light brown, III and IV transparent at extreme base.
Prothorax (Fig. 66 A) slightly more than twice as wide (including coxae)
as long, and a little over half as long as head; with long light colored, knobbed
spines on posterior and anterior angles and one pair midlaterally; a smaller
blunt pair on both anterior and posterior margins.Mesothorax a little wider
than prothorax, widest across mesocoxae; pterothorax reticulated. Wings of
medium length, slender, transparent ; with three long spines on basal posterior
margin ; posterior wings with a brown stripe in the center, extending from base
to near tip. Legs rather long and stout, sparsely spinose ; forelegs (Fig. 66 E)
apparently rapatorial; forefemora enlarged, with a conspicuous depression on
inner side extending from base to tip (evidently a sheath for the tibie), with
the margins of the depression finely toothed ; foretarsi with a large sharp tooth,
160 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMNLOGY
within, much smaller, however, than in the male ; no conspicuous spines on fore-
legs; femora, meso- and posterior tibia concolorous with body, foretibie and
all tarsi light brown.
Abdomen long and slender, equally broad from base to fifth segment, and
from there tapering evenly to ninth, which is broadly rounded at the tip;
abdominal spines on segments one to seven knobbed; tube slightly more than
half as long as head, with several small spines on dorsal surface; four long
spines on posterior dorsal margin of ninth segment, and four extremely long
spines at tip of tube, and several shorter ones.
Figure 66. Phloeothrips raptor
Measurements: Head, length .27 mm., width .18 mm.; prothorax, length
16 mm., width .35 mm.; pterothorax, width .36 mm. ; abdomen, width .32 mm. ;
tube, length .15 mm., width, at base .06 mm., at tip .04 mm.; total length 2.09
mm. Antenne: I, .030 mm.; II, .044 mm.; III, .065 mm.; IV, .081 mm.;
V, .069 mm.; VI, .052 mm.; VII, .049 mm.; VIII, .026 mm.; total length .41
mm.
Males fully as large as female, and more powerful; similar in every re-
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 161
spect except the following: Spines on cheek much larger and more numerous ;
forelegs (Fig. 66 D) immense in proportion to female; forefemora with two
sharp tooth-like projections at the tip, within, and a depression between them;
foretibiz with a prominent anteriorly directed tooth near the base, within;
foretarsi with an immense sharp tooth on inner side; forefemora and foretibize
each with one long spine, all other spines very small. Abdomen about as broad
as in female, but tapering more from seventh segment to tube; tube (Fig. 66 B)
with a distinct and large scale at base, bearing two large spines at each upper
margin. Measurements about the same as in female.
Described from one female and one male, taken in sweeping shrubbery.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
This species is very close to Ph. uzeli Hinds, especially in respect to the
forelegs of the male; but the two species differ sharply in the form of the head,
in the shape and form of the antennz, in the distinct depression in the fore-
femora of the female, and in having a scale at the base of the tube in the male.
But Ph. raptor is congeneric with Ph. uzeli Hinds, although differing so sharply
from it, and the generic description should be altered accordingly.
Liothrips umbripennis mexicana n. var.
This variety is very similar to the species in many respects; only the diag-
nostic characters are given here.
Anterior ocellus with a small spine on each side. Antenne about one and
three-fourths times as long as head; only segment III and basal half of IV
yellow, the rest dark brown to black. Facets of eyes moderately large. Pro-
thorax (including coxae) about twice as wide as long. Forewings clouded
very light brown instead of black, with a conspicuous vein at base bearing three
long spines, and extending about one-fourth the wings’ length. Forefemora
distinctly enlarged; meso- and posterior tibie with a very long, stout, blunt
spine near tip; all tarsi with a conspicuous fringe of spines on apical margin of
both segments ; males with a stout terminal hook; female tarsi unarmed.
Measurements: Head, length .26 mm., width .19 mm.; prothorax, length
14 mm., width .30 mm. ; pterothorax, width .38 mm.; abdomen, width .42 mm.;
total length 1.8 mm. Antenne: I, .027 mm.; II, .052 mm.; III, .082 mm.;
IV, .077 mm.; V, .075 mm.; VI, .067 mm.; VII, .059 mm.; VIII, .028 mm.;
total .46 mm.
Described from five females and four males, taken on galls of oak, eleva-
tion 10,000 feet ; it is not at all certain that this species has anything to do with
the formation of the galls.
Locality: San Pedro Mountains, near Guadalajara, Mexico. (Crawford.)
Liothrips bakeri n. sp.
Average length 2.7 mm. ; general color dark brown to black, thorax lighter ;
entire body surface, including femora and tibiz, conspicuously reticulated.
Head (Fig. 67 A) fully one and one-half times as long as broad, sub-
rectangular, finely reticulated, sparsely spinose; vertex elevated and produced
beyond insertion of antennz, and bearing the anterior ocellus at its apex;
162 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
cheeks usually parallel, sometimes converging slightly posteriorly, serrated,
and somewhat spinose; postocular spines long, broadened and flattened at tip.
Eyes large, prominent, bulging, coarsely and closely faceted, pigment whitish ;
ocelli large, distinct, oval, placed well forward; anterior ocellus at apex of pro-
duced vertex and directed forward; posterior ocelli not contiguous with inner
margin of eyes. Mouthcone very large and powerful, almost rectangular.
square at tip, and reaching almost to posterior margin of prothorax ; maxillary
palpi extremely short. Antenne (Fig. 67 B) less than twice as long as head
(about one and two-thirds), moderately slender and scarcely visibly spinose ;
Figure 67. Liothrips baKeri
segments I and II concolorous with body, the rest lemon yellow, VII and VIIL
usually slightly darker; III-V almost transparent at base; antennal spines yel-
low and very inconspicuous; III-VII with transparent sense cones; I and II
subrectangular, III-V clavate, VI and VII fusiform, VIII depressed, broad at
base and pointed at tip.
Prothorax (Fig. 67 A) slightly more than half as long as head, and
(including coxae) about twice as wide as long, (excluding coxae) not very
much broader than head; with one pair of long spines at posterior angles
and no others; dorsal surface with several short spines. Mesothorax very
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 163
broad, sides parallel; metathorax converging to abdomen; thorax, espe-
cially laterally, deeply reticulated. Legs moderately long and slender,
sparsely spinose; all tibia scarcely spinose; foretarsi (Fig. 67 D) with a
large setigerous tooth; foretibize and all tarsi light yellow, the rest con-
colorous with body. Wings large, heavy, powerful, uniformly broad
throughout, extending to posterior margin of seventh abdominal segment;
clear white, except, occasionally, a light brown stripe through center of
wing in basal half; fringe long; posterior fringe of forewing, subapically,
double for about twenty-one cilia.
Abdomen long, slender, broadest at base and converging uniformly to
tube (often parallel from base to segment six, then converging to tube) ;
with two spines at each posterior angle of segments one to eight, and two
very long ones on nine; tube (Fig. 67 C) longer than head, very slender and
almost parallel except at tip; with four spines at tip almost as long as
tube.
Measurements: Head, length .31 mm., width .205 mm.; prothorax,
length .17 mm., width (including coxae) .37 mm.; mesothorax, width .48
mm.; abdomen, width .36 mm.; tube, length .37 mm., width at base .08 mm.,
at tip .06 mm.; total length 2.73 mm. (2.64 — 2.82). Antenne: I, .029
mm.; II, .051 mm.; III, .080 mm.; IV, .082 mm.; V, .078 mm.; VI, .086 mm. ;
VII, .060 mm.; VIII, .041 mm.; total .52 mm.
Males smaller and more slender than females; tarsal tooth only a little
larger than that of female; abdomen exceedingly slender; tube shorter than
that of female; with a scale at base of tube.
Described from numerous females and males.
Food plant: galls on leaves of Ficus nitida and flowers of Ficus re-
ligiosa.
Localities: Pinar del Rio, Cuba (C. F. Baker), and Havana, Cuba (Dr.
Santos Fernandez).
I name this species for Prof. C. F. Baker, who has contributed many
specimens for this study, and in many ways has given me much assistance.
Liothrips mcconnelli n. sp.
Average length 2.28 mm.; general color dark brown to light brown.
Head (Fig. 68 B) about one and seven-tenths times as long as broad,
sparsely and inconspicuously spinose; with a pair of rather short postocular
spines ; cheeks subparallel, converging slightly posteriorly ; vertex produced over
insertion of antennz, with the anterior ocellus at the apex, overhanging. Eyes
moderately large, finely and closely faceted, prominent, but not bulging; ocelli
large, round, pale white, situated well forward; anterior ocellus directed for-
ward; posterior ocelli at the base of the produced vertex and nearly contiguous
with inner anterior margin of eyes. Mouthcone rather short, reaching three-
fourths the length of prothorax, midway between forecoxae; labrum sharp.
Antennz (Fig. 68 C) about one and one-fourth times as long as head, slender,
moderately spinose; segments III and VI with one sense cone and IV and V
with two; VII and VIII connate; I and base of II concolorous with body, apical
164 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
half of II and of V, and VI-VIII light brown; III, IV and basal half of V
yellow, IV clouded at tip. In one specimen used in this study, the left antenna
is six-segmented, while the other is normally eight-segmented (Fig. 68 D) ; this
is apparently caused by the union of segments [V-VI to form one long irregular
segment.
Figure 68. Liothrips mcconnelli
Prothorax (Fig. 68 B) about twice as wide as long, and two-fifths as
long as head; with one pair of long blunt spines on posterior angles, one pair
on posterior margin, and two pairs, one very small, on anterior margin; mid-
laterals wanting. Pterothorax large, broadest across mesocoxae, converging
posteriorly and anteriorly; thorax somewhat reticulated. Legs long and slen-
der, concolorous with body throughout ; forefemora (Fig. 68 E) only slightly
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 165
enlarged, briefly spinose; with a terminal tarsal hook in both sexes; middle
and posterior tarsi with a fringe of spines on apical margin of both segments.
Wings medium, reaching to seventh abdominal segment, clear from base to
tip, very slightly narrowed at the middle; posterior fringe, subapically, double
for about seven cilia.
Abdomen long and slender, tapering evenly from base to tip; spines not
conspicuous ; tube short, less than half as long as head, converging toward tip;
with a few comparatively short spines at tip of ninth segment, and six short
stout spines at tip of tube, and a few shorter and more slender ones also.
Measurements: Head, length .31 mm., width .18 mm.; prothorax, length
12 mm., width (including coxae) .23 mm.; pterothorax, width .32 mm.; abdo-
men, width .36 mm.; tube, length .13 mm., width, at base, .065 mm., at tip .035
mm.; total length 2.28 mm. Antenne: I, .030 mm.; II, .055 mm.; III, .071
mie O/7/ mine, O6l mms Vl, 050 mm VIL -O4t mm = Vile 028
min. ; total .39 mm.
Males smaller, but relatively stouter than female; head (Fig. 68 A) dis-
tinctly shorter, about one and four-tenths times as long as broad; terminal
tarsal hook larger in male; prothorax relatively broader, abdomen more slen-
der; tube almost alike in both sexes; with a closely lying scale at base of
tube.
Measurements: Head, length .24 mm., width .17 mm.; prothorax, length
12 mm., width .26 mm. ; pterothorax, width .32 mm.; abdomen, width .34 mm. ;
total length 2.11 mm.
Described from four females and four males, taken from galls (Fig. 68
F, G) on the stems and leaves of a certain bignoniaceous shrub, and also from
sweepings on other shrubs.
Locality: Guadalajara, Mex. (Crawford).
I name this species for Mr. R. A. McConnell, who accompanied me on
an expedition to Mexico in July-September, 1909.
This species could have been included in Leptothrips Hood about as truly
as in Liothrips, which shows how much of a line of true demarcation there is
between these two genera. The diagnostic characters of Leptothrips, distin-
guishing it from Liothrips, are given by Hood as being “the much slenderer
form, the longer head, the more bulging eyes, the shorter mouthcone, the
weaker, slenderer wings which are distinctly narrowed at the middle.” This
group of characters, taken together, might be enough to erect a new genus on,
but one can see at a glance that such characters could hardly be constantly asso-
ciated. In Liothrips meconnelli there are the combined characters of both gen-
era: of Leptothrips—the slender form and relatively long head of the females,
and a short mouthcone; of Liothrips—the relatively stouter form and shorter
head of the males, eyes not at all bulging, while the wings are only slightly
constricted at the middle. Again, in Liothrips bakeri there are still further
complications ; this species has the slender form, rather long head, and bulging
eyes characteristic of Leptothrips, and broad wings not constricted, and the
large mouthcone characteristic of Liothrips. The constriction of the wings,
therefore, is the only character presented, which is of generic value, and this
166 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
is very apt to be a poor one, for the simple reason that it is often obscured by
the doubling or folding of the wings, and in case there were but a few speci-
mens available, one would be at a loss where to place the new species. All
the other characters presented are purely relative, and until diagnostic generic
characters can be found which are not mere relative proportions, the mean
average of which may easily be possessed by a species, no group of species
ought to be separated as a genus. If they are separated by such characters,
the inevitable result is confusion; it is scarcely scientific to have to “toss up”
to determine in which of two genera a certain species belongs. As an illus-
tration of such confusion, Leptothrips aspersus has been placed in three differ-
ent genera, and may yet end up in Liothrips where it rightfully belongs.
Figure 69. Anthothrips variabilis
Anthothrips variabilis n. sp.
Average length 1.6 mm.; general color light brown to dark brown, occa-
sionally black.
Head variable in form; usually very slightly longer than broad (Fig. 69
D), subrectangular, rounded somewhat anteriorly; occasionally the head is
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERA OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 167
slightly broader than long, and more rectangular, and sometimes it is distinctly
longer than broad; very seldom the head is more or less narrowed anteriorly
(Fig. 69 A)—partially caused by the collapsing of the eyes; cheeks full,
sparsely spinose; vertex slightly elevated, and distinctly produced, but not
attaining the insertion of the antennz; postocular spines moderately long, and
blunt at the tip. Eyes medium, finely faceted and slightly pilose, pigment
almost white; ocelli large and distinct; anterior ocellus on apex of produced
vertex and directed forward; posterior ocelli not quite contiguous with inner
anterior margin of eyes. Mouthcone short and blunt, scarcely reaching half
the length of prothorax. Antenne (Fig. 69 C) about twice as long as head,
very stout and thickly, but briefly, spinose; segments II-VII distinctly pedicel-
late and subglobose ; II-V with spotted sense cones, or sometimes transparent ;
I, base of Il, and VII and VIII concolorous with body, intermediate segments
yellowish brown or lemon yellow.
Prothorax (Fig. 69 A) including coxae, twice as wide as long, and about
seven-ninths as long as head; with all the usual prothoracic spines present,
long and blunt at tip; dorsal surface slightly spinose. Pterothorax widest
across mesocoxae, converging both anteriorly and posteriorly, partially reticu-
lated. Wings moderately long, broadest at base, and distinctly narrowed be-
yond the middle like a drawn-out shoesole; scale and extreme base light
brown; with a short median vein at base, bearing three long spines and one
short one; posterior fringe double subapically for eight cilia. Legs medium,
moderately stout, sparsely spinose; foretarsi (Fig. 69 E}) with a small tooth
near the middle, within, and a terminal tarsal hook; foretibiz and foretarsi
light yellow, the rest concolorous with body.
Abdomen long, slender, very weak, tapering evenly from base to tip; with
two prominent spines on each posterior dorsal angle; tube (Fig. 69 B) about
as long as prothorax, seven-ninths as long as head, converging toward tip; with
six long spines at tip, and several shorter ones.
Measurements: Head, length .17 mm., width .165 mm.; prothorax, length
.13 mm., width .26 mm.; pterothorax, width .31 mm.; abdomen, width at base
.32 mm.; tube, length .13 mm, width at base .05 mm., at tip .03 mm.; total
length 1.64 mm. Antenne: I, .024 mm.; II, .047 mm.; III, .038 mm.; IV,
.050 mm. ; width .031 mm.; V, .049 mm.; VI, .040 mm.; VII, .042 mm.; VIII,
.024 mm.; total .33 mm.
Males smaller than females, but similar in nearly all respects; abdomen
more slender, tube shorter; average length of male 1.46 mm.
Described from numerous females and several males.
Food plants: Celosia, Dodder, and a native tropical creeping vine.
Localities: Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba (C. F. Baker) ; Managua, Nica-
ragua (C. F. Baker), and Guadalajara, Mexico (Crawford).
The abdomen was described as being weak, because of the fact that in
many, perhaps the majority, of the specimens used in this study the abdomen is
constricted in several of its basal segments, probably by the action of the
reagents used in the preparation of the mounts.
168 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Idolothrips angusticeps n. sp.
Average length 5.28 mm.; general color deep black; entire body surface,
including femora and tibiz, finely reticulated.
Head (Fig. 70 A) more than two and one-half times the width across
eyes; with numerous tuberculous serrations on dorsal and lateral surfaces;
with numerous short, stout spines, and two pairs of very long ones, one pair
in front of the posterior ocelli, and the other postocular, smaller; head about as
wide posteriorly as across eyes, constricted somewhat behind the eyes; vertex
produced triangularly over insertion of antennz, with the anterior ocellus on
the apex. Eyes moderately large, bulging, finely faceted and not pilose, pig-
ment yellow ; ocelli small, indistinct ; posterior ocelli not contiguous with inner
margin of eyes; anterior ocellus directed forward, beyond insertion of antenne.
Mouthcone short, broadly rounded at tip, scarcely reaching to posterior margin
of prosternum; maxillary palpi two-segmented, the basal joint very short.
Antenne (Fig. 70 F) almost one and one-third times as long as head, very
slender; two basal segments comparatively short and thick, II with a sense
area near tip; III-V elongate, clavate, III longest, with several long spines
on apical half and one long sense cone near tip; [V and V with several long
spines and several transparent, but prominent, sense cones near tip; VI-VIII
fusiform; VI and VII with several long spines and one sense cone on each;
VIII with a longitudinal row of six spines, and one long spine at tip; I and
basal half of II concolorous with body; apical half of II and all but the tip
of III, basal three-fourths of IV and basal half of V yellow; tip of II] and IV
light brown, apical half of V and VI-VIII dark brown.
Prothorax (Fig. 70 A) about half as long as wide, including coxae, and
two-fifths as long as head; coxae conspicuously protruding, with one stout,
black spine on each coxa, without, and one on posterior angles of prothorax;
a few small spines on dorsal surface, and three small ones in front of the
coxae; membraneous portions of prothorax conspicuous. Mesothorax dis-
tinctly wider than prothorax, with a few conspicuous spines; with a faceted
spiracular (?) plate on each anterior angle. Legs long and very spiny; fore-
femora (Fig. 70 G, male) enlarged, prolonged posteriorly over trochanter ;
foretibize with numerous conspicuous spines, and one extremely long one near
base; foretarsi (Fig. 70 D) within, with a sharp tooth, bearing two spines;
middle and hind legs very slender, long and spinose; posterior tibiae (Fig. 70
E) in both sexes with a long and exceptionally stout, black spine near tip;
meso- and posterior tarsi (Fig. 70 E) with a fringe of cilia-like spines on the
entire distal margin of both segments; all bladder-like appendages easily re-
tractile; femora black, tibia brown, yellow at tip, tarsi yellow. Wings clear
white, comparatively short, with a long fringe on both margins; forewings with
a brown longitudinal stripe in the center extending from base to middle of wing,
and a few spines at base of wing.
Abdomen long and slender, widest at segments two to four; with two long
spines at each posterior angle, and a few small ones on dorsal surface ; ninth
segment (Fig. 70 B) with several long, slender spines on posterior margin;
CRAWFORD, THYSANOPTERAZOF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH 169
Figure 70. Idolothrips angusticeps
170 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
tube fully three-fourths as long as head, slender, slightly converging toward
tip; with several long, stout bristles at tip.
Measurements: Head, length .68 mm., width .26 mm.; prothorax, length
.29 mm., width, including coxae, .56 mm.; mesothorax, width .67 mm.; abdo-
men, width .82 mm.; tube, length .53 mm., width at base .11 mm.; total length
5.28 mm. (4.32 — 6.24 mm.) Antenne: I, .074 mm.; II, .072 mm.; III, .22
mm.; IV, .17 mm.; V, .15 mm.; VI, .12 mm.; VII, .075 mm.; VIII, .065 mm.;
total .94 mm.
Males fully as large as females, sometimes larger; antenna somewhat
longer; forefemora (Fig. 70 G) with a long curved, prehensile spine at tip,
within ; foretarsi (Fig. 70 C) with an exceptionally long, stout tooth near base,
within, and another smaller, curved one at tip; with a partial fringe of spines
at tip of second tarsal segment; bladder of foreleg easily retractile, probably
to facilitate the use of apical tooth. Abdomen very slender, much more so than
in female; tube and anal spines distinctly shorter than in female.
Described from fifteen females and seventeen males, taken, mostly, in
sweepings of various tropical shrubbery; some were found by the writer on
the under surface of leaves of a common tropical vine.
Localities: Belize (James D. Johnson) ; Havana, Cuba (C. F. Baker) ;
San Marcos and Chinandega, Nicaragua (C. F. Baker), and Guadalajara,
Mex. (Crawford).
This giant species is well distributed throughout the American tropics ;
the specimens in the writer’s collection, from these various localities, are al-
most identical in every respect. There are minor variations, however, such
as a difference in the relative length of the third antennal segment; the illus-
tration (Fig. 70 C) represents the average. The spines on the legs and abdo-
men, also show a variation in length and color, some being black, others light,
and still others of intermediate shades.
This species resembies Megalothrips (?) spinosus Hood (really an Idolo-
thrips), but differs in the arrangement of the cephalic and prothoracic spines,
the shape of the head anteriorly, and, in general, in the relative proportions ;
because of this resemblance and its resemblance to still other members of the
genus Jdolothrips, it would seem reasonable to refer this to Jdolothrips
spinosus. In all probability, the males of J. spinosus will be found to have
a large tarsal tooth, just as the males of J. angusticeps have a larger tooth than
the female.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
[In this department we hope to give in most numbers of the Journal, some
idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of publi-
cations of interest to western students, notices of entomological meetings, etc.
To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all items of ento-
mological interest about themselves or others. Address, Fordyce Grinnell, Jr.,
572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.|
Mr. Victor L. Clémence and Mr. Karl R. Coolidge are planning to leave
in April for a three months’ entomological trip to Cordoba, Mexico. ‘This re-
gion is the richest in Mexico or Central America, according to the Biologia.
Lord Walsingham’s collection of Micro-Lepidoptera, about to be trans-
ferred to the British Museum, consists of 260,000 specimens, adding about
45,000 species to the collection.
The Lepidopterological Library of the late Dr. Staudinger has been bought
by the firm of R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, and a catalogue is being pre-
pared. This is one of the richest collections in the world.
Max Weg, Buchhandlung und Antiquariat, Leipzig, Germany, has just
issued a very interesting and valuable catalogue of books, “Zoogeographie,”
it has 3006 titles listed, arranged under XII divisions, including the zoogeo-
graphical regions of the world. It contains 94 pages, and on the cover a photo-
graph of Dr. R. Bergh, student of the Opisthobranch Mollusks.
Prof. J. D. Tinsley, formerly of Las Cruces, N. M., and a student of the
Coccidze, has been appointed soil specialist for the Santa Fé railway system.
“His duties will be to instruct the farmers along the railway what crops can
give the best yield,” thus increasing the crop out-put. A new departure for
the railroad interests.
The new edition of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, will appear this
spring; it will be much better than the former edition and will be indispensable
to systematic naturalists everywhere. It will contain about 1350 colors, named
and numbered. The price will be very moderate, about $5.00
In the California Fruit Grower, for January 8, 1910, p. 4-5, 8 columns,
is an article by W. H. Volck, on Insect Pests and Diseases of the Apple, deliv-
ered at the California State Fruit Growers’ Convention, at Watsonville in
December.
The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the residence of
Mr. V. L. Clémence, Pasadena, on January 13, Thursday evening. The fol-
lowing persons were present: Messrs. Fall, Fenyes, Bollerman, Schrader,
Haskins, Coolidge, Ross, Smith, Clémence, and Grinnell. Mr. K. R. Coolidge
was elected secretary. A very enthusiastic discussion was indulged in till
after 11 P. M.
172 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The annual meeting of the San Diego Society of Natural History was held
at the local office of the Weather Bureau on January 13, at 4 P. M. Frank
Stephens is the secretary.
The Southern California Academy of Sciences held its regular monthly
meeting on the evening of January 3, in Symphony Hall, Los Angeles. Prof.
W. L. Watts gave an Outline of the Geological History of California, and
Prof. J. Z. Gilbert spoke on Quaternary Life in California. Both talks being
of interest to the biologist.
At the biological section of the Academy of Sciences, held on January 10,
in Los Angeles, Prof. L. H. Miller spoke on Variation in Plants and Animals.
It was a very suggestive talk to the biologist, as many of the unsolved prob-
lems of organic evolution, will probably be opened up in the study of variation.
According to a newspaper report, Dr. Alexander Petrunkevitch of the
American Museum of Natural History, on his recent return from Mexico,
“brought back 2000 spiders, 500 bottles of insects, and numerous assortments
of scorpions, snakes and amphibians.” It also states that he found a “very
rare trap-door spider” in the State of Tabasco.
The Sleeping Sickness. By Louis L. Seaman. The Outlook, January
15, 1910, p. 119-124. An interesting account of the Tsetse-flies, Glossina Spp.
and Trypanosoma gambiense. Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping-sickness is said
also to occur in South America, where Glossina is not found, but the disease is
transmitted by a bug—‘the conorrhinus”; a small monkey is supposed to be
the permanent host of the parasite.
From the California State Journal of Medicine, December, 1909, the fol-
lowing is extracted from the editorials as being of considerable interest: Dr.
Creighton Wellman is to have charge of a department of Tropical Medicine in
the State Journal in which he is “‘to prepare from time to time a critical sum-
mary of advances in knowledge in this direction as well as other matter re-
lating to the incidence, etc., of tropical disease in this part of the country.” A
further editorial in the State Journal is as follows: “With the object of gain-
ing an idea of the amount of tropical disease in the city of Oakland, the writer
has examined a number of patients in its hospitals, clinics and dispensaries, with
the result that tertian, quartan and aestivo-autumnal malaria, leprosy, amoebic
dysentery and liver abscess, bubonic plague, filariasis, flagellate diarrhcea and
various intestinal parasites—including flukes (Opisthorchis), tapeworms (D1-
bothriocephalus), (Taenia), (Hymenolepis) and round worms, (Ascaris,
Oxyuris, Necator, Trichocephalus Strongyloides)—have all been seen. It is
proposed to publish a fuller communication on this subject when the list is
complete, but the existence of these and probably other tropical diseases is here
recorded as being of interest and illustrative of the dangers of infection to
which the inhabitants of the bay cities are constantly exposed.” The State
Journal thus becomes of immense interest to all those interested in the study of
tropical disease in which the Arthropods and Protozoans play such an impor-
tant part. In the January number of the State Journal is an interesting and
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES 173
suggestive article by Dr. Creighton Wellman, of Oakland, on “Comments on
Tropical Medicine.” And among the book reviews in the same number are
notices of Nuttall and Warburton’s “Ticks: A Monograph of the Ixodoidea,”’
and Calkins’ Textbook of Protozoology. And a notice that the New York
Post-Graduate Medical School ‘has established a regular and completely
equipped department of Tropical Medicine.”
The Trees of California. By Willis Linn Jepson, Ph. D., Assistant Pro-
fessor of Dendrology in the University of California, etc. Illustrated with one
hundred and twenty-five original figures. Issued December 16, 1909, Cunning-
ham, Curtis & Welch, San Francisco and Los Angeles. $2.50 net.
This book is absolutely indispensable to the entomologist who is also a
naturalist (sens. st.) who is interested in the relations of living things (Biota).
We will never comprehend the “unknown factors” of evolution, till we study
and understand the relations and interrelations of all the participants.
The spirit in which the book was written is to be highly commended, as
shown in the dedication, quotations, preface and the body of the book. It is
the spirit of the naturalist (including in the term, the systematic student).
“The author, therefore cherishes the hope that these pages may be an inspira-
tion to some who have opportunity to take up special studies of our trees for
the sake of the intellectual pleasure and cultivation to be derived from such an
avocation.” If the person who should read this book thoughtfully and “‘is not
stirred by the lure of the unknown,” he is not “really and truly alive.”
On pages 13-49 are taken up twenty-four subjects connected with the study
of trees, which are very suggestive and stimulating. The Forest Provinces, each
treated very fully, should be studied by students of zoogeography, and those
preparing lists of species found in certain regions. Other suggestive and inter-
esting sections are: Arboreal Islands, The “Klamath Mountains,’ A Histor-
ical Sketch of Sequoia, Local Tree Distribution and the Indian Tribes, and
Exploration; Far Afield and Locally. From page 50, with a key to the fami-
lies, the various trees are described, with full distribution and bionomic notes
on each. It is a book which the naturalist should study in the laboratory and
take with him on his field excursions.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Volume II MAY 1910 Number 2
FUMIGATION STUDIES—II
DOES ORDINARY CONTRACT FUMIGATION PAY?
WRIGHT M. PIERCE
Very little information has ever been published on the cost of fumigation.
The contractor naturally wishes to make the maximum profit, while the
grower must labor to reduce the cost to a minimum. For any well founded
deductions we need complete detailed figures from many sources, and we
are hoping that this paper may arouse enough interest among the growers
to induce them to obtain and send to us.their fumigation accounts in detail.
Our own observations were confined to a few outfits working in the neigh-
borhood of Claremont. Even these limited and variable data make some
facts in the whole matter very evident, the principal being that throughout
the county there appear to be no standards governing either the work or
the cost of it. Three cases are presented herewith, the trees in all cases being
understood as averaging an ordinary medium size, and the fumigation for
black scale.
Outrit A.
This outfit contracted to fumigate 16 acres, using 22 hours of work.
The cost to the fumigator was as follows:
183 pounds of cyanide at .26. ccc
giving a total of $94.14. The grower was charged $158 for the job, leaving
a profit of $63.86 to the fumigator. ‘The tents, in this case, were left over the
trees for forty-five minutes. ‘The formula used was 1-1-3.
176 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
OurFit B.
This contract covered 15 acres, and the grower paid for the materials
separately, the contractor merely doing the work of fumigating. The entire
bill to the grower was:
S20; poundstcyaniderate. 255 seen $134.90
SAO Mpoundsia cide aitye: 07ers 17.40
35 hours service of estimator at .40 . 14.00
WAISK6) (RSES, Wembme, aye LO 114.88
or a total of $281.18.
The actual cost to the fumigator in this case was,
Sho) Inveyaiasy \yyihley myge. someyar ie Ot $52.50
Ha) Imoveras yen IW innehoy aye AO 14.00
or a total cost of $66.50. Subtracting this from the entire amount paid for
the application ($114.88), we have $48.38, the profit to the fumigator. ‘The
tents in this case were left on one hour.
OutFirT C.
In the case under observation this outfit was working on a contract
covering 21 acres. The entire cost was as follows:
SOP sPOUTESHC yall Ce katie eo) meme=e men enmnnen $213.44
ISSOL0) joxorsnaralss exeiial eke LOVE caer 36.00
100 trees, tented, at .065.. = 6:50:
1OSORtreeste tented’ at OSes neuen 158.40
SOS shourswestimeaton wat 40 A020)
or a total of $434.54. The cost to the fumigator was as follows:
5 men for 50% hours at .30
1 man for 50% hours at .45, together... $98.50
Subtracting this from $164.90 gives the actual profit to the fumigator as
$66.60 for his 50% hours’ work. The tents in this case were left over the
trees forty-five minutes. Formula same as in B.
One of the above outfits which used an exposure of but forty-five min-
utes, required 30 to 35 minutes to throw the tents over a row of 35 to 40
trees, giving a rest of 10 to 15 minutes on each row during which time all
were idle, excepting the one man who fills the water tank. In another
outfit, however, where the trees were larger and the rows longer, even though
the tents were left on for one hour, the gang had comparatively no time to
waste. In this latter outfit there were only four men, and they were doing
the work of six or seven in other orchards. These men worked for 30 cents
per hour for ordinary help and 40 cents for foreman, so there was practically
a saving of 60 cents per hour over other outfits, the work being practically
all done by hand, one team serving several outfits for moving, etc.
Since the earliest days of fumigating the ordinary contract in this region
has covered both materials and labor, so that there are many opportunities
for shortcomings on the part of the fumigator, he thereby realizing a greater
profit for his effort. Without the control of fumigating by either the County
or by the Exchanges, the partial contract covering only the labor is by
DOES ORDINARY CONTRACT FUMIGATION PAY? 177
far the most economical for the grower. Under this arrangement the chances
of cutting either the dosages or time of treatment may be practically elimi-
nated. The grower buys his own chemicals, and gives the fumigator so
much per tree for doing the work. In this case the contract should always
provide that the tents be left over the trees at least one hour. ‘Thus the grower,
by keeping account of the materials used, and by comparisons with the number
of his trees, the number of tents and men in the outfit, and the time of
treatment, may judge exactly as to the efficiency of the service he is getting
Outfit A, working as indicated above, after allowing for the cost of
supplies and labor, earned approximately $2.90 for every working hour. This
outfit used unmarked tents.
In both outfits B and C, marked tents were used, and this necessitated
greater care and time, B netting but $1.38 per hour, and C $1.32. Figuring
out the total cost to the grower on ten acres in each case, we have:
Orchard No. 1, where A worked, cost the growev.........$158.00
Orchard No. 2, where B worked, cost the growet......... 187.86
Orchard No. 3, where C worked, cost the growet........... 206.92
In each instance the amount spent for labor was practically the same for
ten acres, so that the extra cost of B and C went for materials rather than
to swell the profits of the fumigator. Another striking fact to note from
these figures is that where the profit was greater to the fumigator in outfit
A, the cost to the grower was less than in the other cases where the chemicals
were carefully measured. It seems almost certain that Outfit A was cutting
not only the time but the dosage, both acts very prejudicial to the interests
of the grower.
The system of marking tents and accurately measuring the dosage cer-
tainly does not lessen the cost to the grower, but it insures honest fumigation,
and a guaging of the dosage that will kill the scale!
It is an exceedingly interesting and important matter now, to compare
these figures, picked up at random in actual practice here in Los Angeles
county, with the figures covering the work of fumigating on one of the largest
and most successful ranches in Southern California, where it is to be supposed
that the work would be done as near actual cost as would be possible. At the
same time, on this ranch, they fumigate for a purpose, and would not
fumigate at all were it not for their confident belief in being able to do
effective work. ‘Three grades of dosage were used, gauged to kill red and
yellow scale, as well as black, and the cost in each case figures out as follows:
For ten acres containing 960 trees, 14 years old
It costs at 7% ozs. to the tree
at 8 ozs. to the tree
at 10 ozs. to the tree
This is more than is usually paid in Los Angeles county for fumigation,
and here we must at the same time pay the necessary margin of profit to
the contractor.
178 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
In this whole matter several salient truths appear:
1. That we have no standards set by the Horticultural Commission or
otherwise, governing such work.
2. That the work we are now getting over the ‘county is very variable
in price and in results.
3. That growers, as a rule, do not know enough about fumigation to
make a contract that efficiently protects their own interests.
4. That we must come finally to fumigation by the Exchanges, or by
solid groups of growers, on the block system, if we cannot have it done by
the county as in San Bernardino. Others never will take the interest in
one’s welfare that he himself would take, and it behooves growers every-
where to take a real and a live interest in this whole matter.
*THE NOCTUIDAE OF CALIFORNIA. I
BY JOHN B. SMITH, SC. D.
KNTOMOLOGIST OF NEW JERSEY EXPERIMENT STATION
The Noctuid fauna of California is very rich, but quite as imperfectly
known as it is wealthy. Few localities have been at all well-collected, none
have been thoroughly collected, and vast ranges of the State are utterly
unknown from this point of view. While there is quite a respectable list
of species described from the State, there are almost no good series in
eastern collections. A few examples are here and there, and some species
have never turned up again since the original types were taken and described.
My own collection is quite as poor in Californian material as any other,
and this series of papers, prepared at the request of Prof. Baker, will be
necessarily more or less incomplete, unless the California collectors help
out. I will be very glad indeed to look over and determine specimens that
may be sent me for that purpose, for the privilege of retaining such examples
as may be needed for my collection and for completing study series.
The family Noctuidae is distinguished from moths of similar appearance
by the venation of the primaries (Fig. 71) or anterior wings. The sub-
median, or vein 1, is furcate or divided at base, veins 3, 4 and 5 are grouped
together out of the end of the median, vein 6 is out of the upper end of
the cell, 7 to 10 are out of the accessory cell which is usually present, and of
these 8 and 9 are usually on a shorter or longer stalk. Vein 11 is out of the
sub-costal and runs to the costal margin before the tip, while vein 12 extends
from the base just below the costa and reaches the margin a little beyond
the middle. It is desirable that the student should become familiar with
this type of venation and Cut 5 of Fig. 71 shows just what it looks
like. Use any common Agrotid, Hadenid or similar species to verify the
figure, and the easiest way to prepare the wing for examination is to rub
off most of the scales with a camels-hair brush, lay on a glass slide, put
on a drop of alcohol to wet thoroughly, then a drop of carbolic acid, full
strength, and cover with another slide or thin cover-glass. That will make
*The present is the first of a large series of most important articles
for publication of which in the Journal we have recently made arrangements.
Mr. Busck will give us a synopsis of the known Microlepidoptera of Cali-
fornia, Mr. Chamberlain of the Myriapoda, Mr. Folsom of the Thysanura, Mr.
Grinnell of the Rhopalocera, Sphingidz, and Pterophoride; Mr. Burr of the
Euplexoptera, Mr. Banks of the Neuropteroid insects, Araneida, Phalangida,
and Pseudoscorpionida, and so on. We shall assist these gentlemen to the
utmost with material, and we hope that other Californian students and col-
lectors will do the same.
180 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
the wing membrane transparent and will bring the veins into sufficient con-
trast to make them easily seen. ‘The veins of the figure are numbered to
correspond with the system in common use by describers of this family, and
they are also given the names used where numbers are not available.
The secondaries, or hind wings (Fig. 71) have two free or internal
veins, vein 8 is out of the sub-costal a little beyond base, and the median
vein is either 3 or 4 branched, depending upon whether 5 is from a short
spur close to 4, or whether it is obsolescent and out of the obscure cross-
vein closing the cell, At the base of the costal margin there is, in the male,
a single spine or spur, the frenulum, which fits into a loop or retinaculum
attached to the costa of primaries, and holds the wings together; in the
female there are three or four weaker bristles, and these are held by crossed
scales on the under-side of the median cell. This gives us a convenient way
of determining sex in this family, the loop of the males or crossed scales
of the females being very readily determinable, as a rule. There are, however,
a few exceptions to this rule; the half a dozen species of Euteliini and
Stictopterini having the frenulum single in the female as well as the male,
but no loop in the female.
On the basis of the difference in vein 5 of the secondaries, the Noctuidze
are divided into two series—theTrifidae in which the vein is nearly or quite
lost and, when traceable, is from the cross-vein, well beyond the end of the
median—and the Quadrifidae in which vein 5 is nearly or quite as strong as the
others and is connected at base by a strong spur with the end of the median.
In another way of putting it, the median vein is 3-branched in the one case,
4-branched in the other. The difference can be readily seen by comparing
any large species of Hadena or Mamestra with a Catocala.
The body of the Noctuids is usually stout and well-developed, very few
species having large or frail wings, and the body vestiture may be hairy or
scaly, the differences furnishing bases for generic distinctions.
The abdomen is quite frequently tufted on the dorsum, and sometimes
along the lateral edges of the segments. It is rarely much longer than the
anal angle of the secondaries, and in the Quadrifidae tends to become cylindri-
conic and smoother.
The thorax usually has a well-developed collar, which may be produced
at the sides or middle, or even projected forward into a distinct hood. ‘The
patagia are usually well-marked and quite usually sufficiently up-lifted to give
the thorax a distinctly squared appearance. On the dorsum the vestiture may
be flat and smooth, formed into a keel-like ridge, produced into anterior or
posterior tufts or both, or there may be a divided crest through the center;
all these furnishing bases for generic divisions.
The head is usually well developed, rarely retracted, and the eyes are
usually round and more or less globose. In this matter there are differences,
however, and in some series reniform or kidney-shaped eyes occur. ‘The
front of the head is usually smooth, slightly convex; but it sometimes becomes
protuberant, bulging, roughened or furnished with processes of various kinds ;
all these modifications being used in systematic work. ‘The antenne are al-
THE NOCTUIDAE OF CALIFORNIA 181
ways well developed, usually simple or sparsely ciliated in the female and
ranging from simple through serrate into bi-pectinate in the male. In the
Deltoid series the males frequently have curious twists, distortions or tuftings
before the middle, which are quite characteristic and useful for specific as well
as generic separation. ‘The labial palpi in the typical series vary little, ex-
tending upward along the front to the vertex. In the quadrifids the terminal
joint tends to elongate and becomes smooth and more slender. In the
Deltoids the palpi become very much elongated, more slender, or clothed
with upright scales on the upper edge, giving a blade-like appearance or
forming a snout. ‘This snout-like appearance (Fig. 71) is sometimes seen
in the other series as well, but in those cases the scaly clothing is usually
directed downward, and a pointed frontal tuft adds to the effect. Only in
Hyblaea, in our fauna, is there any trace of maxillary palpi, and it is a
question whether this should really remain as a Noctuid. The tongue is
usually well developed; but in a few cases it is wholly aborted and in such
instances the head is usually small, retracted, and the palpi are reduced in
size.
In the trifids three series are distinguished on eye characteristics: those
which have the eyes hairy, clothed with short, even pile; those which have them
naked with overhanging ciliz or lashes, and those which have them naked,
without overhanging cilia or lashes. The first of these series is well
defined and there is rarely a question as to whether a species belongs to it
or not. ‘These will be treated here as Mamestrini. The difference between
the lashed and unlashed eyes is less obvious and no tribal or serial division
can be satisfactorily based on this feature.
In a long series of species the middle and hind tibiz (Fig. 71), and often
the anterior pair as well, are furnished with stiff, longer or shorter spines,
sometimes abundantly, sometimes sparsely; but always distinctly when they
are present at all. ‘These spines are different from the normal spurs, a pair
of which occurs at the end of the middle tibiae, while there are two pair at and
near the tip of the hind tibiae. On the fore tibiz there are no spurs com-
paring to those of the middle and hind pairs, but there may be claws or other
corneous processes, and on the inner side there is always an appendage or
epiphysis which covers a depression or excavation.
The term Agrotini has been applied to the series with spinose tibiz and
this is made to include the Heliothid series in which the colors are brighter
and more contrasting, while the armature is much heavier on the fore tibie.
The term Hadeninae has been applied to those forms in which the eyes
are naked and the middle and hind tibiz are not spinose; but this is a mixed
mess and divisible in a number of smaller series based on minor characters
of vestiture, tufting and the like.
Claws or spines at the end or tip of the fore tibiae may occur in any
series, and sometimes there are long, more or less curved claws on the tarsal
joints as well.
On any or all the legs there may be sexual tuftings or other modifica-
tions in the males. ‘These are rare in the trifid series, but common in the
182 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
quadrifids, and reach their maximum development in the Deltoid series where
secondary sexual modifications furnish excellent bases for generic and specific
divisions.
The quadrifids are broken up into a larger number of smaller series,
and some of these contain very few species in our fauna; in California some
are not represented at all.
For convenience, the table given by Sir George F. Hampson, in the
4th Volume of the Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British
Museum is here repeated with a very few changes in the sub-family terms. It
should be understood that I do not consider all these as really sub-families, nor
are the divisions always sharply marked; but for convenience the table is
better than any other that I know and it will work in the vast majority of cases.
1—Maxillary palpi absent; labial palpi developed
Maxillary as well as labial palpi developed
2—Secondaries with vein 5 obsolete or from the cross-vein, well removed
HusOTTUt EAS eee Se ee he a a ee oe eee 3
Secondaries with vein 5 well developed...
S—Miyvey GMS Ole MHLONS [DENIES SNOT AGROTINA
AnD ice M1 OLeIS Pin OS Cuee eee eee ete cant 1 See ne ee etre Reyer te Fee won nem ees 4
4 _Fyes hairy ........ _MAMESTRINA
ives? NOt MAIC yet ee ee ee ee ee 5
5—Eyes with long overhanging ciliz or lashes... CUCULLIIN At
Eyes without overhanging ciliz or lashes. ACRONYCTINA®
6—Hind wing with vein 5 more or less approximated to 4 at base... 7
leismcal yyyseaver yyyaieley Swstiay S) Gone WO) Apt cece eee pce cece rt 15
f—Hieremrilerm Ory hetmedl e: Sinanpy ee ee ee cere 8
Letvaxevangeiliimeay COs siCesinmee mM OY e 9
8—Abdomen with lateral anal pencils of hair EUTELINNA
Abdomen without anal hair pencils; fore-wings with tufts of raised
Sco eseinme cell (eeeeeen ee ween ee OL LCT OR ME RIUN As
o> Retinactilum ‘of male bar-shaped.- ees a ee ll(0)
Retinaculum of male not bar-shaped ..... lll
10—Fore-wing with tufts of raised scales in cell. -SARROTHRIPIN AL
Fore-wing without tufts of raised scales in cell... ACONTIIN At
= Niiddile: stibices SpimoOSes esos ee ee ee ea CATOCALINAL
Vind clilemtibicetem Otis pitOS chee ere ares ee calZ
[REECE Fig gh eer eet ac nee ee ee en, LOMINA®
LEDS Steg Guo} Ma) ae rp Ne ae ate eleanor ero ect enue ere rae OP ENE eos als}
13—Eyes with long, overhanging ciliz or lashes PLUSIIN AX
LENS SST HANS atOrUte. Aeyuteh ube Cen Cog ENS nS sy a eee eee ree 14
14—Vein 5 of secondaries close to lower angle of cell and strong.. KREBIINA%
Vein 5 of secondaries well above angle of cell and rather weak.............
2 ccc iit Soe eee eso re ae Ree Sete SORE ERASTRIIN AL
15—Palpi elongated, sickle-shaped, or laterally compressed with upright
NESUUD UICC. Meee ence eee Nt ot eee eee ea. ee eno HY PENIN A‘
16—Palpi forming a short snout, head small, primaries MarrOW...cccccenne
HYBLAIN At
il.
oe
6.
Y:
THE NOCTUIDAE OF CALIFORNIA 183
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 71.
A Noctuid showing the typical maculation and other descriptive charac-
ters: on body, c, collar; pa, patagium; on primary wing, b, basal line
or half line; bd, basal anh or streak; ¢. a., transverse anterior line;
m, median shade; t. p., transverse posterior line; s. t., sub-terminal line ;
c. m., costal margin; ¢., terminal line; ap., apex; o. m., outer margin;
h. a., hind angle; 7. m., inner margin; cl, claviform; or, orbicular;
rm, reniform; on secondary wing, apex, 0, m., outer margin; a. n., anal
angle; 7. m., inner margin; d. s., discal spot; e. /., exterior line.
Head from front, showing a hairy eye at right; a naked, lashed eye at
left; front smooth, not protuberant.
Head of Nonagria from above, showing location of ocelli; front with a
keel-like process, the lateral edges serrate.
Same structure seen from side.
Venation of a Noctuid; the veins named and numbered as usually referred
in descriptive work; the secondary shows a trifid, in which vein 5 is
weak and from the cross-vein, remote from 4.
Hind wing of a quadrifid, showing vein 5 as strong as the others, and Hee
the same point with 3 and 4 at end of median.
An anterior leg showing tibial epipysis at inner side and a short stout claw
at end of tibia.
Anterior tibia of a Schinia with two inner terminal and 4 outer lateral
claws.
Middle leg with tibia moderately spinose.
10. Hind leg with normal development; no spines, tufts or brushes of any
kind.
184
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 71. Anatomical Details of Noctuidae.
THE SCORPIONS OF CALIFORNIA
NATHAN BANKS
OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The scorpions are readily known from all other arachnids by the presence
of two peculiar characters; the body terminates in a poison sting, and on the
venter, near the base of the abdomen is a pair of appendages (Fig. 80, d), each
bearing a number of lamellae; these are the pectines, or combs. The palpi
are enlarged at tip and chelate, the claw being of three parts; the hand, or
basal portion, and two fingers, one movable, the other fixed. ‘There are three
groups of eyes on the anterior part of the cephalothorax, one median of two
and a lateral group at each anterior corner, of two or three eyes. The last
five segments of the body are much narrower than the others, and form the
cauda, or tail; the last segment is the ‘‘vesicle,”’ and bears the sting. These
caudal segments bear ridges, which are called “keels.” The legs have no
patella between femur and tibia. The mandibles in front consist of a basal
part, or paturon, (Fig. 80, f), and two curved fingers, one fixed and one
movable ; these fingers are usually provided with teeth. Beneath on the venter
is a small triangular or pentagonal area between the posterior coxz; this area
is the sternum.
The poisonous nature of scorpions has been exaggerated by most people;
the commoner forms are no more dangerous than a wasp; one species, Centrurus
exilicauda, which occurs in western Mexico and up into the southern part of
California, is considered by some to be more poisonous than other species;
however, there is little evidence, as yet, on this matter.
The species so far known to occur in California are distinguished in the
following table:
1. Between tarsus and metatarsus is a single spur (on anterior side) ;
sternum pentagonal; cephalothorax deeply emarginate in front ; cauda
very small; fingers shorter than hand; pectines rarely more than 12 in
NCA TNL Oe a ae er ge ee ee 2
Between tarsus and metatarsus are a pair of spurs, one in front, one
pe Lutter cee te eh A LE agp ee eee ee ene 3
2. No tooth below sting; hand tele? than broad; pectines not more than
Sevietl a3 ~Opisthacanthus lepturus.
A tooth below. sting; hand as broad as s long; pectines about 10; sur-
face of cephalothorax finely granulate... .Diplocentrus keyserlingt.
3. Sternum long, triangular, with converging sides ; immovable finger of
MANGO les MtnPlOW.en tOOUN Ee: nee ee ee ee 11
Sternum short, pentagonal; immovable finger of mandibles without
lower tooth; no tooth below the sting
4. With but two lateral eyes; stigmata oval; with about 7 pectines ; hand
very broad; small, short Spectes ici. icstecneecnce tececentoeer Broteochactas allenit.
With three lateral eyes; stigmata more elongate, usually slit-like... 5
186
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
A large tooth on lower edge of movable finger of mandibles; long
hairs on legs and pedipalpi; about 30 pectines, or more; last dorsal
segment without distinct keels; all caudal segments with keels below ;
fingers of hand longer than hand (Fig. 81, F D)... Hadrurus hirsutus.
No such tooth on movable finger of mandibles; less hairy forms; last
dorsal segment more or less distinctly keeled. cceccccceeeeeeeteettenneenee 6
Middle lamelle of pectines broken up into many small subequal
sclerites ; usually at least 15 pectines; colors rather pale. 8
Middle lamelle of pectines not broken up; pectines rarely more than
lO Sore l2Mcolotsieveny cc ar kee ee Sess ee aera eee ean,
Figure 80. Anatomical details of a Scorpion.
Movable finger of mandible with at least 5 small teeth; stigmata
rather short; fourth segment of cauda keeled below; about 10 or 12
pectines ; sting of male normal. (Fig. 81, E) ccc Uroctonus mordax.
Movable finger of mandibles with not more than three small teeth;
stigmata very slender; fourth segment of cauda without keels below ;
about 7 pectines; sting of male swollen near base. (Fig. 81, H)..........
PE Sateen se BO Ate ae ee Anuroctonus phaiodactylus.
THE SCORPIONS OF CALIFORNIA 187
8. Hand with distinct ridges or keels, more or less granulate; on under
side of second caudal segment the median keels are more or less dis-
FERTA Came eee eee rae Pe, Ses rete eB re ee te eee 9
Hand without keels, smooth and rounded ; under side of second caudal
segment without keels, but indicated by black lines.......Vejovis spinigerus.
9. The median keels on cauda are strong and granulate, also on last seg-
ment of abdomen below;; fingers but little longer than hand; cephalo-
thorax in front of eyes granulate ; the vesicle of male is densely long-
framed se WCE Slee) sce ca eee eee Vejovis hirsuticauda.
The median keels on cauda are weak and not granulate; vesicle of
malemotsdenselymlons=haimed) tee oe eee ke 10
Figure 81. A, stimg of Centrurus californicus; B, claw of same; C, claw of C, exilicauda;
D, sting of same; E, claw of Uroctonus mordax; F, claw of Hadrurus hirsutus;
G, sting of same; H, sting of Anuroctonus phaiodactylus; I, tarsus
of Hadrurus hirsutus; J, sting of Vejovis hirsuticauda.
10. Hand much longer than broad; fingers plainly longer than the hand;
cephalothorax in front of eyes not granulate... Vejovts punctipalpt.
Hand nearly as broad as long; fingers barely longer than hand;
cephalothorax in front of eyes gramtlate ccc ejovis boreus.
11. The rows of small teeth on the fingers of the claw are flanked by rows
Olusimilantecth about lG to: 25 pectines= == = ee ee 13
The rows of small teeth on the fingers of the claw are not flanked
by rows of teeth, but sometimes these rows OVETIAP....ccccocececeecneneeneenene 2
188 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
12. ‘The rows of teeth overlap; fingers one and a half times longer than
hand; no tooth under the sting; body mostly unicolorous....0.... cc
See NS ste eS eee Tityus tenuimanus.
The rows of teeth do not overlap; fingers twice as long as hand; a
tooth under the sting; body and legs more or less maculate; cauda of
malesespecialliya lor ge eeeee neater eee ee ee Isometrus maculatus.
13. A distinct tooth below sting; fingers but one-fourth longer than hand;
median keel of the fifth caudal segment reaching to tip. (Fig.
Sts AE) fear ea ee a ree ee Centrurus californicus.
No distinct tooth below sting; fingers one-half longer than hand;
median keel of fifth caudal segment lost in the general granulation ;
Calida more slendenms | (@bice Sle) Cy 1D) pees Centrurus exilicauda.
Opisthacanthus lepturus Pal de Beauy
This is a large, very dark-colored species, with very large claws, and a
very small tail; it occurs in the American tropics, and has been taken from the
islands off the Californian coast.
Diplocentrus keyserlingi Karsch
This is a Mexican species of which there are specimens in the Marx
collection labelled ‘California.’ It is nearly black. ‘There is another Mexi-
can species closely similar in appearance, but with the cephalothorax smooth,
not granulate; it is D. whitei Gerv., and may possibly be taken in California.
Broteochactas allenii Wood
This is a small and short species, with large hand and very short fingers;
it was described from Baja California, but I have seen specimens from Ft.
Tejon, Calif.
Hadrurus hirsutus Wood
This is our largest species of scorpion; it is reddish yellow, or brownish,
and unmarked; the legs and palpi are noticeably long-haired. Specimens have
been seen from Indio, Tulare County, Salton, San Bernardino County, the
Mohave Desert, and Palm Springs.
Uroctonus mordax Thorell
This is a very dark-colored species, with large claws, apparently rather
common in central and northern California; specimens are from Lakeside,
Lake Chabot, San Francisco, Fresno County, Sausalito, Camp Meeker, Sonoma
County, Napa County, and Santa Rosa Island.
Anuroctonus phaiodactylus Wood
This is rather larger than the last species, of a red-brown color, rather
hairy, and peculiar on account of the swollen sting in the male. Specimens
are from Witch Creek, and Cuyamaca Mountains, both in San Diego County,
from the Mohave Desert, and Claremont.
THE SCORPIONS OF CALIFORNIA 189
Vejovis punctipalpi Wood
A reddish brown species, with strongly ridged claw. Specimens from
San Bernardino County, Death Valley, Santa Margarita Island, and San Diego
County. .
Vejovis boreus Girard
This species is smaller than the last, and of more northern distribu-
tion, occurring in Washington, Idaho and Montana, but I have seen speci-
mens labelled “California.”
Vejovis spinigerus Wood
This species is easily known by the smooth tail striped with black. Speci-
mens are marked “California.”
Vejovis hirsuticauda Banks n. sp.
Reddish brown. Densely acutely granulate almost all over; granulate in
front of eyes; four complete granulate keels on dorsum of last abdominal
segment; the submedian keels below complete and widely separated; cauda
slender, strongly keeled; beneath, the submedian keels are strong and granu-
late; the fifth segment is extremely long, one and_ three-fourths
times as long as the fourth segment, keels strong to tip; the
vesicle is very slender, and bears many very long hairs beneath, almost form-
ing a brush; the sting is only slightly curved; there are 15 pectines; the
pedipalpi are rather short, the hand a little longer than. broad, with strong,
granulate keels; fingers rather shorter than hand. Length 1% inch. From
San Bernardino County, California.
Isometrus maculatus Linne
This species occurs all through the tropics, and I have seen specimens
from Santa Barbara and Santa Catalina Islands. It is a slender species with
long tail, and more or less maculate with dark brown.
Tityus tenuimanus Banks n. sp.
This species has been taken at Buena Vista Lake. It is yellowish brown
in color. The pedipalpi are slender, the hand but weakly keeled
and not granulate, the fingers fully one and a half times longer than
hand, the eye-tubercle is broad, and the eyes large; from the tubercle
is a row of granules each side to front margin, and on_ sides
a row, indented behind and connected to opposite row near posterior edge
of cephalothorax; the lateral ridges on first two segments are connected in
front, the last segment has five rows of granules, the median not reaching
behind, beneath the outer ridges are short; the tail is rather stout, the fifth
segment with prominent serrate lower edges; no tooth below sting. Length
2 inches.
190 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Centrurus californicus Wood
This is a quite strongly granulate species, often showing two dark stripes
on the body. It has been taken at Lake Tule, and in Lake County.
Centrurus exilicauda Wood
This species is similar to the last, but more slender in all its parts, espe-
cially the palpi and tail. It is fairly common in Lower California, and has
been taken near San Diego.
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO
CHARLES W. METZ
Recently, when looking over a lot of Colletes from Mexico, in an effort
to identify them, I was struck by the confusion in which the Mexican species
of this genus have been thrown by the descriptions of the early writers. A
large number, if not most of the known Mexican Colletes, were described by
Mr. Frederick Smith from specimens in the British Museum, and described
so briefly and superficially that it is impossible to identify the species without
access to the types. The only way in which these species can be straightened
out now is by new descriptions, and it is with the hope of forming a basis
for this that the present paper is prepared.
Only twelve species have been included here, but as eleven was the total
number given by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in his catalogue of the Mexican
Apide in 1899, I presume that these twelve include a good portion of the
known species, besides several that are undoubtedly new.
Since the male genitalia furnish the best specific characters available in
this genus, I have figured them for each species of which I have males. As |
can be seen by the figures it takes only a glance to distinguish species in
this way, and what is more, a few sentences will suffice to describe them
so that anyone can determine specimens from the descriptions. On working
out the genitalia I have followed the example of Mr. Myron H. Swenk, in
his admirable paper on, ‘Specific Characters in the Bee Genus Colletes.”
There are several sets of characters used in the earlier descriptions that
seem to me to be the cause of much of the confusion which now exists.
The coloration of the nervures in the wings, the color of the antennz (whether
or not lighter underneath), and even the color of the pubescence when it
is pale, is very variable in many cases and should never be used to distinguish
species, except in the case of the pubescence when the difference is very
marked. ‘The exact length of the insect is another feature that varies greatly
in individuals of the same species and sex. All of these characters have
been included in the present paper in order that the descriptions may be
complete, but they are used, as supplementary, rather than as diagnostic
characters.
It is not the expectation of the writer that all of the species herein
described will prove new, but that each description will be as complete a
one as possible of that species. For example, C. dilatata strongly resembles
the description of C. nautlanus Ckll.; but as the male of C. nautlanus is un-
known, I am describing both sexes under the name C. dilatata, and if they
prove to be C. nautlanus, then so much the better for that incompletely
described species.
192 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The specimens in this lot were collected near Gaudalajara, Mexico, dur-
ing July, August, and September, 1909, by Messrs. Crawford and McConnell.
Colletes recurvata n. sp.
FrmaLte—Black. Length 11 mm. Head a trifle broader than long.
Face clothed with rather short, white, or pale yellowish, pubescence, mixed
with black on vertex. Eyes converging at base. Clypeus nearly nude, convex,
depressed in a median groove; covered with long shallow punctures, forming
longitudinal striz; truncate at end. Supra-clypeal area sparsely punctured.
Malar space very short, not over one-sixth as long as broad. Vertex quite
closely punctured with punctures of two sizes, differing from even puncturation
of face. Antenne short, black; scape slightly punctured.
Thorax—Covered in front and on sides with short, dark ochraceous hairs,
sometimes thickly, but more often sparsely mixed with black on mesothorax,
and sides of scutellum. Mesothorax covered with large round punctures, quite
close together in front, becoming more sparse as they approach the rather
large, almost impunctate disk. Scutellum with large, sparse punctures over
entire surface. Postscutellum thickly covered with large shallow punctures,
giving a rugose appearance. Metathorax covered with long, dense, pale yel-
lowish pubescence on sides, noticeably lighter, and finer than that of scutel-
lum. Superior face of metathorax normal, with the usual dozen or more
shining pits; posterior face with enclosure funnel shaped, shining, and smooth
except for a few transverse ridges, which are not very noticeable. Enclosure
broad, only 2-214 times as long as wide at top. Lateral faces with very
large, shallow, rectangular, pit-like punctures, forming rugz. Mesopleura
densely punctured, with large round punctures; clothed with rather sparse
ochraceous pubescence, becoming white underneath.
Abdomen—Rather long, convex, suboval, rather pointed at apex. Apical
margins of segments with fasciz of short, sparse, white hair. A few longer
black hairs on last two or three segments, often with ferruginous on venter.
All segments thickly and finely punctured; these punctures on first segment
a little larger and slightly more scattered than on others. Apex of first
segment depressed.
Wings—Sub-hyaline, nervures almost black, stigma same. Tegule very
dark, not noticeably punctured.
Legs—Entirely dark; posterior femora clothed with long, silky, golden
pubescence ; tibee with shorter, lighter, denser pubescence. ‘Tibial spurs golden
brown, not pectinate, but microscopically ciliate. First tarsal joint about three
times as long as wide (Fig. 72 D.), much golden hair on inner side. Apical
tufts of all tarsi golden. Claws reddish, medially toothed.
Marr—General appearance similar to female, but a little smaller, more
slender, more densely haired, and with an abundance of white hair on under
parts of head, and lower sides of thorax.
Head—Densely clothed with long pubescence on face. No black hair on
vertex. The change from strong, close punctures of face to the mixed
punctures of vertex very abrupt. Antenne longer than in female, but still
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 193
rather short. Third joint longer than fourth, equals fifth. All joints of
flagellum except fourth a little longer than wide. Malar space longer than in
female, about one-fourth to one-third as long as wide.
Thorax—More densely haired, pubescence longer, no black hairs. Im-
punctate disk lacking, although punctures are slightly separated on a small
area of the apex of the mesothorax. Scutellum and post-scutellum as in female.
Metathorax with lateral posterior faces smooth, and finely sparsely punctured,
instead of being rugose.
Abdomen—Similiar to female. Punctures larger and less dense; more
white hair on first segment. :
Wings—Nervures and stigma not so dark as in female.
Figure 72. Colletes recurvata.
Legs—Pubescence on posterior femora sparse, white; on femora of other
legs very long and dense; in distinct contrast to pubescence of thorax. First
joint of hind tarsi short, the apex exceedingly wide, almost equal to length,
and inner margin curving in abruptly to a narrow base (Fig. 72 C.). First
joint of tarsi of other legs long, four or more times. breadth. Claws apically
cleft.
Genitalia (Fig. 72)—Stipes notched, apical part ‘of medium length,
slightly curved inward; long hairs at apex. Sagittal rods slender, slightly
curved outward; membranous wings at apices quite long, recurved. Volsella
prominent. Seventh ventral plate with two wings; each quite broad, with
broad, rounded, shallow emargination at apex. Almost the entire surface of
each wing is covered with rather long, spiny hairs; although the apex and
194 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
central portion are more sparsely haired. A tuft of very long hairs projects
outward from base of the hairy portion of each wing.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico. Described from eight specimens.
Colletes dilatata n. sp.
FremaALE—Length 9-10 mm. Stout, black with griseous pubescence. Head
broader than long, eyes converging below. ace sparsely covered with
griseous pubescence, sometimes nearly nude; thickly covered with medium
sized punctures. Clypeus broad, convex, shiny, with large, long, shallow
punctures, forming longitudinal striz, depressed into a median sulcus in mid-
dle, truncate at apex. Mandibles dark, reddish at tips. Malar space very
short, about one-eighth as long as broad. Supra-clypeal area smooth except
for a few fine punctures around margin. Antenne black, sometimes brown
beneath. Vertex shining, smooth except between ocelli, where it is finely
punctured. Hair on vertex almost entirely black. Hair on under side of
head white, not dense; that on mouth parts, golden yellow.
Thorax—Stout, rather shiny. Mesothorax covered anteriorly and on
sides with short griseous pubescence, covered with large, round punctures,
more crowded anteriorly, entirely lacking on a large disk. Apical margin
with a narrow band of small punctures. Scutellum, covered on sides with
tufts of longer hair, the black quite conspicuous and mostly inside of the
patch of white. Anteriorly smooth and shiny, the sides and posterior half
with a few very large, round punctures. Postscutellum—sparsely pubescent,
almost nude, closely punctured, rugose. Superior face of metathorax nor-
mal, with ten or twelve rectangular pits. The posterior face has the enclosure
funnel shaped, the neck rather narrow, the bowl divided by a number of ridges
forming more or less noticeable pits joining those of the superior face. Lateral
areas of posterior face closely punctured with large shallow punctures, the
sides with rather long pubescence, mostly light colored. ‘The mesopleura
are shiny, with large round punctures, and a few very small ones between;
pubescence sparse, long and white. Prothoracic spine, long and sharp. Wings
hyaline; nervures and stigma dark; tegulz, black.
Abdomen—Stout, shiny, wide at base, suddenly narrowed at apex; first
segment almost smooth anteriorly, becoming finely, densely punctured to-
ward apex; remaining segments finely, closely punctured. Abdomen prac-
tically nude except for the sparse white pubescence on the anterior part of
first segment, and the white fasciz on the apex of segments one to five.
The first fascia is quite narrow; the rest rather broad. On the fourth and
fifth segments are a few spiny black hairs, becoming yellowish on the sixth.
Pubescence on under side of abdomen rather dense, and of an ochraceous color,
except for the faint, lighter colored fasciz.
Legs—Stout, dull black; first tarsal joint stout, about two and one-half
to three times as long as broad. Pubescence on inner side of hind femora long,
white and silky, that on outside shorter. ‘Tibial scopa white and dense.
The apices of inner tarsi clothed with golden hairs. The tibial spurs are
long, and yellowish; the inner ones finely pectinate. Claws light, medially
toothed.
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 195
Mace—Similar to female, but smaller; no black hairs on thorax. The
male is easily distinguished by the last joint of the antenna, which is greatly
dilated and flattened. Head—Similar to female but face covered with long
white pubescence. Malar space about one-third as long as broad. Antenne
long; flagellum, black above, light brown beneath, except last joint which is
entirely black. The last joint is about twice as long as the others, and about
two-thirds as wide as long. Joint three is shorter than four; four equal to
five; all beyond three twice as long as broad, except last. The vertex of
the head is finely double-punctured. Under part of head covered with dense,
long, white pubescence.
Figure 73. Colletes dilatata.
Thorax—Similar to female, but more densely pubescent, no black hairs.
The scutellum is similar to the female, but besides being punctured the sur-
face is roughened by minute wavy lines. The metathorax is similar to that
of the female, but bowl of enclosure not so noticeably divided into pits.
Abdomen—Same as in female, except for a little denser pubescence, and
slightly less dense puncturation. Underneath, the abdomen is covered with
more, and longer hair, than in the female; the fasciz on under part being very
dense and long.
Legs—Similar to female, but hind femora not densely haired; hind tibiz
with tuft-like fringe of very long, white, silky hair on posterior edge; tarsal
joints sparsely haired; first joint much narrower than in female, being from
one-third to one-fifth as wide as long, and slightly broader at apex.
Male genitalia (Fig. 73, A)—Stipes notched, third joint short, stout,
thickly haired; second joint also thickly haired, on inner side. Sagittal rods
long, rather stout, medially expanded; membranous wings broad and recurved
196 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
at apex. Volsella quite prominent. Seventh ventral plate fan shaped; each
wing with a broad, rounded emargination at apex, densely haired in a V
shape, extending along the margins; but almost no hair in the apical median
space. No tufts of hair anywhere.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico. Described from three males and
fifteen females.
Colletes lineata n. sp.
Mare—Length 10 mm. Black, rather slender; pubescence, brownish.
Head—A little broader than long, eyes converging below, but margin almost
straight. Face densely clothed with rather dense and long ochraceous
pubescence, noticeably darker on clypeus and base of antennze. Clypeus convex,
thickly punctured, but not striate, except a portion near margin; punctures
smaller and closer medially. Malar space one-fourth to one-fifth as long
as broad. Tips of mandibles reddish. Face punctured; vertex very thickly
so. Antenne solid black; scape short with dark ochraceous hairs; third joint
shorter, broader, and more densely covered with minute black pubescence than
other joints of flagellum; remaining joints about twice as long as broad.
Hair on under side of head long, dense, same color as the lighter part of
facial pubescence.
Thorax—Dull, covered with rather short brownish hair, except on sides of
metathorax, where it is long and light. Mesothorax covered with rather large
round punctures, thicker anteriorly, sparse on medium sized disk. Scutel-
lum with larger punctures, well separated in front, thicker on posterior half.
Postscutellum rugose. Superior face of metathorax shining, with a number
of rather narrow pits. Posterior face shining, enclosure funnel shaped; neck
rather narrow, about twice as long as wide at base; lateral faces with very
large, pit-like, shallow punctures, forming rugz, or irregular widely separated
ridges. Mesopleura densely punctured; hair beneath tegule same color as on
thorax, becoming longer and lighter beneath. Tegule black. Wings hyaline,
nervures brownish.
Abdomen—Ovoid, not very shiny; pale, usually white fasciz on all seg-
ments except last. All segments densely finely punctured except first, which
has fewer. First segment with pale brownish hairs, more dense anteriorly
and laterally. Hair underneath sparse and dark, except for continuation of
fasciz.
Legs—Black; pubescence on posterior femora long, whitish, darker and
shorter above; that on tibiz shorter, denser and lighter. ‘Tibial spurs golden
yellow. First tarsal joint long, four or five times as long as broad; apical
hairs on tarsi slightly golden. Claws reddish, apically cleft. First tarsal joint
on anterior and middle legs narrower than on posterior legs.
Genitalia (Fig. 74)—Stipes notched, apex long and slender, curved slightly
inward, apical half with long hairs. Sagittee long, broad at base; apical half
narrowed, and elbowed in middle, the ends pointing outward. The mem-
branous wing of each saggita reaches the entire length of the narrow half.
Volsella medium sized. Seventh ventral plate—Two long wings, each with
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 197
a short outward projection and dense patch of long hair at base; in front
of this is a patch of short heavy spines. A line of spiny hairs extends from
near this patch diagonally inward across the wing. ‘The apical half of the
wing is covered with sparse hairs, longer on interior apical margin. No
emargination at apical edge of wing.
Type specimen one male. Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
Colletes volsellata n. sp.
Marr—Length 9 mm. Head broader than long; eyes converging below.
Face including clypeus densely covered with long. ochraceous pubescence.
Clypeus convex, not very shiny; punctures shallow, forming faint striz. Face
Figure 74. Colletes lineata.
finely punctured. Vertex almost nude, and coarsely punctured. Malar space
about one-fourth as long as broad. Mandibles red tipped. Under part of
head with white beard. Antenne entirely dark; scape punctured; joint three
not much over half as long as four; four and remainder about one and one-
half times as long as broad.
Thorax—Black, shiny, covered with light ferruginous hair, long on sides
and on scutellum. Mesothorax with large, round, sparse punctures, crowded
anteriorly, almost entirely wanting on large disk. Scutellum with very large
round punctures on posterior half, the anterior part smooth and shiny; pos-
terior and lateral margins with fringe of long hair. Postscutellum rugose.
Superior face of metathorax with the usual rectangular pits rather broad; long,
light hair on the sides. Enclosure shining, broadly funnel shaped, almost
triangular. Lateral spaces sparsely, finely punctured, and shining. Mesopleura
198 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
closely punctured with large round punctures, smaller anteriorly; colored
hair of dorsal surface gradually becoming white beneath. Prothoracic spine
prominent, sharp. Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma light, almost yellow.
Tegule brown in center, yellowish on edges.
Abdomen—Rather slender, black, not shining, finely, densely punctured,
first segment less densely so. Apices of segments with broad, yellowish fasciz.
Apical margins of segments one and two depressed.
Legs—Dark brown or black, except tarsi, which incline toward yellowish
brown. Posterior femora with long white floccus. ‘Tibiz with short sparse,
white to golden, pubescence. ‘Tibial spurs yellow, finely serrate. First joint
of posterior tarsi long, four times as long as broad; rest of joints long also.
Claws yellow to brown, apically cleft.
Figure 75. Colletes volsellata.
Genitalia (Fig. 75)—Stipes notched; apex rather short but slender; this
and central part densely covered with long, fine hair. Sagittal rods long,
slender, curved outward. Membranous wings large, rounded, extending almost
to base. Volsella, exceedingly large and conspicuous. Seventh ventral plate
short and broad; each wing narrow and nude at base, apically expanding
broadly; the inner and outer margins with patches of hair, the inner patch
coarser and more spiny. ‘The apical portion between the hair patches is almost
transparent, but the basal portion is darkened.
Type locality, Guadalajara, Mexico. Described from two males.
Colletes guadalajarensis n. sp.
Marr—Length 7 mm. Black, with white or pale yellowish pubescence.
Head broader than long; eyes prominent, converging below, inner margin
concave. Face with long, white, sparse plumose hairs. Clypeus with broad
shallow punctures, larger, forming striae, near end; truncate at end. Mandibles
black, red at tips, blunt, very slightly toothed. Supraclypeal area with small
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 199
round, well separated punctures. Face similarly but more closely punctured.
Vertex with larger punctures, and very sparse ochraceous hair. Top of head
nearly smooth, and nude. Antenne black; joint three two-thirds as long
as four; joint four and the remainder a little longer than broad. Scape slightly
punctured. Malar space very short, not much more than a line at base of
mandible. ‘The under part of head clothed with fine white pubescence.
Thorax—Shiny ; hair rather short and tinged with ochre on mesothorax ;
on the sides and on metathorax it is longer, lighter, more branched but not
plumose. Mesothorax with large round, well separated punctures, thicker
anteriorly, laterally and along posterior margin; a very few on the shining
disk. Scutellum shining, covered with very large round punctures, more
crowded along posterior margin. Postscutellum narrow, with large shallow
round punctures giving a rugulose appearance. Superior face of metathorax
Wy yy
WWE
Wak ly; Wig
WL
vif
, Wiggs?
Figure 76. Colletes guadalajarensis.
with the usual shining pits. Enclosure funnel shaped, bowl broad, but
lower part narrow. Lateral faces shining, rough, with a few medium sized
round punctures. Sides with long white pubescence. Prothoracic spine very
short but pointed. Mesopleura double punctured, with very large round
punctures, quite close together, but with very minute punctures between;
pubescence sparse, long, white. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma brown.
Tegule shining, dark brown to black.
Abdomen—Shining black, with very few fine punctures on first segment,
but more on the rest, nowhere thickly punctured, however. White pubescent
fascia on apices of segments one to five. First segment with a few long white
hairs.
Legs—Black to dark brown; tarsi lighter, becoming reddish brown on
apical tarsal joints. Hair on posterior femora long, white, plumose ; that on tibiz
200 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
white and spiny. Apices of tarsal joints with yellow, spiny hairs. Tibial spurs
long, dark yellow. Claws ferruginous to yellow, apically cleft. First joint
of hind tarsi rectangular, about four times as long as broad.
Genitalia—(Fig. 76.). Stipes stout, notched; apex very short and blunt,
covered with tuft of long hair. Inner margin of middle portion with few
long hairs. Sagittal rods long, extending one-fourth of their length beyond
the stipites. Membranous wing extending back to near the end of the volsella.
Volsella very large and prominent. Seventh ventral plate very small and
broad; each wing extending diagonally outward, instead of straight forward.
Entire anterior portion haired. On the inner margin of the basal portion is
a sort of ridge, crowned with a row of long, curved spines.
This species may be found to be near C. prosopidis Ckll., or some allied
species. The very short malar space would indicate that it is not C. prosopidis,
however.
Type locality, Guadalajara, Mexico. Described from two males.
Colletes moctezumensis n. sp.
Mare—Length 8 mm. Head broader than long; eyes converging below.
Face and under side of head covered with long white pubescence, in contrast
with ochraceous of thorax. Clypeus black, convex, striate punctate, with
shallow punctures, and faint median sulcus. Supra-clypeal area similarly punc-
tured. Apex of clypeus truncate, depressed. Face finely punctured; vertex
coarsely so with close round punctures. Hair on vertex sparse, yellowish.
Malar space longer than wide. Mandibles dark, reddish at tips. Antenne long,
black; flagellum reddish brown beneath; scape punctured; joint three long
as four; four and remainder one-third longer than broad.
Thorax—Black, clothed with dark ochraceous to ferruginous pubescence,
longer and thicker on sides and on outer margin of scutellum; paler on
metathorax. Mesothorax distinctly but not thickly punctured with medium
sized, round punctures almost lacking on the disk. Posterior two-thirds of
scutellum with large round punctures, quite close together; anterior part
smooth but not shining; posterior and lateral margins with long hair, nearly
covering scutellum. Postscutellum rugulose; the rugz of anterior part pit
like. Superior face of metathorax with usual shining pits. Enclosure of
posterior face broadly funnel shaped, shining; lateral faces surrounding it
shining, with broad shallow punctures forming rugze. Prothoracic spine short,
sharp. Mesopleura coarsely punctured, covered with long white hair, contrast-
ing with colored hair of thorax. Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma yellow-
ish. ‘Tegule brown, with yellow edges.
Abdomen—Shining, densely punctured, with small round punctures,
slightly farther apart on first segment. Anterior part of first segment with a
few long white hairs. All segments have broad, thick, yellowish, fasciz, ex-
cept last. The last three segments have a few white spiny hairs.
Legs—Dark brown to black. Posterior femora with long, silvery white
floccus. Hair on posterior tibize similar. First joint of hind tarsi four to five
times as long as broad. ‘Tarsi lighter than other joints. Claws apically cleft.
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 201
Genitalia—(Fig. 77.). Stipes notched, quite robust, except apical part
which is long and slender, and covered with long hairs. Central part with
tuft of five hairs on inner margin. Sagittal rods long, slender, curved out-
ward; wings extending about half way down. Volsella quite large and prom-
inent. Seventh ventral plate consisting of two long, slender wings, pointed
at inner apex; each with triangular patch of bristle-like hairs near apex. From
each wing extends a transparent membrane, about as large as the wing itself,
back toward the base. It is possible that this membrane is not always present,
but in the specimen I have mounted the membranes are firmly attached near
the tips of the two wings.
Type locality—Moctezuma, Mexico. Described from one male.
Figure 77. Colletes moctezumensis.
Colletes macconnelli n. sp.
Marte—Length 8 mm. Head broader than long; eyes converging below.
Face clothed with long, white to faint yellowish, pubescence. Clypeus black,
shiny, convex, striate punctate, striae becoming more pronounced toward apex;
end truncate, depressed. Supra-clypeal area also striate punctate. Malar space
as long as broad. Entire face and vertex thickly punctured; the punctures on
vertex much larger. Hair on vertex sparse, yellowish. Antenne entirely
dark brown to black; scape punctured; joint three two-thirds as long as
four; four and the remainder about the same size; each a little longer than
broad. Under part of head clothed with long white hair.
Thorax—Black, not very shiny; covered with fluffy yellowish to brownish
pubescence, varying with the individual; hair on sides in front lighter, be-
coming darker on mesothorax, and rich brown on the scutellum, in some speci-
mens. Mesothorax with medium sized round punctures well separated ; thicker
202 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
anteriorly, but very sparse on a good sized disk. Scutellum with large, round
punctures quite close together, except on a narrow space along anterior margin.
Along posterior and lateral margins is a dense growth of long, brownish hair
which is quite noticeable. Postscutellum rugosely punctured over entire surface.
Superior face of metathorax normal, shining, with the usual large narrow
pits, some of which are divided by one or two cross ridges. Enclosure funnel
shape, quite broad. Mesopleura with large round, well separated punctures,
becoming more dense on dorsal part, covered with sparse white pubescence, in
contrast with the yellowish of the upper parts. Prothoracic spine sharp.
Wings hyaline; nervures and stigma light brown. Tegmina testaceous.
Figure 78. Colletes macconnelli.
Abdomen—Rather slender, black, densely punctured; punctures on an-
terior part of first segment slightly farther apart than the others. All seg-
ments with white fasciz. First segment with a few yellowish white hairs on
anterior portion. Last two or three segments with a few spiny golden hairs.
Ventral surface sparsely haired; the hair on facia much longer at sides than
in middle.
Legs—Black; posterior femora with sparse, long white hair; remainder
with short, sparse, white hair, becoming yellowish on tarsi. Tibial spurs long,
lemon yellow, coarsely serrate. First joint of hind tarsi same width throughout,
about four times as long as broad. Remaining joints short and broad Claws
yellow, apically cleft.
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 203
Genitalia (Fig. 78)—Stipes notched; apex long, slender; this and inner
margin of central portion with long hairs. Sagittal rods long, slender, bent
at center, curving outward; expanded at base. Wings membranous, not large.
Volsella large and prominent. Seventh ventral plate-wings very long and
narrow ; with a dense patch of spiny hairs extending nearly full length of each.
Remaining portions nude.
Described from three males.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
Colletes delicata n. sp.
Mare—Length 8 mm. Very similar to C. macconnelli in general appear-
ance, but is shiny, has very short malar space, no punctures on abdomen, and
has very different genitalia. Head slightly broader than long; eyes con-
Figure 79. Colletes delicata.
verging below. Face covered with long white or yellowish pubescence, vary-
ing with individuals. Clypeus striate punctate with median sulcus, truncate
and depressed at end. Mandibles brownish red at ends. Puncturation of
head similar to that of C. macconnelli, except that space on sides back of ocelli
is practically impunctate. Malar space short, about one-sixth as long as broad.
Antennae similar to C. macconnelli, but joint three longer than four, and four
much shorter than five. Thorax similar to C. macconnelli, except as follows:
Punctures on mesothorax more sparse; none of the pits on superior face of
metathorax divided ; lateral spaces bounding enclosure of metathorax sparsely
204 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
punctured instead of rugose; tegulae dark brown; surface of thorax shining.
Abdomen also similar to C. macconnelli, but is very shiny, lacks punctures,
or only has very sparse fine punctures; has black hairs on apical segments in-
stead of golden. Legs similar to C. macconnelli, but first joint of hind tarsi
shorter and broader, being about two and one-half to three times as long as
broad.
Genitalia (Fig. 79)—Stipes notched; apical part short and blunt; this
and inner margin of middle part covered with rather short hairs. Sagitta long,
but stout; tip curved out; wing short. Seventh ventral plate small delicate ;
each wing expanded into a broad lobe at base. The almost transparent and
practically hairless forepart of the wing is long and narrow, and has a dark-
ened portion along the outer edge. On the outer part of the basal lobe there
is a large patch of hair; while on the inner part is an erect knob-like protuber-
ance covered with hair.
The coloration of the hair of this species is very variable, running from
pale yellow in some to rich brown in others.
Described from five males.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
Colletes subdilatata n. sp.
FrEMALE—Resembles in general appearance the female of C. dilatata, but
differs as follows: Malar space shorter, being a mere line. Mesothorax
with much smaller punctures, and no impunctate disk; the punctures being
over entire surface. The black hair of the mesothorax much less noticeable ;
the light hair ochraceous instead of white. Punctures on scutellum very much
smaller, and much more numerous, covering practically the whole surface.
Mesopleura with smaller punctures, sparse above, forming striae in center.
First abdominal segment punctured all over, instead of merely at apex. First
joint of posterior tarsi much stouter, shorter, and broader, being less than
twice as long as broad. With the exception of the floccus the hair on the
posterior femora and tibize is dark, noticeably different from C. dilatata. It
is quite possible that this may prove to be the female of C. delicata, or C. mac-
connelli, as it resembles both, but I have provisionally separated it. It has the
punctured abdomen of C. macconnelli, but lacks even a moderately long malar
space. The puncturation of the thorax also resembles that of C. macconnelli,
but that of the head is like C. delicata.
One specimen which I have has almost no punctures on the first abdomi-
nal segment, and fewer on the other segments, but as it is identical in other
respects, | consider it a form of this species.
Described from three females.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
Colletes capitata n. sp.
FremarE—Length about 16 mm. Anterior wing 12 mm. Body rather
slender; head, thorax and wings pale ferruginous; abdomen dull black with
white fasciae; no black hairs on thorax; no white hairs on body except fasciae
on abdomen. Head broader than Jong; eyes prominent, converging below,
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 205
inner margin convex. Clypeus large, broad, shining, convex, with sparse
golden hair, and large, shallow, confluent punctures forming irregular striae;
median sulcus narrow, deep; apex depressed, subemarginate. Mandibles large,
blunt, entirely black. with few golden hairs. Supra-clypeal area with a rectan-
gular median space smooth, remainder with dense large punctures, smaller
basally. Space along eye margins and around antennae with dense, long,
dark ochraceous hair. Vertex almost nude. Face densely punctured; punc-
tures becoming larger and confluent near vertex. Along the inner margin
of each eye, from the vertex half way down the face is a space that is de-
pressed very much, is dull black, and almost entirely lacking punctures. A
narrow space across vertex and along lateral margins of outer ocelli, is smooth
and shining; behind this the punctures become dense, and of two sizes.
Occiput with fringe of rather long ferruginous hair. Malar space short, one-
eighth to one-sixth as long as broad. Antennae short; scape long, smooth,
with a few golden hairs at apex; flagellum brown beneath; joint three one and
one-half times as long as four; four shorter than five; all but third and last
shorter than broad. Under side of head with sparse long ochraceous hair.
Thorax—Densely covered with short ferruginous pubescence, becoming
long and pale on sides, metathorax, and scutellum; mesothorax black, rather
shiny, densely punctured with large round punctures, crowded over entire sur-
face, except a small impunctate disk. Scutellum shining, densely punctured,
except anterior margin, with large punctures; hair on sides long, light; inside
of this, hair is dark, rich brown. Postscutellum rugulose. Superior face of
metathorax with pits not clearly defined, having a wavy appearance. Enclos-
ure of posterior face shining with wavy irregular surface like that of superior
face, funnel shape, neck narrow; lateral faces bordering enclosure roughened
with minute wavy lines, giving peculiar appearance like microscopic pits over
entire surface. Mesopleura with large punctures; hair long and plumose,
almost white. Wings darkened almost to ferruginous; nervures and stigma
ferruginous ; tegulae ferruginous. Prothoracic spine short and sharp.
Abdomen—Densely punctured and microscopically wrinkled; punctures
dense on basal and apical margins of segments. First segment is not truncate,
but tapers off at base; punctures dense except on tapering part. The punc-
tures are more dense and smaller near both margins of the segments. The
apical fasciae of segments one to five are rather broad; the pubescence is pure
white, quite short and down-like ; often broken on the first two segments. The
last three segments have many black, spine-like hairs, becoming dense and of
a brownish color on the last segment. On the dorsal surface the hairs are
sparse, long, and golden.
Legs—Stout, black; pubescence entirely ochraceous to ferruginous, or
golden; floccus on the posterior femora long, dense, plumose, ochraceous;
hair on posterior tibiae almost spine-like. Tibiae stout, broad at apex; spurs
golden. First joint of the hind tarsi rectangular, broad, being one-third as
broad as long. Pubescence of tarsi golden, spine-like. Claws sharp, medially
toothed.
206 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
This species is very conspicuous, being large, with colored pubescence
and wings of the same shade. The peculiar sculpture of the face, and the
white abdominal fasciae easily distinguish it. On all the specimens I have
the hair of head and thorax is all colored, that of fasciae on abdomen being the
only white on the body.
Described from four females.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
Colletes bombiformis n. sp.
FemMALE—Measurements: Length 13 mm.; thorax, 44% mm. long by 4%
mm. broad; abdomen, 6% mm. long by 5 mm. broad; wing, 10% mm. long;
head, 314 mm. long by 334 mm. broad. Entirely black, except pubescence of
face, very robust; thorax as broad as long; abdomen truncate or slightly con-
vex at base.
Head—Broader than long; eyes nearly parallel; inner margins concave.
Clypeus shining, very convex, covered with sparse brown and white hairs,
deeply punctured, the punctures forming striae that curve in toward a narrow,
rather deep groove down the center, apex subemarginate. Supra-clypeal area
with large well separated punctures. Mandibles large, dark, blunt. Malar
space narrow, being one-eighth to one-sixth as long as broad. Face covered
with rather sparse, plumose, light brownish to gray hair, with some black on
sides, and vertex; entire surface, including vertex, rather densely punctured
with various sized punctures, all smaller than those on supra-clypeal area.
Antennae black; scape long, shining, slightly punctured near end, with short,
black hair on inner side; flagellum rather stout; joint three one and one-half
times four; four equal five; all except four longer than broad. Under surface
of head with sparse brown and black hairs mixed.
Thorax—Deep black, shining; all hair black, plumose, rather long, much
longer on sides, metathorax and scutellum. Mesothorax with rather large,
round, well separated but not sparse punctures, farther apart on disk. Scutel-
lum with much larger punctures, very close together except on narrow strip
along anterior margin. Post-scutellum rugulose. Superior face of meta-
thorax shining with rectangular pits of various widths, all minutely covered
with faint wavy lines. Posterior face with enclosure funnel shape; the top
with pits similar to those of the superior face, those in middle much wider
than long, those on sides longer than wide, the whole forming a sort of an
arch occupying most of the bowl of the enclosure; neck of enclosure narrow ;
lateral faces rugose. Mesopleura with large round punctures and a somewhat
brownish tinge to the black hair in places. Wings darkened; stigma small; it
and nervures black; first submarginal cell of uniform width throughout, long
as second and third combined. Tegulae shining black, smooth except for a
few small punctures, with a fringe of light hair on outer edges.
Abdomen—Very stout, black, shining, no fasciae; a few long black hairs
on base and sides of first segment; sparse short black hairs on other seg-
ments, becoming long and spine-like on apical segments. Punctures very few
and small on first segment, and confined largely to apical margin, more but
BEES OF THE GENUS COLLETES FROM MEXICO 207
rather sparse on other segments. The apex of the fourth segment is broad,
band-like, smooth and shining.
Legs—Robust, black. Floccus on posterior femora long, black, plumose;
tibiae with long black hairs; spurs long, black, lighter at tips; first tarsal joint
on posterior legs, broad, short, two and one-half times as long as broad, with
rather long spine-like hairs; other tarsal joints longer, lighter, with hair almost
golden on apices; claws reddish to golden, medially toothed.
This may be C. aethiops Cr., but the pubescence of the thorax is not
“short,” and not “slightly mixed with pale on face,” but is long on thorax and
almost entirely pale on face. It also lacks any “‘palish pubescence on apical
margins of segments.”
Described from one female.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
Colletes frontalis n. sp.
FrmMALte—Head broader than long; eyes convex below; inner orbital mar-
gins concave. Pubescence of face peculiar; that of clypeus sparse, not plu-
mose, white and golden mixed; space between clypeus and orbit on each side,
and fringe on upper margin of supra-clypeal area silvery white and rather
plumose; on each side of the supra-clypeal area, and just inside of the white
fringe around the supra-clypeal area the pubescence is rather short and gray
to ochraceous, with a few long black hairs on the outer margins. Area be-
tween and just back of antennae with rather long gray to ochraceous hair.
The vertex and well down on the front is almost nude except for a few black
hairs. The patches of silvery white on each side of the clypeus in contrast
with the rest give the face a peculiar look, noticeable at a glance. Clypeus
convex, broad, shining, truncate at tip; no noticeable sulcus; punctures quite
large and shallow, forming longitudinal striae that are so prominent that the
punctures can hardly be distinguished in some places. Mandibles very large,
dark reddish, blunt, with golden hairs; mandibular lobe comparatively small,
rounded, not toothed. Malar space one-eighth as long as wide. Supra-clypeal
area very finely lined, not punctured. Face with large round punctures, close
together. Vertex with very small sparse punctures; inter-ocellar area with
larger ones. Scape of antennae long, sparsely punctured with few black hairs
at apex; joint three one and one-half times as long as four; four shorter than
the following ones. Flagellum sometimes brownish beneath.
Thorax—Stout, black, not very shiny. Mesothorax with large, deep punc-
tures over entire surface, as close together as they can be in front, but little
more separated posteriorly; pubescence short, gray to ochraceous, mixed with
black, but black not prominent, longer on sides. Scutellum with hair on outer
margin longer, almost white; inside of this is sparse fringe of black. Scutel-
lum sparsely covered with round punctures of various sizes, mostly large ; more
crowded posteriorly. Postscutellum narrow, concealed by dense, long, ochra-
ceous to white hair; punctures shallow and close together, giving rugose ap-
pearance. Superior face of metathorax with broad rectangular shining pits.
Lnclosure of posterior face shining, funnel shaped, bowl broad and rather
208 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
challow, with two rows of shallow pits forming an arch across the top. Some-
tomes the pits are obscure, but the arch is evident. Neck of enclosure narrow.
Lateral faces of metathorax shining, smooth, or sometimes rough-looking,
with sparse round punctures and a few short hairs. Prothoracice spine short,
sharp. Mesopleura with very large round punctures, pubescence long, silvery
with black intermixed. Wings clouded, nervures and stigma black, or dark
brown. ‘Tegulae dark, with golden hairs.
Abdomen black, not very shiny; base squarish; densely punctured, except
first segment, which is less so at base and medially ; apical segments with black
and golden spines; segments one to four with white pubescent fasciae, not
noticeable on the fifth; first segment with considerable long white hair. Under
part of abdomen usually solid black, with no continuation of fasciae.
Legs—Black, stout. Floccus on posterior femora sparse, white; all rest
dark brown, almost black. ‘Tibiae with more sparse but dark hair; becoming
a little lighter at tips. Tarsi lighter, less dense, tinged with golden. Pos-
terior tibiz large, stout. First joint of posterior tarsi stout, rectangular, twice
as long as broad. ‘Tibial spurs very stout, almost black on posterior legs,
lighter on others. All tarsal joints on posterior legs stout, all but first trian-
gular, about as broad as long. Claws reddish, medially toothed. Anterior
femora with long white hair.
The legs, especially the hind ones, appear very stout and dark, almost
black, except for the brownish to ochraceous edges to some of the joints, caused
by the lighter tips to the hairs, or to the angle at which the light strikes.
Described from four females.
Type locality—Guadalajara, Mexico.
This may prove to be C. griseus Sm., but it is impossible to tell from the
meagre description of that species.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCIDE V
E. O. ESSIG
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF
VENTURA COUNTY
Fiorinia fioriniz var. japonica Kuw
FEMALE ScaLE (Fig. 82)—Is a golden brown with a decided ridge
running down the middle of the dorsum. In shape it is long and narrow,
being 2 mm. long and % mm. wide. The scale outline containing the body
proper is shown in Figures 82, C. and D. The body is very much smaller
than the outside scale; oval to oblong in shape.
Figure 82. Fiorinia fioriniae var. japonica.
Pygidium (Fig. 82 B.)—The mesal lobes rather small and rounding, with
a small hair or spine on each. A large spine separates each lobe from the
second pair. The second lobe is divided to form two rather distinct lobes.
There is a faint trace of a third divided lobe, but this is very obscure. A
large spine separates the second from the supposed third. Four other spines
appear on the margin to the first segment, and other spines follow as shown
in the figure. There are few tubular spinnerets, in many forms not any show-
ing. Usually there are four or five on each side of the pygidium. The
circumgenital glands are all run together in most specimens and it is hard to
draw a distinction between the lateral and median group. The approximate
210 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
numbers are as follows: lower laterals—14 to 16; upper laterals—21 to 27;
median—9 to 12.
According to the mounted specimen shown in Figure 82, D., it would
appear that the young were born alive and crawl from beneath the shell as
in the case of the ovoviviparous forms. The young body (Fig. 82A) resembles
the young of most scale. The whole thorax is apparently undivided while
the abdomen is markedly segmented. The antennze are rather short and
stout with the normal number of spines. The pygidium has two very distinct
and stout spines—one on either anal lobe, with several smaller spines also.
The eyes are black.
Food plants—Podocarpus chinensis, Pinus.
Habitat—A native of Japan, but shipped into this state on nursery stock;
the described species was collected at Bakersfield and sent to this office by
Mr. Edw. M. Ehrhorn when he was Quarantine Commissioner at San Fran-
cisco.
Figure 83. Hemichionaspis aspidistrae.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae Sign
FEMALE SCALE (Fig. 83, B)—Long and narrow, differing greatly in shape.
Some are oyster-shaped while others are straight with all the possible grad-
uations between these two. In general, however, the body-end is nearly
pointed and the scale gradually widens to the posterior end which is the
widest and rounded. Length 2 to 2.5 mm., width about one-third the length.
Color—Straw to a deep brown, and in extreme cases almost purplish-black.
Exuvia about as long as the width of the body at its widest place, with a
distinct ridge running down the dorsum.
FEMALE Bopy (Fig. 83, A)—Nearly as long as the shell and deeply seg-
mented. Color—yellow to brown.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCID/L V 211
Pygidium (Fig. 83, D)—None of the lobes very prominent. Median di-
vided in the middle, but fitting together to form one well rounded mesal lobe.
Second pair serrate and more or less divided into severalas are all of the lobes.
There are rudiments of a third, fourth and even fifth pairs of lobes all serrate
and apparently divided into three lobes. The three teeth or lobes are pro-
nounced on the mesal and second pair. The spines are unusually long and
stout. ‘They are distributed as follows: One between the mesal and second
pair, this one small; one between the second and third pair, larger than the
first; one between the third and fourth, and one between the fourth and fifth,
poth of these are very large. There are two more very large spines before the
last segment of the abdomen is reached, and on this segment are three such
spines. The tubular spinnerets are numerous and thickest between the anal
opening and the lateral margins of the pygidium. ‘The circumgenital glands
are arranged in groups as follows; lower laterals—23 to 26, upper laterals—
28 to 30, median—10 to 13.
Marr Scate—Resembles the male of the genus Chionaspis. Color—white,
with the exuvize yellowish-brown. ‘There are three distinct lobes to the male
case as shown in the cut (Fig. 83 C). The length is from one-third to one-
half that of the female. Adult form was not obtained by the writer.
Food plants—Aspidistra lurida, Orchids, Ferns, Orange, Mango, Fig,
Pepper tree, Acacia melanoxylon, Davallia moorei, Cocos plumosa, Cyanotus,
Areca catechu, Platycerium, etc.
Habitat—The writer’s specimens were taken from Platycerium and Boston
Fern in a Pomona greenhouse. It has been reported in quarantine at San Fran-
cisco and from the following other places: France, England, India, Formosa,
Japan, Ceylon, Australia, Brazil, Trinidad, Canada (greenhouse), Massachu-
setts, Washington, D. C.
Figure 84. Aulacaspis rosae.
Aulacaspis rosz (Bouche) Rose Scale
FrMALE SCALE (Fig. 84)—Nearly oblong to round, with irregular margin.
Diameter 2 mm. Color—nearly white or gray, with exuvize yellow or brown.
Texture very thin and fragile.
Frmarre Bopy (Fig. 85 B)—Brown, turning red when boiled in KOH,
larger at the anterior end and tapering towards the posterior, more or less
triangular. Body segmented near the pygidium as shown in the cut. A large
dark spot marks the location of the mouth parts.
212 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Pygidium (Fig. 85 A)—Lobes not very well developed. Mesal serrate
and approximate at base, but diverging. The second pair is distinct with
inner lobe largest. Of the smaller third pair the same is also true. The fourth
pair is not at all distinct and the fifth pair entirely wanting. All of the lobes
are markedly serrate. ‘The spines are prominent and distributed as follows;
short one between the mesal and second, but this is longer than the lobes; one
between the second and third; one between the third and fourth and two
more on the margin of the pygidium towards the anterior end. These spines
are all large. On the abdominal lateral margins are from two to three stout
spines. The tubular spinnerets are few in number—six to seven oi each
side of the anal opening. The circumgenital glands or spinnerets are arranged
in the following groups: upper laterals—19, lower laterals—24, median—15.
Mar ScALte—Resembling that of the Hemichionaspis aspidistrae already
figured. It is white, tri-lobed, and about half as long as the female scale.
Adult form not obtained.
Figure 85. Aulacaspis rosae.
Food plants—Infesting the canes of the Rose, Blackberry, Raspberry,
Loganberry; also the Grape, Strawberry, Myrtle, Pear, Ailanthus, Cycas,
Mango, etc.
Habitat—Common in many parts of this state and particularly harmful
to berries in Ventura County. It has also been reported from Europe, Japan,
Australia, New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Demerara, China, Fiji, Chili, West
Indies, Mexico, Canada, New York, Florida, Ohio.
Treatment—The Blackberry, Raspberry and Loganberry of this county
are often greatly damaged by this scale. Working on the canes near the
base or even to the crown of the roots as it does, it takes some care in applying
remedial measures. Kerosene Emulsion or Distillate sprays are effectual, but
I have found the Crude Carbolic Emulsion more effective upon this insect.
Remove the soil to the crown of the roots and apply the spray in the winter
when the canes are bare and dormant. Cover with soil after the application
so as to keep roots protected. Apply again as often as the scale appears, being
careful each time to spray down as far as the scale go on the canes.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCID/E V 213
Diaspis bromeliae Kern. Pineapple Scale
FremMALeé ScatE—Nearly circular, flat, with more or less uneven margin;
diameter, 2 mm.; color nearly white, with first exuvia yellow.
FremMacé Bopy (Fig. 86 B)—The general shape is that of most of the
members of this genus—it being oval at the anterior end and tapering towards
the posterior end—nearly triangular. The color is a light yellow to almost
brown, with a faint tinge of blue or purple in some. Diameter of the body—
taking the longest measurements possible—rarely exceeds 1 mm.
Pygidium (Fig. 86 A)—Mesal lobes separated by two distinct spines;
depressed on the inner margins. Secondary lobes divided or forked and de-
pressed on the outer margins. Third pair of lobes and fourth pair like the
second—bifurcate and depressed or serrate on the outer margin. Spines are
stout and prominent; arranged as follows: two between the mesal lobes, one
between the mesal and second pair, one between second and third pair, one
between third and fourth pair—also a slender spine or hair. Seven very stout
spines between the fourth pair and the last abdominal segment preceding the
pygidium, two on this last segment. Tubular spinnerets numerous and dis-
tributed over nearly the whole surface of the pygidium.
Figure 86. Diaspis bromeliae.
Distribution of the circumgenital glands is as follows: Lower laterals—
12 to 15; upper laterals—17 to 19; median—10 to 13.
The female body shown in the cut is parasitized—the nearly full grown
parasite showing plainly.
Young (Fig. 86 B)—Oval or nearly round, flat, slightly segmented to-
wards the posterior end. Antennz six—articled and normally haired. Legs
very small—not showing when viewed dorsally. Anal lobes without spines.
Food plants—Pineapple, Bromelia, Pinguin, Hibiscus, Canna, Ivy, Bill-
bergia sebrina, Olea fragrans.
The described specimen was taken from a pineapple in a Pomona green-
house, where it was quite thick. It has been reported from Europe, green-
houses in all parts of the United States, Hawaiian Islands, and Mexico
214 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Strangely it has never been reported from Florida—the home of a great pine
apple industry.
Diaspis echinocacti cacti Comst
FEMALE Scace (Fig. 87)—Light gray in color with a dark apex—this apex
or first exuvia is usually near one edge of the shell. The diameter is from
1% to 2 mm.
Body (Fig. 88B)—The younger form (Fig. 88 A) is nearly round, with-
out signs of segmentation. The adult form (Fig. 88 B) is more or less heart-
shaped and much segmented near the posterior end.
Figure 87. Diaspis echimocacti var. cacti.
Pygidium (Fig. 88 C)—Median lobes are smooth and single. Second
pair lobes are smooth and double. Third lobe is a single smooth lobe. Fourth
lobe is double and smooth. There is also a rudimentary fifth lobe. Between
the two median and also between the median and the second pair lobes are
two fumbriated plates. Between the second and third lobes is a single stout
spine; one spine between the third and fourth; and two between the fourth
and fifth. There are four more spines before the first segment. Spinnerets
are very numerous all over the surface of the pygidium. Median groups con-
sist of 14 to 16, laterals nearly the same number. The tubular spinnerets are
widely distributed.
Mare—Resembles the male pupacases of all the genus Diaspis. They
consist of a small dark body, and a long white sac with three parallel lobes
running the entire length of the sac. The adult form was not obtained.
Food plants—Cereus giganteus, C. macrogonus, Echinocactus.
Habitat—This specimen was taken at Guadalajara, Mexico, by D. Craw-
ford. It has been reported from greenhouses in northern United States, New
Mexico, Brazil, India, Mauritius.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCID/E V 215
e
9
O
9
Sq 98 BS
10)
owe
9
Figure 88. Diaspis echinocacti var. cacti
216 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ)
Hemispherical Scale
This scale (Fig. 89) is very widely distributed, especially in the regions
along the coast. In this county (Ventura) it is very numerous along the entire
sea-border, feeding on a great variety of plants. The photo shows a normal
condition of a Bignonia infested with this scale, growing on the grounds of
the County Court House.
It is a special greenhouse nuisance, working on nearly all the ferns,
palms, etc., and has been distributed on such stock.
Figure 89. Saissetia hemisphaerica.
The citrus trees do not escape its attacks, but no serious damage has
been done to them. ‘The scales usually settle around the edges of the leaves
and are easily recognized by their smooth, hemispherical, brown bodies. At
some periods of the year it infests these trees almost as badly as the Black
Scale, but is not as persistent. This is especially true in the localities of
Ventura and Oxnard. In the interior it is seldom found on the citrus trees
at all, and few orchardists know of its existence.
In the greenhouses it is usually handled with sprays such as Kerosene
Emulsions, ete. Fumigation will get it in the orchard.
The parasite of the Black Scale, Scutellista cyanea, works on this scale
also with about the same efficiency.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCID/E V 217
Pseudococcus nipz (Mask)
The Host Index to California Coccide, by Prof. C. F. Baker and the
author, shows it to feed on the following California plants: Maiden-Hair Fern,
Aralia sieboldi, Betel Nut, Ghost Plant, Boxwood, Camellia, Orange, Pomelo,
Citron, Lemon, Cocoanut Palm, Ferns, Geranium, Oleander, Boston Fern,
Peach, Pepper Tree, Nightshade.
Figure 90. Pseudococcus nipae.
Habitat—Found in practically all parts of the world.
Fremace (Fig. 90)—The covering of the dark body is a creamy white,
and in texture greatly resembles that of Ceroputo yuccae (Coq.), especially the
Figure 91. Pseudococcus nipae.
218 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
young forms. The forms obtained seem to be the winter broods according to
the peculiarity of the antennz which are 7-articled on all of the specimens ob-
tained. This may also be due to the fact that no fully matured adults were
taken. Whatever the case may be, I am only able to present the material as
it came to me.
Antennae (Winter form) (Fig. 91 C)—/-articled; the comparative
lengths of the respective articles, beginning with the longest, are as follows:
7, 2, (3, 4), 6, (1, 5). All of the articles are normally hairy.
Legs (Fig. 91 B)—Coxa and tarsus coequal, femur a little longer than
the tibia. Tibia nearly twice as long as the tarsus. Only a few hairs on the
tibia and tarsus.
Pygidium (Fig. 91 A)—Furnished with six circumanal spines, but no
spines in evidence on any of the anal lobes. There are two small hairs on the
median lobes. On the first lobe is one stout spine and two such spines on
the second lobe.
Mare—The adult form has not been obtained. ‘The pupa cases are about
1 mm. in length, cylindrical, and snow white. ‘They are seen in great numbers
on the guava leaf in the photograph (Fig. 90).
Food plants—Crawford found this very abundant on the Guava. It has
been reported on Nipa fruticans, and palms.
Habitat—Collected by David Crawford on Guava in the neighborhood of
Guadalajara, Mexico. It was also taken by others from Demerara, Mexico.
Figure 92, Ripersia smithii.
Ripersia smithii n. sp.
Aputt FEMA (Fig. 92)—Body decidedly long and narrow or elongate-
elliptical in form. Length 4 to 6 mm.; width 1.5 to 2 mm. Color, pinkish to
slate. ‘The waxy covering is very fine and scarcely hides the color of the
body. The waxy appendages are rudimentary and imperfect and the segmenta-
tion indistinct. When boiled in KOH the body first becomes pink and later
perfectly colorless and transparent.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCID/E V 219
The antennae (Fig. 93 A) are 7-articled and normally placed on the
head. They are very distinctly seen with the unaided eye in some specimens.
Many specimens were examined with three normal ones drawn and showing
the following formule:
One specimen—7, (1, 2, 4), 6, 5, 3.
One specimen—/, 1, (2, 4), 6, 5, 3.
One specimen—7, (1, 2), 6, 4, 5, 3.
The antennz on the same specimen usually agree, but these often differ to
a marked degree.
Figure 93. Ripersia smithii.
Legs (Fig. 93 C)—Normal, with few hairs. Coxa large and as long as
the tibia. Femur longer than tibia. Tibia one-third times the length of the
tarsus. Claw normally curved.
Pygidium (Fig. 93, D and E)—Normal with six anal spines. In one
specimen there was a spine just before the anal opening (Fig. 93 E). This is
not usually present. Lobes not prominent—with no spines in adult form—a
few short hairs. Inthe young there are two short stout spines and several hairs
forming a sort of tuft. The ventral surface has very few hairs or spines. ‘The
dorsal surface has many hairs and two long lateral hairs or spines, these appear
on the lobes of the younger forms.
220 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
There is a great difference in the pygidium of the respective ages, but all
adults examined were egg-laying and the largest obtainable.
Eges—Elliptical, very small, yellow in color. Laid in a white, cottony or
waxy secretion—usually in masses beneath the female body, but at times in
large irregular masses filling the entire culm of the infested grass. This shows
in the photo (Fig. )),
Young—Of the same general shape as the adult. Color almost white—
sometimes dark pink. Antenne (Fig. 93 B) sometimes 6-articled, with first
three articles co-equal. Normally haired. Pygidium with two spines on lobes,
6-circumanal and two stout spines on lobes forming tufts.
Habitat—Found in many sections of this county (Ventura) feeding upon
the Wild Rye, Elymus condensatus. It may be found between the blades and
Figure 94. Lichtensia parvula.
the culm or within the culm if there is a place for entering—such an entrance
is sometimes afforded by holes bored through the culm by the larva of a moth.
Within the culm the eggs are often massed in great quantities and the young
crawl out upon hatching.
The tips of the culms are usually more liable to be infested than any
other part of the plant, where the last blades form an axil.
NOTES ON CALIFORNIA COCCID/E V 221
Due to its habits of life, the bodies are very flat to admit them between
the close fitting blades and the culm. Here the eggs are usually laid in oblong
masses, beneath the female.
The first specimens were taken in July, 1909, when they appeared to be
quite plentiful. Last month (March, 1910) they were still to be found, but
only in limited numbers—however, all stages were present. A search made
on other plants and on the roots of the Wild Rye revealed none.
A small lady bird beetle was found feeding upon it in considerable numbers
at first, but later search revealed none of these for identification.
It seemed at first likely that this species was Ripersia festucae Kuw., but
there are plenty of characters different enough to make it a new species. It is
named in honor of Mr. P. E. Smith, who was probably the first to discover it
and to whom I am much indebted for this and other good things.
Figure 95. Lichtensia parvula.
Lichtensia parvula (Ck11)
ApuLt FEmace (Fig. 94 C)—This scale resembles greatly the genus Pul-
vinaria, as the photograph shows. ‘The general color is the same, the body
being dark and the long cottony egg-sac, white. The length of the entire
Scale varies from 10 mm. to 14 mm.
Body Proper (Fig. 95)—About one-third the length of the scale. The
color is dark brown. Shape—oblong to oval. A row of short spines extends
entirely around the lateral margins of the insect.
tw
tN
iS)
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
When boiled in KOH the body becomes transparent except the anterior
end, the anal opening, and the appendages. The general texture of the body
appears fibrous and large muscles are attached to the legs.
Antennae (Fig. 94 A)—Remain brown, have very few hairs, and are 8-
articled.
Legs (Fig. 94 B)—Also remain brown and are nearly glabrous. Coxe are
very large and are nearly as long as the femur. The femur and tibia are co-
equal, and twice as long as the tarsus.
Anal Opening—lIs the same as that of the genus Lecanium, consisting of
two somewhat triangular lobes on either side of the aperture proper.
Food plants—Reported by Crawford on Mesquit (Proposis julifora), on
Mimosa by Cockerell.
This form was collected, by David Crawford, from the hills around the
city of Gaudalajara, Mexico, last summer and is one of the many interesting
forms sent by him.
APHIDIDZ OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA IV
E. O. ESSIG
Aphis gossypii Glover
Wincep Viviparous FemMace (Fig. 96 A)—Length 2 mm., width 0.7 mm.;
wing expansion, 7.8-mm. Prevailing color—dark slate, but a woolly secretion
gives it a whitish appearance. In mounted specimens the general tone is dark-
brown; the thorax darker than the abdomen, which may even appear green.
Head narrower than thorax, twice as wide as long. Compound eyes coarsely
granulated, red, with prominent terete tubercles just behind the outer margins.
These tubercles extend at right angles to the margin. Antennae (Fig. 96 B)
do not arise from frontal tubercles, two-thirds as long as the body, 6-articled.
SS
eg |
AL
Figure 96. Aphis gossypii. ©
The color is dark, respective lengths as follows: I 0.06 mm., II 0.06 mm.,
II 0.5 mm., IV 0.2 mm., V 0.15 mm., VI 0.3 mm. ‘The sensoria are dis-
tributed very freely over article III and sparsely over [V. ‘There is one on V
and several marginal in the nail-like process of VI. All articles are somewhat
hairy. Prothorax—with a small lateral tubercle. Rostrum—reaches to meso-
thoracic coxe. Abdomen—covered with a cottony wax, which gives it a
224 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
whitish color in the living forms. ‘This does not show in the cut. Slightly
hairy. Cornicles (Fig. 96 E)—Somewhat incrassate, dark, as long or longer
than the style. Legs—moderately long and hairy. Wings—hyaline with a
dark stigma. Primary—length, 3.5 mm., width 1.2 mm. Swb-costal, straight.
Stigma, dark, long, narrow, and nearly rectangular in shape. Stigmal arises
from center of stigma, and is curved gradually to the margin of the wing.
Third discoidal—straight, does not arise from the sub-costal, twice forked, the
first and second branches arising from the fork not far from the wing-margin.
Second discoidal—Curves slightly toward the body. First discoidal—also curves
toward the body. Secondary—Length, 1.5 mm., width, 0.5 mm. Swb-costal ex-
tends to wing tip. First and second discoidals nearly the same length and
nearly straight. Sty/e—conical and hairy.
(Vein terminology changed as follows—Cubitus to sub-costal; radius to
stigmal ; obliques to discoidals. )
ApTEROUS ViIvIPAROUS FEMALE (Fig. 96 1)—Length 3 mm., width 1%4
mm. Color, dark brown to almost black. Differs from the winged form as fol-
lows: Body very much more robust and has appearance of some members of the
Genus Lachnus. Antennae (Fig. 96 C) without sensoria except in the nail-
like process. Cornicles (Fig. 96 F).
Nymeu oF Aprrrous Viviparous Femate (Fig. 96, D, G, H)—Resemble
greatly the adult, but are much lighter in color. The cut shows the principal
characteristics. This form was collected by C. H. Vary of Pomona. It was in-
festing orange trees of that locality very badly, and promised to do severe
damage. ‘The general appearance was very much of a Lachnus and so I
marked it until it was studied out. The cottony covering and short antennz
led to this belief. The wing structure and general characteristics undoubtedly
place it in the genus Aphis. Ashmead had named this species citrifolii and
citrulli, as found on orange and melon. Forbes had named the cucumber form,
cucumeris, while Weed again named it forbesi.
Food plants—(After Theodor Pergande, in Insect Life, Vol. VII, p. 313)
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) ; Shepherds-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) ;
Pepper-grass (Lepidium virginicum) ; Amaranthus sp.; Dock (Rumex crispus
and other species) ; Burdock (Lappa major); Dandelion (Taraxacum dens-
leonis) ; Pigweed (Chenopodium album); Wormseed (Chenopodium anthel-
minthicum) ; Plantain (Plantago virginica) ; Chickweed (Stellaria media) ;
Morning Glory (Convolvulus sp.); Three-seeded mercury (Acalypha vir-
ginica) ; Button-weed (Diodia teres) ; Ground Ivy (Nepeta glechoma) ; Red
Clover (Trifolium pratense) ; Indian Strawberry (Fragaria indica) ; Mallow
or Malva (Malva rotundifolia) ; Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria) ; Dwarf
Bean (Phaseolus nanus) ; Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) ; Hop (Humulus lupu-
lus); Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum); Pear (Pyrus comminis) ; European
Dogwood (Cornus mas) ; Orange (Citrus aurantium and other varieties).
Chaitophorus populicola Thos
In Vol. I, No. 4, December, the following measurements of Chaitophorus
populicola are correct: Length 1.5 to 2 mm., width 1 mm., wing expansion
7mm. Primary wings, 3 mm.; secondary, 2 mm.
CALIFORNIAN EMESIDE (Aemiptera)
Cc. F. BAKER
These remarkable insects are constantly being brought to the attention of
both entomologist and layman. Mr. Banks has recently given a synopsis in
“Psyche” of all of the known species of the United States, including Califor-
nia. However, several common Californian species do not appear in his
synopsis, and three of these are apparently new to science.
Herewith we present a complete synopsis of the genera and species of the
State, so far as they are known to us. With the new species presented in this
paper, the Californian list is as follows:
Ploiariopsis reticulata Baker.
Ploiaria californiensis Baker
Ploiariodes californica Banks.
Barce banksu Baker.
Emesa brevicoxa Banks.
ak are Cor op
TABLE OF CALIFORNIAN GENERA
(After Banks)
The Arizonian Luteva is included since it will probably be found in
California.
A. ‘Trochanter I bearing two small spines; tibia I not half as long as femur I.
Be PeNUTWAG YONG NSS NOE Wig Peper at oe oe nce et Ploiariopsis.
BB. Antennae not noticeably hairy Ploiaria.
AA. Trochanter I without spines.
B. ‘Tibia I nearly as long as femur I.
C. Prothorax shorter than head and sub-connate with meso-
TEINO ReauK pare eee ee eh ne Oe oe Ploiariodes.
CC. Prothorax longer than head and distinct from mesothorax.
Luteva.
BB. Tibia I hardly one-half as long as femur I.
C. Tylus very prominent; prothorax distinctly separated; head
fully one=haliaslongeas coxa = Barce.
CC. Tylus not prominent; prothorax not distinctly separated ;
head less than one-half as long as coxa [ow Emesa.
Ploiariopsis reticulata n. sp.
Length of body 9 mm. Dark brown, mesonotum with two paler streaks.
Antennae straw colored with basal article and region of second articulation
226 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
piceous, the two long articles thickly covered with long soft hairs. Coxae and
tibiae I pale, the former once banded, the latter dark towards tip. Legs II
and III straw colored with three small dark bands on femora. Wings rather
heavily reticulated with dark smoky lines and spots in the cells, the veins
unmargined, the markings along the median area distally becoming merged into
a broad dark stripe.
Femur I (Fig. 97, H, I, J) with about five large spines and fourteen small
ones. ‘Tarsus I just reaches the spined tip of coxae. Head longer than pro-
thorax, the eyes very large and prominently bulged below lower margin. Pro-
thorax strongly constricted posteriorly, the hind margin strongly prominent all
around. Frontal lobe of head strongly swollen and broadly rounded.
This very pretty species is common at Claremont, California. Our speci-
mens collected partly by C. F. Baker and partly by Charles Metz. It is nearest
hirticornis, but differs in coloration of wings, in the spineless head, prothorax
much shorter than mesothorax, etc.
Cae
—
Figure 97. B-D, Barce banksii; E-G, Ploiaria californiensis; A, H-J, Ploiariopsis reticulata
Ploiaria californiensis n. sp.
Length of body 9 mm. Dark brown, legs and antennae pale yellowish, a
stripe under femur I, spot under tip of tibia I, region of second articulation in
antennae, and tips of tarsi, dark brown. Beak not distinctly banded. Wing-
less.
Head spineless. Pronotum (Fig. 97, EK, F, G) almost exactly the length of
head as viewed from above. Femur I with about six or eight large spines, and
about sixteen small ones. ‘Tarsus I does not quite reach the spined tip of coxa.
Tibia I strongly haired within. Prothorax somewhat constricted posteriorly,
CALIFORNIAN EMESID/E 227
but none of the margins or angles prominent. Face with a strong transverse
furrow at base of tylus.
Taken at Claremont, California. Differs from either carolina or texana
in armature of femur I, proportions of head and thorax, etc.
Ploiariodes californica Banks
Specimens taken by me near Stanford University a number of years ago
fit the description of Banks, which description is, however, extremely brief.
Barce banksii n. sp.
Length of body 10 mm. Body pale brown, the legs lighter. Femur I
with a twice interrupted brown band beneath, tibia I white banded at center and
with a brown tip. Femora II and III with a single brown band preceded by a
white band, near tip. Tibiae I] and III with two small white bands near tips.
Mesonotum rather strongly tricarinate. Our specimens are wingless.
Femur I (Fig. 97, B, C, D) grooved beneath and with about four large
spines, the two proximal of these very large, and in addition many small ones.
Tarsus I reaches about three-fifths the length of femur. Head a little shorter
than pronotum, the eyes very small. Pronotum with a sudden constriction at
sides near posterior border. The last ventral segment in the male broadly
rounded apically below, as viewed from the side, and projecting strongly caudad
of the last dorsal.
Taken in the mountains near Claremont, California, by C. F. Baker. Near-
est to the eastern fraterna, but differing in genital and other characters.
Emesa brevicoxa Banks
Our largest and most abundant species. Often congregates in large num-
bers about barns and sheds, groups frequently resting in one place with very
little movement, for many days consecutively, in the Fall.
AMERICAN PSYLLID I (Triozinae)
D. L. CRAWFORD
Although the Psyllidae have been quite thoroughly studied in Europe,
chiefly by Dr. Franz Low, still the knowledge of the group in America is very
scanty. A few papers have been published by E. A. Schwarz and by the late
Mr. Riley and others, but no attempt has been made in America to systematic-
ally study this most interesting and important group as a whole. The large
collection of Psyllidae presented to Pomona College by Prof. C. F. Baker, and
also the extensive C. F. Baker collection from the National Museum at Wash-
ington are now before me for systematic study. These collections include
specimens from the majority of the states, and also from Mexico and Central
America.
In this first paper, I present a provisional key to the genera and species of
the subfamily Triosinae, together with the first installment of descriptions of
the new species. Although the key is only provisional and will probably be
extensively revised before the completion of the work, still I have chosen what
seemed to me after very careful comparative study of the two collections to be
the best diagnostic characters. It is quite possible that a few of the American
species will be found to be identical or closely related to some European forms;
representatives of many of the European species have been placed at my dis-
posal, but not enough of them to make a systematic comparison.
In making the synopsis of genera of the subfamily, I am unable, from Mr.
Scott’s characterization of his genus Petalolyma, to find any generic differences
between that genus and the typical genus Trioza. From the brief and wholly
inadequate descriptions of Trioza diospyri Ashmead, T. magnoliae Ashmead
and T. pyrifoliae Forbes, it is impossible to include these in the synopsis of
species; it seems quite probable, however, that T. magnoliae is closely related
to Paratrioza arbolensis n. sp.
In this and subsequent studies, the term facial cones is applied to the
conical structures projecting outward or downward from the face; the term
frontal plates is applied to the flat discal area of the upper anterior portion of
head, whether that area is raised plate-like or not.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF THE SUB-FAMILY TRIOZINZ
A. Radius longer than basal portion of subcosta.
B. Facial cones entirely wanting. Fore femora long and distinctly broad-
Te ee a a el Rhinopsylla Riley.
BB. Facial cones not entirely wanting.
C. Labrum very large and distinctly visible below and between facial
cones; facial cones extremely short and very broad and broadly
rounded when viewed from in front, with antennae inserted near
their base; cones slightly projecting beyond insertion of antennae.
pe ee Se ee Paratrioza n. gen.
AMERICAN TRIOZINE | 229
CC. Labrum not visible from in front below the facial cones; facial
cones at least moderately long and acute, and more or less di-
vergent. Wings usually rather pointed apically, sometimes broad-
liye sori lord Trioza Forster, and Petalolyma Scott.
AA. Radius shorter than basal portion of subcosta; discoidal portion of sub-
CoStaealtnOStuwvantin gs wee ete ee ee Ceropsylla Riley.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS PARATRIOZA
A. Frontal plates distinctly raised plate-like; head and thorax conspicuously
striped, usually black and white, or yellowish white; without emargina-
tion between frontal plates. Thorax distinctly arched.
B. Anterior ocellus not visible from in front, under projecting frontal
plates. With distinct fovea on each frontal plate posteriorly.
Pree Goines eee as eee ee ee ee Paratrioza ocellata n. sp.
BB. Anterior ocellus quite distinctly visible from in front; frontal plates
not projecting so much. Without marked fovea on frontal plates.
C. Stripes around frontal plates and on thorax white or nearly white.
Ee re ee ne ie en ean ee ae Paratrioza pulchella n. sp.
CC. Stripes orange colored, not very conspicuous.
See ee ee Paratrioza pulchella flava n. var.
AA. Frontal plates not raised plate-like. Head and thorax not striped as above.
Thorax scarcely arched; pronotum scarcely depressed.
B. With deep emargination between frontal plates. Radius shorter than
second cubital. Pronotum not arched.
C. First marginal cell larger than second; first cubital scarcely as
long as first furcal; wing very acute apically. Labrum not con-
spicuously protruding, closely lying against ventral surface of
head. Body large, greenish yellow throughout.
oo, oS OR ee ee et ow ee Paratrioza arbolensis n. sp.
CC. Marginal cells subequal; rather small. Labrum very conspicuous,
subpetiolate and globose. Frontal plates deeply depressed oblique-
ly, with a deep emargination anteriorly at median suture, and
anterior ocellus at apex of emargination. Color of body black
to brownish yellow, rather small. Two basal antennal segments
GAbMETA GLO tae cer ce m ee hee Paratrioza antennata n. sp.
BB. Without deep emargination between frontal plates. Pronotum heavy
and strongly arched. Facial cones (lobes) quite large and globose.
Radius longer than second cubital. Body small, greenish yellow.
Fa a ge a ee Paratrioza medicaginis un. sp.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS TRIOZA
A. Pronotum rather broad and not depressed below anterior margin of meso-
notum; mesonotum broad anteriorly and not subtriangular.
B. Wings rounded or roundly pointed apically. Radius longer than sec-
ond cubital; fourth furcal about one-third as long as second cubital.
BE Re i eect Trioza collaris n. sp.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
BB. Wings pointed apically. Prothorax broader than usual.
C:
Radius shorter than second cubital. Discal area of vertex with
a deep fovea on each side of median suture posteriorly; pro-
notum with a distinct pit on each side; facial cones subhorizontal.
Wings more or less clouded or blotched.
D. First marginal. cell much larger than second; fourth furcal
less than one-fourth as long as second cubital. With a large
macula covering second marginal cell and part of cubital
cell. Wing not acutely pointed at tip.
Jee Oh Re eRe tan One ea eee 2 ae Trioza maculata n. sp.
DD. Marginal cells subequal; fourth furcal fully one-third as
long as second cubital; wings somewhat clouded, but without
distinct maculae or spots; wings acutely pointed at tip.
Pah Se, eS k a itaa e h haben A Cae i be ne ied Trioza acutipennis n. sp.
CC. Radius very much longer than second cubital. Pronotum with-
out pits; discal pits less pronounced. Facial cones horizontal.
Wines snot clotded sess sneer Trioza bakeri n. sp.
AA. Pronotum depressed; mesonotum roundly pointed anteriorly and more ele-
vated than pronotum.
B. Facial cones not vertical, distinctly visible from above.
Cc.
Radius distinctly shorter than second cubital.
D. Wings with dark maculae and bands; body dark with lighter
areas. Facial cones rather small and subacute.
BURLY Serbs one a RAR BL Bite Trioza maculipennis, n. sp.
DD. Wings clear, not blotched.
FE. Facial cones short, stout and very blunt at tip. Second
marginal cell extremely large; fourth furcal nearly as
long as second cubital; wings very large and acutely
POLTILC Caen mee rere Trioza latipennis n. sp.
EE. Facial cones normal; second marginal cell not unusually
large.
F. Body small, greenish yellow throughout. Frontal
plates depressed longitudinally in center, elevated
along median suture ; facial cones not acute. Radius
very short, not longer than basal and discoidal por-
tions of subcosta combined........... /rioza viridis n. sp.
FF. Body medium, orange colored. Frontal plates de-
pressed obliquely; facial cones acute. Radius al-
most as long as second cubital.
Sod dae eee ace ee ee eee Trioza frontalis n. sp.
CC. Radius as long as, or longer than second cubital.
5 >
D. Wings more or less pointed apically. Frons and facial cones
black; discal area of vertex quite deeply depressed.
Trioza nigrifrons n. sp.
AMERICAN TRIOZIN/E I 231
DD. Wings distinctly rounded apically.
E. Wings clouded; marginal cells unusually small; first and
third furcals very short, second and fourth longer.
AI Ra Bae ee ene mero Trioza tripunctata (male) Fitch.
EE. Wings clear; marginal cells normal.
F. Frons and facial cones whitish. Radius about as
long as second cubital... Trioza albifrons n. sp.
FF. Frons and facial cones not whitish.
G. Radius about as long as second cubital; second
cubital short; first marginal cell larger than
second. Anal abdominal segment white, the
OS tal ayiake cesar Trioza rotundipennis n. sp.
GG. Radius much longer than second cubital; mar-
ginal cells subequal. Abdomen entirely light
Colored eens Sete ee Trioza similis n. sp.
BB. Facial cones vertical, or nearly S0, scarcely visible from above.
C. Facial cones more or less divergent. Marginal cells subequal
and of medium size.
D. Genital segment of female very short, without exserted ovi-
positor blade.
E. Wings slightly but distinctly fulvous, roundly pointed
apically; margin of clavus (anal angle) usually heavy
and black. Discal portions of vertex broadly depressed
on each side of median suture ; facial cones quite strong-
ly divergent. Abdomen usually greenish white ven-
italliverdanketi@Orsallllivesemeee esters Trioza fulvida n. sp.
EE. Wings not fulvous, distinctly transparent and shining.
F. Facial cones quite strongly divergent.
G. Facial cones moderately acute at tips.
H. Frontal plates yellow around margin and
along median suture; facial cones long,
usually somewhat subvertical.
pe ed poets ee Trioza varians n. sp.
HH. Frontal plates not yellow as above.
I. Frontal plates depressed as in T. ful-
vida; cones quite vertical, medium in
length... Trioza fulvida similis n. var.
II. Frontal plates with small fovea poste-
riorly ; cones subvertical, quite long.
Jad ee Trioza longicornis n. sp.
GG. Facial cones not moderately acute, quite blunt
at tips.
H. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly ele-
vated over entire width; frontal plates
deeply depressed, often dark colored. Ra-
dius usually at least as long as second
Gubitala ae Trioza aurantiaca n. sp.
bo
G2
iS)
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
HH. Posterior margin of vertex not narrowly
elevated over entire width, only over discal
areas of frontal plates; frontal plates not
deeply depressed, usually light colored.
EAE Trioza aurantiaca frontalis n. var.
FF. Facial cones not strongly divergent, and not con-
tiguous.
G. Wings with dark bands or stripes.
H. Wings with a broad brownish band on
cubital margin from tip of wing to near
aSe see en eee Trioza marginata n. sp.
HH. Subcosta and anal angle with a black band
or stripe for entire length. Radius very
ShoTioea enna Trioza californica n. sp.
GG. Wings clear, without bands or stripes. Head
with eyes about as wide as thorax.
H. Wings moderately broad and not very
acute apically. Frontal plates scarcely de-
pressed.
I. Facial cones rather straight on inner
margin and almost contiguous ; frontal
plates scarcely notched at median su-
ture on anterior margin. Body usually
light colored........... Trioza salicis Mally.
II. Facial cones distinctly conical, more
diverging than in 7. salicis. Frontal
plates quite deeply notched at median
suture. Body usually dark brown to
bac koe eee Trioza nigra n. sp.
HH. Wings slender and quite acute apically;
first furcal very short. Facial cones short,
slightly diverging, usually straight on in-
ner margin. Body small.
Trioza minuta n. sp.
DD. Genital segment of female quite long, with or without an
exserted ovipositor blade.
E. Wings striped; radius and first and second cubitals with
a brown band on both sides; third furcal much shorter
than fourth furcal. Facial cones rather large and blunt
at tips, moderately divergent.
ERDF ot a pre SEL Ne Triosa tripunctata Fitch
EE. Wings without stripes; third and fourth furcals sub-
equal.
AMERICAN TRIOZIN/E I 233
F. Wings with four large black spots on dorsal margin
easily visible to naked eye, one on margin of each
marginal cell, one on margin of cubital cell and
and one on anal angle. Facial cones medium, mod-
erately divergent... Trioza quadripunctata n. sp.
FF. Wings without four spots easily visible to unaided
eye.
G. Female with long exserted ovipositor blade.
H. Prothorax large, only slightly depressed
below anterior margin of mesonotum.
Ovipositor style nearly twice as long as
terminal abdominal segment, and very
slender and acute. Body and wings large.
He SA ena A ELS Eee Trioza longistylus n. sp.
HH. Prothorax not large, much depressed be-
low mesonotum. Style not longer than
terminal segment. Body and wings small.
Bere ese ee Trioza nicaraguensis n. sp
GG. Female without exserted style.
H. Frontal plates with a long oblique groove.
I. Facial cones slender, acute and strong-
ly divergent... Trioza sulcata n. sp.
Il. Facial cones rather acute and only
slightly divergent.
ee ee Trioza sulcata similis n. var.
HH. Frontal plates without oblique furrow.
I. Anterior ocellus in median notch of
frontal plates and slightly visible from
above. Frontal plates with fovea pos-
fenlorly== se Trioza fovealis n. sp.
II. Anterior ocellus under projecting
frontal plates and not visible from
above. Frontal plates scarcely de-
pressedw ers Trioza assimilis n. sp.
CC. Facial cones contiguous for entire length and very acute. Body
very slender; head fully as broad as thorax.
D. Third furcal longer than margin of cubital cell. Frontal
plates black in center, bordered with yellow; cones long,
slender, yellow, except black at tips.
ae a eee Trioza immaculata n. sp.
DD. Third furcal and cubital margin about equal. Frontal plates
entirely black; cones medium in length.
Ne a noe re i Trioza laticeps n. sp.
234 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
GENUS TRIOZA
Trioza californica n. sp.
(Gigs 99) VAC Bs Gee De G@hice SS yA).
Length of body, 2 mm.; length of forewings 3.35 mm. General color dark
brown to orange; head almost black, darker than thorax; abdomen greenish
white ventrally, dorsally as dark as thorax; legs uniform reddish brown;
antennae brown to black, except segments II-III whitish. Head and thorax
finely punctate.
Head not strongly deflexed; with eyes, almost as broad as thorax, slightly
and finely punctate; vertex posteriorly nearly straight, somewhat arcuate;
discal area of frontal plates obliquely and broadly depressed, elevated along
median suture posteriorly and emarginate anteriorly; frontal plates not raised
plate-like; facial cones moderately large, rather acute, not strongly divergent,
almost vertical, quite densely hirsute. Antennae inserted beneath the slightly
projecting vertex, filiform, except two basal segments large, subglobose. Eyes
large, hemispherical; anterior ocellus imbedded at angle of facial cones.
Figure 98. A, Trioza californica; B, T. baKeri; C, T. rotundipennis; D, T. maculipennis.
Thorax arched, distinctly punctate. Pronotum depressed below dorsulum
and head; dorsulum strongly ascending posteriorly, about as long as scutum.
Wings hyaline, about two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across
middle, subacute apically; subcosta and anal angle bordered on both sides
with black band, giving appearance of one long-curved stripe and one shorter
one; radius shorter than second cubital; marginal cells quite small; apex of
wing distinctly within second marginal cell; venation reddish brown, except
subcosta.
FemMaLte—Genital segment not long, scarcely twice as long as preceding
segment; dorsal plate somewhat longer than ventral plate, arched, and acute
at the tip; both plates hirsute. Mate—Genital segment reflexed dorsally, large,
hirsute dorsally in the center.
Described from seven males and one female, taken by C. F. Baker, near
Claremont, Calif. (mountains). Co-type in National Museum, Washington.
AMERICAN TRIOZIN/E | 235
Trioza bakeri n. sp.
(Bip 99S Cpe Ie KLE (Figs 298; Be
Length of body about 2.2 mm.; length of forewings 3.5 mm. General
color brown with fulvus; head brown, except frontal plates fulvous yellow;
dorsulum posteriorly, median dorsal portion of scutum, and scutellum ful-
vous; rest of thorax brown; abdomen whitish ventrally, black dorsally; an-
tennae yellow, except terminal segment black.
Figure 99. A, B, G, H, I, T. californica; E, M, N, T. rotundipennis; F, O, P, T. maculipennis;
C, D, J, K, L, T. bakeri.
Head not deflexed, but continuing uniformly the descending arch of
thorax and head, almost as broad as thorax; frontal plates large, flat, pubes-
cent, distinctly raised plate-like, with a small, deep fovea posteriorly on each
side of median suture; facial cones black, subhorizontal, projecting forward
beyond frontal plates, acute, quite strongly divergent, and moderately hirsute.
Eyes not hemispherical, somewhat flattened. Antennae twice as long as width
of head, inserted near base of cones, without; two basal segments larger, sub-
globose, the rest filiform, terminal segment slightly clavate.
Thorax arched, rather coarsely punctate and finely pubescent or pulveru-
lent. Pronotum large, broad, somewhat arched; pubescence almost as long
236 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
as on frontal plates; not depressed below dorsulum and head; dorsulum broad
anteriorly, ascending posteriorly, nearly as large as scutum. Wings hyaline,
two and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadest across middle, acute
apically, apex within second marginal cell; first marginal cell a little larger
than second marginal; radius longer than second cubital, curved midway;
venation brown to black.
FemALeE—Abdomen very broad dorso-ventrally, strongly arched dorsally.
Genital segment hirsute, fully as long as four preceding segments, subacute
apically; both plates of equal length; style not exserted. Marsr—Abdomen
broad basally, strongly converging. Genital segment very long, nearly as
long as four preceding segments ; genital plate reflexed dorsally ; claspers ellip-
tically arched, closely lying on genital plate, hirsute.
Described from one female and two males, taken by C. F. Baker near
Claremont, Calif. Co-type in Nat. Museum.
Trioza rotundipennis nu. sp.
(Fig. 99, E, M, N), (Fig. 98, C).
Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 2.9 mm. General color red-
dish brown to orange; head brownish, except margin of frontal plates light;
prothorax whitish; meso- and metathorax mostly reddish brown; abdomen
brown except genital segment white; three basal antennal segments white, the
rest black.
Head not deflexed; with eyes, fully as broad as thorax; frontal plates
subhorizontal, slightly and finely pubescent, elevated plate-like, broadly de-
pressed discally, and deeply emarginate anteriorly at median suture; facial
cones black, moderately large, acute, almost horizontal, strongly divergent
and very sparsely and briefly hirsute. Eyes scarcely hemispherical, rather
flattened. Antennae fully twice as long as width of head, inserted somewhat
above cones, without; two basal segments short and stout, the rest filiform;
III very long, longer than IV and V combined.
Thorax quite strongly arched, punctate, not pubescent. Pronotum de-
pressed below dorsulum and head, lighter in color than the rest of the thorax;
dorsulum rather acute anteriorly, ascending strongly especially anteriorly,
about as long as scutum. Wings hyaline, about two and one-fourth times as
long as broad, broadest across first marginal and radial cells midway, very
broadly rounded apically; radius very short, but fully as long as second
cubital, which is only twice as long as fourth furcal; marginal cells about
equal; venation yellow.
Matr—Abdomen quite broad basally, dorsal segments descending and
almost disappearing on anal half of abdomen. Genital segments partially re-
flexed dorsally, larger than preceding segment; genital plate reflexed; claspers
laterally opposed, fully as long as genital segment, acute at tips, moderately
hirsute.
Described from two males, taken by C. F. Baker near Claremont, Calif.
(mountains). Co-type in Nat. Museum.
AMERICAN TRIOZIN/E |
to
ios)
“I
Trioza maculipennis n. sp.
(Giitsy, GIS) Te, (Ol, 129), (inte, Wee ID).
Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewings 2.8
reddish brown to dark brown or black; head fulvous brown; thorax darker,
somewhat mottled; abdomen almost black; intermediate antennal segments
tipped with black, terminal segment black, the rest yellowish brown.
Head somewhat deflexed; with eyes, almost as broad as thorax; frontal
plates raised plate-like, large, broadly depressed obliquely, slightly elevated
along median suture, scarcely emarginate anteriorly, quite pubescent; facial
cones fulvous, short, subacute, strongly divergent, almost horizontal and
sparsely hirsute. Eyes large, hemispherical. Antennae fully twice as long
‘as width of head, filiform, except two basal segments; third segment very long.
Thorax not strongly arched, coarsely punctate. Pronotum depressed be-
low dorsulum and head, rather light colored; dorsulum pubescent, acute ante-
riorly, strongly ascending on anterior half, posteriorly, and the rest of thorax
not very strongly arched; scutum very slightly pubescent anteriorly. Wings
angulated and acute apically, about two and two-thirds times as long as broad,
broadest subapically; semihyaline, not fully transparent, with several brown
maculae in apical half covering both marginal cells and part of cubital and
radial cells; first marginal cell much larger than second; radius straight,
shorter than second cubital; venation yellowish brown.
Mare—Abdomen quite long and stout. Genital segment as long as two
preceding segments, rounded apically and not reflexed; genital plates small,
slightly flexed anteriorly; penis exserted toward claspers; claspers large, bi-
lobed, laterally opposed. Genital segment and plates very densely pubescent.
Described from two males, taken by C. F. Baker in San Mateo County,
California.
5 mm. General color
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
[In this department we hope to give in most numbers of the Journal
some idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of
publications of interest to western students, notices of entomological meet-
ings, etc. To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all
items of entomological interest about themselves or others. Mr. Grinnell will
be very glad to answer any questions or help anyone in any way, by letter
or personally. Address, Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave.,
Pasadena, Cal. ]
Mr. D. W. Coquillett of Washington, D. C., is visiting in Los Angeles
during this spring.
Mr. Wm. M. Mann of Stanford University is studying and collecting
myrmecophilous insects, especially Coleoptera, and has already found some
very interesting forms.
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell describes a number of new Californian bees in
the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, for January, 1910.
One wing of the County Historical Museum and Art Gallery about to
be erected in Agricultural Park, Los Angeles, will be occupied by the
collections of the Southern California Academy of Sciences.
The March meeting of the Pasadena Entomological Society was held
at the residence of Mr. Karl R. Coolidge, in Pasadena. Mr. Wm. Schrader,
of Los Angeles, reviewed some of the interesting experimental work of
Standfuss, on the Lepidoptera; and alluded to some of his own work.
Mr. Francis X. Williams of San Francisco has been appointed assistant
curator of the Snow Entomological Collections of the University of Kansas.
On his way to Kansas he stopped for a few days’ visit in Pasadena.
Prof. Herbert Osborn of the Ohio State University was a recent visitor
at Pomona College.
Mr. D. L. Crawford expects to spend another summer in Mexico,
collecting in some of the Southeastern States.
The Palos Verdes Marine Laboratory of Pomona College at Portuguese
Bend—a very favorable point on the coast of Southern California—will be
opened during the coming summer. ‘This laboratory is intended especially
to supplement the work of the Department of Biology of Pomona College,
but it will be open to any students or investigators desiring to work at this
point.
Dr. F. E. Blaisdell and Dr. Edwin C. VanDyke are planning a collecting
trip for Coleoptera to the high Sierras of Middle California.
Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy died in San Francisco, February 2d. He was a good
student of the Hemiptera, and was commencing a monumentous catalogue
of the Hemiptera of the world, published by Felix L. Dames, Berlin, Germany.
From January to April, the Oakland College of Medicine, Oakland, Cal.,
offered a course in Tropical Diseases and Medical Parasitology to graduates
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES 239
and practitioners of medicine, under the direction of Dr. Creighton Wellman.
Mr. Grinnell will be glad to get any number of specimens of Limenitis
lorquimti and Limenitis (Heterochroa) californica from any part of the
Pacific Coast, for the study of the mimetic relations of these two species.
Exact date and locality should be on each specimen.
Mr. V. L. Clemence and Mr. Karl R. Coolidge have canceled their pro-
posed trip to Mexico this year, and instead have gone to Southern Arizona
to collect for about three months; most of the time will be spent in the
Huachuca Mountains.
Mr. W. H. Stultz of Minneapolis has .been in Pasadena for the winter and
spring. Mr. Stultz collected many Lepidoptera for the work of Packard
and Grote.
The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, has reprinted the classic,
“Experiments on the Generation of Insects,” by Francesco Redi, of Arezzo,
translated from the Italian edition of 1688 by Mab Bigelow. Illustrated
with 44 full page, 16th century drawings. Cloth, $2.00. Edition of 1000
copies.
The Vitascope is a new instrument for observing living insects, etc.,
without disturbing them, at a distance, under high magnification, which can
be varied from 10-60 diameters. It is being put on the market by Newton
& Co., London.
Messrs. James A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard are authors of An
Orthopterological Reconnaissance of the Southwestern United States. Part
Ill. California and Nevada. From the Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 409-483. Oct. 1909. It is a very fully
annotated list, with descriptions of several new species, principally Californian,
and descriptions of localities visited. During 1909 Messrs. Rehn and Hebard
collected an additional lot of 10,000 Orthoptera, including more new and inter-
esting species.
Dr. William Morton Wheeler’s “Ants, Their Structure, Development
and Behavior,” has just been published by the MacMillan Company, N. Y.,
and forms a part of the Columbia University Biological Series. The price
is $5.00.
The department of tropical medicine in the State Journal of Medicine,
conducted by Dr. Creighton Wellman, is interesting and suggestive. In a
recent number are sections on Zoology and Medicine, Leprosy in California,
Our Small Rodents, Hookworm Among Us, and a Suggestion. And in an
editorial on Scientific Work on Plague, there is reviewed the most important
recent publications of the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.
A résumé of the more important of these are given. A good number
are in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, the Public Health Reports, Para-
sitology, Journal of Medical Research, ete.
“Medical Zoology is rapidly coming to its own. Since the recognition
of specific causes of disease, bacteriology was the first to ally itself with
clinical medicine and for a time threatened to divide the field with the patholo-
gist. But there has been and still is an increasingly significant tendency to
240 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
admit and study the effects of animal organisms in disease with the same
thoroughness with which bacterial affections are observed. A considerable
part of this is to be credited to students of tropical medicine. Portions of
protozoology, formerly regarded as an academical science; helminthology, long
looked upon as a distinct and isolated branch of natural history, and entomol-
ogy, which was for centuries tolerated as a hobby of dilettantes, have grad-
ually become co-ordinated into a logical science which touches and explains
a goodly fraction of the important diseases of mankind. ‘The study should
be taught systematically and thoroughly in every medical school in the
country instead of being touched upon in a desultory manner by the bacteri-
ologist, pathologist or clinician.”—Dr. Creighton Wellman, in the California
State Journal of Medicine.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Volume II SEPTEMBER 1910 Number 3
FUMIGATION STUDIES III
ESTIMATING THE CUBIC CONTENTS OF FUMIGATION TENTS
BY WRIGHT M. PIERCE
Perhaps no other single feature of ordinary contract fumigation has
contributed more to the utter uncertainty of results, than the common practice
of assigning dosages by guess-work. Woglum has shown that this method
gives results varying 50 per cent even in cases of men who are confident
of their ability to guess right every time. Our own observations in this
vicinity show that the guess-work method may readily furnish variations
of hundreds of cubic feet. Combine this practice with that of working as
near as possible to the minimum dosage for a given scale and it will be
Figure 100. The use of the marked tent under favorable circumstances
242 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
realized how very great are the chances for uneven results for “shots” that
do not hit the mark. Contractors have not taken very kindly to the system
of marking tents, and estimating tree by tree after the tents were on. It
requires a lot more time and work. Formerly it was a common practice
for the estimator to prepare a schedule of the orchard and go through
it rapidly, marking, offhand, the dosages for all the trees, and thus one
man could serve several crews in this respect. Sometimes where the orchard
ran fairly uniform, the contractor would dismiss the whole matter in a
very easy way—by prescribing a uniform dosage for the whole orchard.
When we have become convinced that the guess-work system of esti-
mating is a most uncertain and costly one for the grower, and the Morrill
Figure 101. Even though these tents were marked, anything like accurate estimating
would be impossible
or any other system of marking the tents is generally adopted, it will still
require great care and judgment to keep within bounds the possible margin
of error. We wish to show in this article that in careless hands there
are almost as great possibilities for error with the marked tents as without
them. Accuracy in the use of marked tents presupposes a tent of fairly
symmetrical form sloping the same on all sides, to be measured over the
top and around the base, well illustrated in Figure 100. If the trees were
all absolutely symmetrical, and the top growth of the same density every-
where, this method would be child’s play. But, unfortunately, this is rarely
the case. Our trees are usually unsymmetrical, and there is the utmost
variation in the density of the top growth. ‘The density of the top growth
FUMIGATION STUDIES Ill 243
Figure 102. These trees appeared to be of uniform size before the tents were put on
Figure 103. Showing good and bad use of ringed tents
244 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
determines in large part how the tent will hang. Over and over again
we have seen rows of trees appearing to the eye of any observer almost
identical in size and form, that showed differences of hundreds and hundreds
of cubic feet when the tents were thrown. The trees in Figures 101 and 102
looked almost perfectly uniform before being tented, though afterwards wide
variations were very evident, and these tents were “fired” in just the shape
shown in these photographs, the dosages of a necessity most uncertain by any
method.
A great deal may be done to overcome the very uncertain element in-
troduced by the unsymmetrical form of trees, by careful attention to pulling
Figure 104. This tree would be hard to tent, even with an unringed canvas
the tent into some shape after being thrown. A little pulling will often entirely
correct the form of the top, while a little attention to gathering the slack in
around the base may save hundreds of cubic feet. It is far more difficult
to do good work with tents attached to rings as may be readily seen by an
examination of Figures 103 and 104. In the smaller trees wasted space and
variation in form may be even more evident than in the larger trees (Figure
105). It thus becomes very certain that in careless hands the marked tents
may give as variable results as the old guess-work, whereas in careful hands,
marked tents make possible a far more accurate dosing.
The foregoing facts seem to make it very evident that:
1. Trees should never be estimated until tents are on them.
FUMIGATION STUDIES_III 245
2. Marked tents offer the only possible means known to us for correct
estimating, as has been shown by Morrill and Woglum.
3. Marked tents are an advance over old methods only when care ts
taken to shape them up as symmetrically as possible after they are placed on
the tree. ;
4. Close estimates should be made on every tree separately, but a
good generous margin over this should be allowed so as to be sure of thorough
and effective work.
Figure 105. Trees easy to tent but carelessly covered
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG
E. O. ESSIC
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER
OF VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
From time to time articles have appeared with reference to handling
the citrus mealy bug by fumigation and parasites. Fumigation was certainly
given an excellent test in this county, and while, through persistent en-
deavor, it has accomplished much good, yet to the average orchardist this
method is beyond reach. The best work was done in a ten-acre lemon orchard
belonging to the Teague-McKevett Co. just east of Santa Paula. Adjoining
the old ten-acre orchard, this company planted some 240 acres of young
lemon trees, and when the mealy bug was found to exist in the old orchard,
the owners sought to exterminate it at any cost to prevent its spreading
into the young grove. Former County Commissioner P. E. Smith started
this work during the fall of 1908 and it had been carried on until the present
time. The first tree-to-tree inspection showed 200 trees infested with mealy
bug. After this inspection the entire orchard was fumigated, the dose used
being in accordance with Woglum’s Dosage Schedule No. 1. A second in-
spection some two months later showed 75 trees still infested and all these
trees as well as those adjacent to them were fumigated as at first.
The third inspection, not being so careful, showed only a few trees
infested and these were fumigated with a dosage double that used in Dosage
Schedule No. 1. The results of this fumigation looked very favorable.
Three months later a very thorough inspection was made, the time re-
quired for the ten acres being six weeks. This inspection showed over 100
trees infested, some of them with eggs only, while others apparently supported
only a single individual. The fourth fumigation was carried on differently
from any work recorded on the mealy bug. Instead of a double dose being
given at once, as was used in the third fumigation, a single dose was given
as is the usual custom. After one hour exposure this dose was repeated,
thus making the dosage double that outlined in Woglum’s Dosage Schedule
No. 1 and the exposure two hours. It was believed that this would surely
get all of the insects which the one hour exposure and one dose did not kill.
The results were indeed very satisfactory. So much so that the fifth in-
spection, which was even more careful than the fourth, revealed only four trees
slightly infested. These trees were fumigated with the same system of dosage
as soon as they were found by the inspector. A later inspection has revealed
no mealy bugs, but only after some time, yet, can we make sure of this.
The work shows that the reduction of the pest is exceedingly great and that
through repeated fumigations the pest can be practically exterminated in
an orchard, but the cost would make it absolutely prohibitive in a large
orchard, which was badly infested in all parts. ‘To demonstrate this the
double dosage and double exposure system was carried into a very badly
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 247
infected orchard. ‘The results were little better than what was obtained by
a single dose and one hour exposure. In many cases only about 50 per cent of
the female bugs were killed, while the percentage of the eggs remained
unknown. ‘The cost of the single time for an average lemon tree, including
labor and tents, was nearly $1.50.
Believing in a three hour exposure and a triple dosage, an owner of a
badly infested orchard, wished his orchard so treated. After two nighis’
work a halt was called to await an inspection so as to get some idea of the
results obtained. An inspection followed which showed as many as 40 in-
dividual mealy bugs on a single tree. The work was stopped and a closer
inspection made which resulted in the work being dropped. The cost per
tree was near $2.25 and the results very poor.
It was after this and other work, that my attention was turned to some
other means of combating the mealy bug, than by fumigation or the use of
the already promising parasites which were working very slowly. To sprays
I turned first, believing that a mixture could be found which would do tite
work. Sprays seemed advisable for the following reasons.
1. At most times of the year the mealy bugs are scattered over the
tree in the most exposed manner. Only during the winter months are they
massed and more or less protected by their numbers.
2. The only protection afforded to these soft-bodied insects is a thin,
white, waxy covering. The requisite for a successful spray would be the
power of penetrating and dissolving this waxy coat.
3. A spray which would kill the adults would exterminate all the eggs
on the tree at the time of spraying.
4. Weather conditions are more favorable for spraying in this country
than for fumigation, because of damp nights, east winds, etc.
With these things in mind, work was begun with both wet and dry
sprays. The section chosen was an average-aged lemon orchard very badly
infested with mealy bug—a section of about two acres, and where parasites
had not been introduced.
The work was carried on during the months of January, February, and
March, when the trees were more or less dormant, and when the mealy bugs
and eggs were massed in great clusters on the trunks, limbs, leaves, and fruit
of the trees. The results were so good that beginning July Ist, over 100
acres will be sprayed and steps taken to make a general cleaning up of the
entire mealy bug district. Of course there are many things yet to be perfected
in regard to the time for spraying and the manner of application, but with
an efficient spray to work with, these details will develop only with experience
and time.
Even the following experiments are in no wise perfected, but shall serve
to show simply how far the work has been carried to the present time.
The work is only begun, and from time to time, I shall be able to furnish
a great deal more material upon this subject.
In all the spraying experiments, the one dominant aim was to find a
solution which would effectually dissolve the waxy covering of the scale body
248 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
and egg masses and so kill the insects through contact. The effect on eggs
seemed especially good, for the egg masses soon dried up after the first
spraying and disappeared. At this time of the year great masses were
located upon the trunks of the trees and these were totally destroyed with
the one application.
This experimental work was carried on with a small hand spray pump and
a hand duster. The first results were naturally unsatisfactory, but all the
promising sprays were afterwards applied with a power sprayer and the re-
sults were infinitely better.
Powders
A special hand blower, Leggett’s Champion Duster, was purchased for
the application of powders. Wherever such a powder was used, a most liberal
application was made, so as to get the best results possible. The doses were
repeated several times in course of the three months of experimental work.
Due to the waxy secretion of the mealy bug, the powders were unable to
effectually reach the insect body and kill through contact. The work was
entirely unsatisfactory and I am safe in saying that nothing worth while
was accomplished. The following powders were used:
FLOWERS OF SULFUR.
These were blown upon the trees with the duster in great quantities
early in the morning while the dew was heavy on the trees. The results
obtained were entirely unsatisfactory—many of the mealy bugs were seen
a week after the application, crawling with the sulphur upon their backs.
DEHYDRATED LIME.
Dehydrated lime was blown upon the tree as was the sulphur. Many
of the mealy bugs were dried up where the lime was heaped upon them in
great quantities. It was very difficult to make the lime stick, for as soon
as it was dried out by the sun the wind blew much of it from the trees.
Especially was this true on the underside of the leaves and fruit. Generally
speaking, this is not an effectual remedy at all for this pest. In a very damp
country it might be much more effectual, but here it is unpractical.
UNSLACKED LIME.
Unslacked lime was pulverized and blown on the damp trees early in
the morning. This might be effective if the mealy bugs were also damp, but
such is never the case because of their waxy secretion. ‘The lime cannot be
heaped upon their bodies in quantities large enough to do effective work.
In Florida it is said that unslacked lime is very effective. This may be
due to the much moister climate than we have here. Especially is it hard
to get the lime to cling to the mealy bugs on the undersides of the leaves
and fruit.
FLOWERS OF SULPHUR AND DEHYDRATED LIME.
Flowers of Sulfur and Dehydrated Lime were mixed in equal parts and
applied in a manner as either alone. The results obtained were no better than
those of the other dry sprays.
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 249
In our work the powders were not effective at all and could not be
compared to the work of some of the wet sprays. Should they kill through
bodily contact, it would be extremely hard to reach the mealy bugs hiding under
the bark and smut, or those within the navels of the orange fruit. In badly
infested orchards, a great deal of honey-dew is deposited upon the foliage.
Upon this honey-dew, the smut sometimes grows to be 1-32 to ¥% of an inch
thick. Where it cracks, mealy bugs enter and hide themselves beneath this
protecting coat. A powder cannot reach them here and great numbers are
so overlooked. It was therefore necessary to find a mixture which would
remove this smut and expose the pests to the direct mercy of the liquid spray.
KEROSENE.
A test was made on one tree with pure kerosene. The tree was a four-
year-old and naturally rather small. It was very badly infested with egg-
masses, larva, and adult female mealy bugs. Fearing serious results to the
tree, only 1% gallons were applied with the small hand spray pump. The
mealy bugs were killed instantly as soon as the kerosene came in contact
with their bodies. The wax on the bodies and egg masses was immediately
dissolved allowing the oil to penetrate into all parts of the insect bodies.
In no case did an insect crawl or move after the spray had touched it.
Most of the bodies turned brown or red, and after a day began to shrivel up.
The smut was also removed from the leaves and fruit of the tree, so
that a day after the application the tree looked much fresher and brighter
than did any of its neighbors.
This work indeed looked marvellous, because nothing had been tried
which seemed to instantly kill any number of mealy bugs at any one time,
and this being also the first experiment tried in this investigation. The
belief was that the tree would be defoliated and the buds killed by the pure
kerosene, but after one month, not a leaf was dropped and no ill effects to
the tree were noticed. Because of the expense and the probable injury which
might occur under different circumstances, this spray gave way to a more
economical spray and one which appears to be very effective without the
least sign of injury to the most delicate foliage and buds. I refer to the
Carbolic Acid Emulsion which is discussed at the end.
It is interesting to note that a 25 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene
and water applied to this same tree and to other trees a month later caused
a great dropping of leaves and a decided yellowing of the foliage.
A 25% MECHANICAL MIXTURE OF KEROSENE AND WATER.
Following along the line of the above experiments with pure kerosene,
a mechanical mixture of kerosene and water was tried. The mixture giving
the best results was a 25% mixture. To keep it thoroughly agitated it was
applied with a power pump at a pressure of 200 pounds, and mechanically
agitated all of the time. Some twenty trees were sprayed with not at all
satisfactory results. The leaves were dropped and those which remained
turned to a sickly yellow color. The killing power of the spray was very
poor—the water caused the oil to gather in globules as soon as it hit the
250 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
foliage or fruit and did not penetrate into the waxy covering of the insects.
Only upon the trunks of the trees did we get any results worth while—and
these results were obtained with all the sprays tried.
GASOLINE.
To test a stronger and more volatile solution, gasoline was tried with
hope that it might evaporate before any real damage was done to the tree,
and yet kill the mealy bug. Accordingly 2% gallons were applied to a large
tree. It was impossible to cover the entire tree with so small a dosage, but
the desired tests were obtained. After two days the leaves began to curl
up and dry upon the tree without falling to the ground. The burning was
severe to the fruit as well as to some of the new growth. The killing power
was good, but not so good as that of the kerosene. The experiment only
shows that this liquid is too severe for a tree’s insecticide in its pure state,
though it has excellent killing properties.
RESIN WASH.
Formula for the stock solution:
RSS 1M Reet rt hd ey PEL eli eet seal 5 Cater: Sean 30 eee Beale. Salis,
Caustic Soda (Lye)
Bishe Oil =
Water to mix
This stock solution was diluted to make a number of tests, which are
recorded as follows:
Stock solution diluted with water 1 to 48:—Several trees sprayed with
this mixture showed unsatisfactory results, because the waxy covering of the
mealy bug seemed to resist it completely. In other words, it would not dis-
solve the waxy covering at all, and hence was impracticable.
Stock solution diluted with water 1 to 24: While this mixture was
the best obtained for the mealy bug, and really gave good results, it did not
show up as well as did some of the sprays which follow. Its adhesive power
is good, but the power of penetration not so good as the emulsions.
Stock solution diluted 1 to 12 and 1 to 6: These mixtures were little more
effective than the less powerful ones, and much more expensive.
None of these mixtures seemed to do the least bit of damage to the
foliage of the trees.
POTASSIUM BICHROMATE.
The killing power of this chemical, when dissolved in water and applied
alone, or when added to other solutions, is remarkable. When dissolved in
water it has no particular affinity for the waxy covering of the mealy bug,
but the deposit left upon the insects upon evaporation makes great havoc
among them. In every case the killing was excellent no matter how mixed,
but the foliage of the tree could not resist it. The fruit also was badly
pitted and spotted wherever a drop gathered and the mineral was deposited.
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 251
The mixtures used were as follows:
(1) Potassium Bichromate
Waterers So Bierce sr ete ae te ee ee ee
(2) Potassium Bichromate
Carbolic Acid Emulsion
The potassium bichromate was also added to Lime Sulfur in limited
quantities, but in every case it caused spotting, burning, and dropping of foliage.
Its use as a spray for citrus trees is therefore impractical and unwise—and the
experiments show this.
TOBACCO EXTRACT.
Tobacco extract and caustic soda were mixed as follows:
LabaccosH tracts Gey liobaccoy Con) mee eens eee Y, pt.
Caustic Soda
Water stotinixe st ct. 22 Senet ee eel Lg oh eats 2
This stock solution was diluted 1 to 3 and applied with a hand pump.
The results were the poorest which were obtained and the use of the tobacco
extract likewise proved of no use.
Another formula as follows was tried with no better results:
POLO NO eau ea et Peery ea ee, ter Pe Y, Ib.
Black Leaf ......... ree Rn OE na a ee Y, gal.
‘AE So oreo Sue ee es ete et ett iemenle ERE Ee cree TT ree end ST 5 gals.
BOILED LIME-SULFUR SPRAY.
The effectiveness of the lime-sulfur spray as an insecticide has been well
demonstrated along many lines. It was therefore only natural that it should
be given a trial on the mealy bug.
Accordingly a special prepared mixture was tried and gave promise of
such good results that the manufacture of a spray in the orchard, here, was
begun. It was necessary, first of all, to get a spray strong enough to kill the
mealy bugs.
The most successful combination made was according to the following
formula :
Wnslacked ime. Er NOON te es | HS) LRT) ee 50 lbs
lowers: om sulttir se es ee eee ee, eee (DNS:
WViatGr a LOR MINING Fy Ae re ee ok eee ener eles ee MeO EAS
The usual method of mixing the material was as follows:
The lime, when slacked, was first added to the 40 gallons of water in the
iron kettle. The sulfur was then added and stirred when the water began to
get warm. As soon as the mixture began to boil the sulfur was thoroughly
mixed. All was then allowed to boil for several hours and stirred repeatedly.
Another method of mixing is to make a paste of the sulfur before adding it to
the lime and water. The mixture was strained through a fine sieve and
diluted 1 to 20 before using. This made it a cheap, easy spray to apply, but
one severe on the hands and face of the men handling the nozzles.
252 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The first work was done, with this spray, in January, before the new
spring growth began to appear. A careful watch was kept to see that no
injury was being done to the leaves or fruit of the trees, and at this season
no damage whatever was noticed, in the packing house or in the field. The
mealy bugs at this period were massed upon the trunks of the trees, on the
foliage, and between the touching fruit. Two applications were necessary to
destroy these large masses of insects, for the first simply killed all on the
outside, while the second, some time later, killed what remained. ‘Then, too,
the first application removes a great deal of the smut from the foliage and
exposes the insects hiding under it. These are killed with the second applica-
tion. The egg masses on the trunks were absolutely eradicated by the first
application, while it was necessary to make many applications to clean up a
dirty tree. In our work here three applications practically cleaned up an entire
orchard. At the present time, some three months since the last application, it
is hard to find a single mealy bug in the orchard so sprayed, but this is not due
to the lime-sulfur spray alone—in fact the spray discussed as the Carbolic
Acid Emulsion proved to be the most efficient.
In March, with the coming of the new and tender growth on the lemon
trees, we found a serious objection to this spray. It stuck particularly well
to this new growth and was so strong that it killed wherever it struck. Every
tree thus sprayed was deprived of all the new growth which it touched, and
further work with this spray had to be given up. Perhaps when the growth
becomes more hardened it may again be used, for it has never injured the
buds or the fruit in any way. Fortunately, however, the Carbolic Acid
Emulsion Spray has all of the advantages of this spray, and does not injure
the tenderest growth, and is perfectly harmless to the men using the nozzles.
CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION.
The most satisfactory of all the sprays used in combating the citrus
mealy bug is the Carbolic Acid Emulsion. This is probably due to its pene-
trating qualities which enables it to dissolve the waxy covering of the mealy
bug and to come in contact with the naked body.
The formula used in mixing up this spray is as follows:
@ntides Carbo lie ci ee tee ear ree etre Se ee ee 5 gals.
VV hicileg UES Oa pee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee 40 ths.
NN eal a eee (7 is (0) Rae eop a er en DE ree et ete eae eel 40 gals.
The 40 gallons of water are first poured into the cooking kettle and
allowed to boil. While the water is getting hot, the whale oil soap is cut
into fine pieces, so as to make it dissolve easily, and added to the water.
When the soap is all dissolved in the hot water, the carbolic acid is added,
and all is allowed to boil for a short time to insure thorough mixing. The
whole operation requires less than one hour. The contents make about 43
gallons of rich stock solution. For spraying, the stock solution is diluted one
to twenty of water, thus making approximately 860 gallons of spraying
material. The stock solution will keep indefinitely, but is preferable fresh
When diluted with water it makes a perfect emulsion and can be applied
with any spray pump, since an agitator is not needed. When the stock
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 253
solution is allowed to stand for some time it is best to stir it up before diluting
it for spraying.
The resulting spray is very easily handled, it needs no agitation, no
straining, is easily and simply made, does not rot the hose or rust iron pipes,
and is perfectly harmless to the eyes and hands of the sprayers.
Applications: In spraying for insects which are protected by a wooly, cor
tony, or waxy covering, it is essential that an adequate force behind the
spray be employed. In the case of the mealy bug it is absolutely necessary to
have a power spray pump. This will enable the sprayer to develop the power
necessary. In our work the least pressure used was 100 pounds and the
most satisfactory pressure 250 pounds. A three nozzled spray seemed to give
the best results, for a thorough drenching could be given any spot instantly,
and the top of the tree could be more effectively reached. With such a spray
there is little danger of missing any considerably surface of the tree, a thing
to be guarded against, for every spot untouched means not a few mealy
bugs left alive on the tree for the next year. This can be avoided only by
thorough work and regular applications. If a few insects are left in a se-
cluded place it will not be long before the young are born and the adults die,
or the adults themselves, may move to a more favorable place. The young
always move away from the parent and often rove extensively after hatching.
The life cycle is quite long, lasting from six to nine months, so three applica-
tions of spray within this time will surely eliminate most of them. In a badly
infested orchard an application should be made once every two months until the
conditions are made much better.
In the experimental and field work where the trees were normal in size,
and badly infested with eggs, larve, and adult mealy bugs, 15 gallons were
given to each tree, at an application.
Cost of Spraying: In large quantities the cost of materials is as follows:
Grudes@arholicwNctd ee wets eern waete ee, Mente eh ee 25c per gal.
Whale Oil Soap : 6Yzc per tb.
A mixture of 43 gallons of stock solution according to the above formula
would cost $3.85. This stock solution makes 860 gallons of spraying material
less than Yc per gallon. Using 15 gallons per tree this would make the
cost near 7c a tree for a single application. After the first two sprayings
it would not be necessary to give such a large dose, which would cut down
the expenses somewhat. The labor would probably cost less than the cost
of chemicals per tree.
Comparing spraying with fumigation, every argument of expense is
with the former, and the results are certainly greater in proportion to the
cost, for each application and as many applications are necessary for fumi-
gation as are for spraying at a cost of about five times as much every time.
Time for Spraying: In a badly infested orchard the work should be
taken up just as soon as possible so as to eliminate all of the insects exposed.
After two or three successive sprayings within six or seven weeks, a regular
system should be followed, just as we fumigate regularly for black scale.
254 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
In the late fall, during the months of October, November, December,
and on into January, the mealy bugs and their eggs are massed in great num-
bers all over the tree and fruit. Spraying during these months is somewhat
difficult, but these are the advantages:
1. Nearly all of the eggs which would produce new broods for the
coming year would be destroyed. While the young continue to hatch through-
out the entire year, there is a period in the spring when the egg masses, which
were deposited in the fall, hatch and the young come forth in great numbers
just in time to attack young growth. ‘Therefore spraying in the winter
is very effective in preventing these spring broods.
2. In the winter the lemon tree has its minimum amount of foliage,
the tree is more open and offers greater opportunities for effective spraying,
especially in respect to the large limbs, upon which are massed the most
of the eggs.
3. In the winter months the tree will stand more than in the spring
months. ‘This was demonstrated by the Lime-Sulfur spray, which killed the
new spring growth and did no injury at all to the tough, leathery growth of
the winter. The hot weather in the summer is injurious to a sprayed tree.
It has been proven that a tree cannot stand near as strong a mixture of
distillate and water in the summer time as it can in the winter. This is
true to a great degree with regard to any spray.
As was pointed out above, the young begin to appear in great numbers
as soon as the new growth starts. These young insects seek first the
tender growth and the young fruit buds. Upon the former they settle indis-
criminately while on the latter they settle just around the base of the young
fruit. I have counted as many as 150 individuals around a single young
lemon.
At this period all infested trees should be given a liberal application,
in order to preserve the new growth and setting lemons; the greater number of
the latter will soon drop unless the pests are removed. In case the fruit ma-
tures, the mealy bugs develop with it until, when it is ready to pick, it is so
scarred as to be fit only for third grade when it might have been first.
While the carbolic acid emulsion did spot the younger, reddish growth, no
material damage was done at this period, which should prevent spraying.
Later in summer, after the young growth hardens a little, is a more favor-
able time to spray, except that the foliage is very dense and thorough work
difficult.
What has been said above pertains particularly to the lemon trees. The
oranges shall now be considered.
Navel Orange Trees: Mealy bugs usually show up in the greatest num-
bers in the navel end of the fruit. In fact this may be the only place where
they can be found. Here they find the skin thin and are able to extract the
juices easily while at the same time the navel affords secure protection. In
half-grown oranges, I have found the insect working nearly to the center of
the fruit. As they work in, the female deposits her eggs behind he:,
thus completely closing the end of the orange. In a single navel thousands
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 255
of eggs are deposited, while only those at the extreme end are exposed. The
“working-in” process often causes a great deal of dry rotting. In one orchard
about 15% was thus destroyed. The pests lodged in the navel are removed
with the fruit, and it is impractical to spray except at the following times:
1. Just after the fruit is well set and continue, if necessary, until the
fruit attains the size of a walnut: At this period the mealy bugs are mostly
young and are scattered individually over the trees. It is useless to spray
after the navel is large enough to afford extensive shelter, for this is where
the insect is sure to lodge as soon as possible.
2. After the fruit is picked: It is a plain truth that the mealy bug, on
the citrus trees, is a fruit feeder. For this reason it appears in greater
numbers upon the lemon trees, for lemons bear fruit throughout the entire
year, and afford the most favorable conditions.
After the oranges are removed from the trees, it is difficult to find the
mealy bug in any considerable numbers. Of course many go with the fruit,
but enough egg masses are left upon the trunks and limbs of the trees to
infest the coming crop of fruit. And the pest will not show up again until the
fruit is well set. This period of inactivity, due to lack of food, has led many
to believe that the pest left the tree, to show up only at certain periods of
the year. Not remembering the conditions from year to year, many orange
growers believe that the mealy bug may disappear for a year before it again
shows up. ‘This is not so true with the lemon grower. While the insect is
not so numerous in the summer months, it is always present, and a constant
source of worry. It may be found upon the orange trees, but, being small and
not so active, is more difficult to find than when you have only to look into
the navel of the fruit.
To show this preference for the fruit the following experiment was car-
ried on in the laboratory: Several two-year-old lemon trees, and seedling
orange trees, were enclosed in cloth cages and kept in excellent condition.
Large numbers of infested lemons and oranges were placed at the base
of the trees. In no case did the mealy bugs leave the fruit, until it had
become shriveled and tough-skinned. And when the young did take to the
tree their development was extremely slow. In two cages, I have had mealy
bugs infesting the young lemon trees since October. The young hatched
out in great numbers in a month later and fairly covered the foliage of the
tree. To date (June 7) not a single adult insect can be found, while there are
still a few small individuals. This is not true on other plants, where they de-
velope perfectly upon the foliage. Thus they linger upon the orange trees until
the fruit appears when they begin to develope very rapidly. Conditions may
vary elsewhere, but this one thing is very noticeable here.
Valencias and Seedling Trees: As in the case of the navels, the mealy
bugs gather at the blossom end of the fruit, where they deposit a great many
eggs. In the seedling, however, little or no protection is afforded except
against the weather. The damage to the fruit is slight and the insects are
easily removed in the washer. The greatest damage done is causing the
256 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
black smut to grow upon the fruit and thus necessitate washing and over-
handling.
Spraying should be carried on as for navel trees, but can be continued until
the fruit is quite large, if necessary.
In general it is more difficult to spray an orange tree than a lemon, to
do good work, because the foliage on the former is much denser and orange
trees are more often allowed to grow down to the ground, thus making it
very hard to reach all of the interior of the tree. Then, too, many of the
seedlings are very large trees, and require a tremendous dose to cover all
of the leaf surface. A lemon tree infested with mealy bug is usually very
destitute of foliage and this openness makes spraying an easy matter.
All trees can be successfully cleaned up if the work done is thorough
and persistent. To spray whenever the mealy bug is found upon a tree is a
very good motto.
Number of Applications: As every sprayer knows, it is impossible to
reach all parts of a tree at a single spraying. In combating so serious a
pest as the mealy bug it is therefore necessary to make a number of appli-
cations to get results.
In a badly infested orchard three sprayings should be made within two
or three months. The orchard will then be freed from serious smutting and
the fruit will be hardly scarred. But the work must not be stopped. The
mealy bug is a pest which can hardly be eradicated, for it has too many host
plants. Parasites are going to do good work as soon as they get started, but
the man who wishes to keep this pest down can do so by first cleaning up the
orchard as stated and then spray once or twice a year with the carbolic acid
emulsion. The main thing is to keep fighting. That is the only way to get rid
of any kind of infection, whether it be weeds, fungous or insect pests.
Spraying and Parasites: It is not the aim of this office to belittle the
work of parasites in any way. We have set aside a large section of badly
infested lemon trees for their work alone. Every chance should be given
any natural agent which tends to destroy the mealy bug. At the present
time the parasites in this section are doing excellent work and it is hoped
that their good work shall keep on.
For checking the spraying work, several rows on the edge of the re-
served portion, where there were few parasites, were treated so as to compare
them with those left to the parasites. No report can be made on this for
several years, in order to give the predaceous friends a fair show.
The adult ladybird beetle easily escapes the spray. It was noticeable how
rapidly they took to wing or fell to the ground and crawled away as soon as
the fine spray struck them. But the larve never escape. In the case of the
Cryptolaemus and Scymnus larve the covering is a dense white, cottony,
material like that of the mealy bug, and they are just as susceptible to the
spray. Many escaped but the greater number were killed with the mealy bugs.
The effect of the Carbolic Acid Emulsion upon the Honey-Dew Fungus:
It is evident that the thick coating of smut upon the foliage, which grows on
the honey-dew, secreted by the mealy bug, is a great detriment to the function
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 257
of the breathing organs of the leaves and to the photosynthetic action within
the leaf. Probably no scale insect is more prolific in the production of this
honey-dew than is the mealy bug. Of course the greatest damage is to the
fruit, because the scrubbing in the washer, necessary to remove the smut,
greatly reduces the keeping qualities of the fruit. This is especially true in
regard to the lemons, which must be subjected to a long period of curing.
The following letter from Mr. Robert Ramsey of N. W. Blanchard’s Packing
House gives some idea of the damage to the fruit caused directly by the citrus
mealy bug:
“Mr. Essig. Dear Sir: In accordance with your request for data concern-
ing the probable percentage of loss on oranges and lemons that can be traced to
the presence of the mealy bug, have made an analysis of two years’ results
as follows:
LEMON.
Increase in the proportion of culls to selects in 1909 over 1908
inereasesina house decay, in 1909) over 1O08 = a ee 5
Increased cost per packed box handling in house 1909 over 1908.
ORANGES.
As to oranges it is very difficult to ascertain just how much decay was
due to mealy bug, because of the fact that in previous years, with no mealy
bug, weather conditions have made the fruit soft and non-keeping and on
the other hand, this past year with mealy bug, the fruit has kept better than
for years (1910). It is significant, however, that the cost per packed box
of handling in the house in 1909 over 1908 is considerable greater, as follows:
Increase in cost of handling per packed box in house 1909 over 1908..1714%
Trust these figures, which are taken from the records, may prove of
some use to you, and if there is any other information that you desire, that
we can furnish, advise and will look it up.
Yours truly,
R. S. Ramsey.”
To ascertain the effect of the sprays upon this smut, the fruit from the
sprayed trees was carefully separated in lots according to the spray used. All
the lemons which were coming into the packing house from the mealy bug
sections of the orchards were washed with much difficulty, and required a great
deal of hand scrubbing after they left the washer. The cost therefore was very
great, simply in the washing of the fruit, regardless of the loss through decay.
Two lots of fruit were separated and data recorded of the sprayed lemons
as follows, from report of Mr. T. Dougherty, foreman of the Blanchard
Packing House:
THOSE SPRAYED WITH LIME-SULFUR SPRAY.
“Wash very clean and easy. No visible marks or spots from effects of
spray. No hand brushing required.”
258 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
THOSE SPRAYED WITH THE CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION.
“Washed very clean and easy, requiring no hand brushing, although
almost completely covered with smut and mealy bugs, the latter seemingly
all dead. No spots from spray.”
The significance of this report can only be appreciated when one knows
the real conditions of the fruit referred to. It was taken from a section which
was as badly infested with mealy bug as any, and the fruit was thickly
coated with black smut and honey-dew.
It was estimated that the benefits derived from the spray in cleaning
the fruit alone, paid for the cost of spraying. The carbolic acid emulsion
gave the best results in this work.
Fruit which was very dirty from smut of black scale was washed in a
weak solution of the carbolic acid emulsion in the packing house washer with
very good results. ‘The kerosene, which had been used, benefited only the
lemons floating on the top of the water, while the emulsion benefited all alike.
The mixture was as follows:
Five gallons of the stock solution was added to 200 gallons in the washer.
This amount ran one-half a day—steady washing. Only in cases of very dirty
fruit has this given any very great advantages over other washing materials.
CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION AND BLACK SCALE.
Many fruit growers here believe that any spray which will kill the
mealy bug will certainly slaughter the black scale, but such is not the case.
The black scale, even when quite young, is not so susceptible to this spray
as is the mealy bug, due to its hard coating. The black scale is protected
by its hard shell which is not much damaged by this spray, while the mealy
bug is protected by a cottony wax, which is readily dissolved by it. ‘There-
fore this spray is not recommended for black scale, although it may kill
a great many of the young insects.
PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.
Use every means to get rid of the citrus mealy bug at any COST.
2. Spray as soon as you can, and as often as necessary.
Use fresh and good material. It can be had at about the above quoted
prices. Write for quotations to any reputable chemical supply house.
4. Do not think that because you do not kill all the pests at one spraying
that the spray is not good. Remember that this is a very difficult
pest to combat.
5. Use a power pump.
6. Write to this office for any information desired regarding this pest.
PRESENT STATUS OF MEALY BUG SPRAYING AT SANTA PAULA.
Since writing the article on spraying for the citrus mealy bug, we
have sprayed at Santa Paula some twenty acres. During this work many
of the practical and unpractical phases of the work was brought out, which
shall be taken up under various heads.
SPRAYING FOR THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 259
Pressure: Great difficulty was found in keeping a high and constant
pressure with run-down spray pumps. ‘This work is very particular and the
pump must be overhauled at the beginning of the spraying season so that
the best possible results may be obtained. The pressure should never be less
than 200 pounds. In many cases where it went as low as 100 pounds or even
140 pounds the results were not satisfactory. The high pressure not only
penetrates the cottony protection better, but it whirls the leaves and enables
the sprayer to hit every part of the tree. Much of the poor results obtained
were usually traced right back to this cause, which though a small thing,
is extremely important in spraying for the mealy bug.
Application: There is always fault found with the application of sprays.
Either the sprayers are careless or, as found in some cases here, did not wish
to do the work, so pushed it as rapidly as possible, giving each tree only half
the required dosage. By careful work we found that if applied rightly, the
Carbolic Acid Emulsion did excellent work, so if you get poor results look up
this matter. Few men enjoy spraying and farm hands like to see it finished
as soon as possible. Sometimes it was necessary to go over the work twice
in order to get beneficial results at all, and in those cases we found that the
first dosage given was less than half which the sprayers were instructed to use.
Careless spraying is useless.
Material; ‘The commercial materials used must be carefully examined,
for we have found some unfit for anything.
As a rule the crude carbolic acid was good, but if it is allowed to
stand in wooden barrels in the hot sun for any length of time it is liable to
evaporate and escape, leaving a concentrated liquid which is disastrous to the
spraying apparatus because it collects in the hose and stops up the nozzles, and
to the trees because it may drop the leaves.
With the whale oil soap we found considerable trouble. In all we have
handled some three tons and find two distinct grades. One is a light brown
and is good, while the other is very dark—nearly black—and is worthless.
Out of the last ton some 400 pounds were set aside and will be shipped back
to the factory. The trouble with this poor grade seems to lie in that it will
not form an emulsion, no matter how much is used. Several tanks were
sprayed out before the mixer was aware of the difference, which showed up
immediately on the trees. No harm was done to the foliage or to the
mealy bugs. Therefore in view of this experience you are advised to avoid
dark whale oil soap. It is not good.
General Results: At times the work proves very encouraging, while
again it does not show up well, but I am satisfied that all poor work lies with
the above named faults. Spraying citrus trees for anything is difficult, and
doubly so when spraying for the mealy bug. The pest is bad and hard to
kill. Remember it cannot be killed with reckless spraying. Good work always
shows up in the results. Remember this in your spraying work.
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY
BUG II.
BY E. O. ESSIG
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF
VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Coccinellidze
Among the ladybird beetles come many of the predaceous enemies of
the mealy bug, and because of their great importance to the entire field of
Agriculture and Horticulture in combating especially the Coccid and Aphid
pests, we have been studying as many of its species as possible. To my
knowledge there are no works in the state dealing with the accurate dis-
tinguishing of the larval and pupa forms and to this end this study is being
attempted. To the practical observer the larvae and pupe are rarely as-
sociated with the correct adult. Since it is the larva that we expect to do
most of the good work, we should be able to distinguish it immediately. At
present we have at Santa Paula the following ladybird beetles as enemies of
the mealy bug; Cryptolaemus montrouzierit, Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizobius
lophantha, Scymnus guttulatus, and several others not determined. These
we shall consider first. In order to better understand the descriptions let
us look first at the general characters of the larve.
Family Characters of Larvz of Coccinellidz*
Larva six-footed, with ventral side of the body straight—an adaptation
for crawling on a plane surface. Abdomen with nine segments, the last con-
taining an anal tube which is used in locomotion.
Spiracles are located as follows: One pair on the mesothorax and a pair
on each of the first eight abdominal segments. These spiracles are situated
on the lateral margins near the middle of the segments, and extend to a
considerable distance within the body.
Head small, hard, narrower than pro-thorax. Epistoma large at the
fore part widening from a narow front towards the crown of the head
where it becomes almost circular. Clypeus distinctly separated from the
frontal by a well defined suture.
Ocelli protruding, situated on a triangle just behind the antenne.
Antenne situated on the lateral anterior angles of the head just back
of the base of the mandibles; three-articled, very small and retractible. The
of the base of the mandibles; three-articled, very small and retractile. The
inserted on the exterior margin of the second. It is shorter, more slender
than the second and usually terminates in a point.
Mouth-parts small and not extended. Labrum membranous, irregular
on the front, extending between the lateral angles of the clypeus, which
is much more chitinous. Mandibles strong, somewhat triangular, nearly
as wide at the base as long, sharp-pointed, but generally bifurcate at the
point, with a tooth on either side or with one on both sides near the base.
*Geo. W. Dimmock—Algunas Coccinellidae de Cuba, 1905.
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 261
Maxillaries inserted under the mandibles; basal maxillary sclerite is short,
indefinite, and inserted on the head; the second maxillary sclerite is flattened,
large, extending forward and uniting the greater part of its length with
the second sclerite of the labrum. ‘The exterior lobe does not exist. ‘The
interior lobe is carnose, widening, provided with an appendage of two articles,
slightly inclined, and situated on the apex of which are some hairs or bristles.
Maxillary palpi three-articled, large, strong, hard, conical, slightly bent, and
provided with a few bristles. The third article of the palpus is large, and
conical with the point obtusely rounded and provided with conical sensoria-
like structures. The second sclerite of the labrum is large, widening, and
unites on the under side with the maxillary stipe. The stipes of the diverging
labial palpi are united. The labial palpi are inclined slightly upward, conical,
strong, two-articled, the apical article is conical, largest and well-rounded at the
point, which is provided with numerous conical sensoria. Without ligula.
Thorax with three distinct segments. Prothorax longer and narrower than
the mesothorax and metathorax which are almost equal.
Legs consisting of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and claw. Coxa short,
conical, length less than one-third the width of the base. Trochanters much
shorter and narrower than the cox. Femur large, nearly cylindrical, curving
slightly inward, much longer than the coxa, where it unites with the trochan-
ter it is small and obliquely truncate permitting great flexibility in the joint.
Tibia large, nearly cylindrical, sparcely bristly on the exterior surface and
densely bristly on the interior; generally longer than the femur and claviform
in shape. Claw one on each leg, curving downward and inward and thickened
at the base.
Abdomen straight, more or less flattened, wider than the thorax and
gradually tapering posteriorly; with nine distinct segments. The last seg-
ment is generally much narrower than the other eight. Anal tube mem-
braneous and retractile; can be extended and is used in locomotion.
Habit active, and usually living upon plants infested with Aphids, Coc-
cids, and other small insects on which they feed. Usually diurnal.
Larva moult four times in development.
For convenience the larve of the family were placed in five groups
by Dimmock, as follows:
1. Larve with tubercles producing bristles. These larve are great Aphid
feeders. A few are adorned with brilliant colors. The shape is gen-
erally fusiform with the body flattened. The nymphs are bare.
2. Larve with short stout spines, some having very small spines or bristles.
Generally flattened and fusiform; adorned with many bright colors;
great Aphid feeders; nymphs usually bare. The larve of Exochomus
forms a transition from this group to the next, the larve of which
are mostly Coccid feeders and the nymphs remain in the larval skins
in transforming.
2. Larve with short, stout spines, some having very small spines or bristles.
The nymphs remain in the skins of the larve in changing to adult.
262 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
4. Larve with large branched spines, and small branching spines or bristles.
Larve are oval or somewhat elongated and are herbivorous. The nymphs
remain partially within the skins of the larve in their transformations.
5. Larve with skins for the secretion of white filaments. These larve vary
in their food-habits; the nymphs remain within the skins of the larve.
Family Characters of the Nymphs of Coccinellida*
Color—The colors of the nymphs of the family Coccinellide are generally
showy, this show of colors being the reason of their being called this name.
Like the larve they are protected from the ravages of insectivorous animals
by offensive secretions. In consequence these insects, during their trans-
formations to the adult, remain in exposed places. The distribution of the
marks vary considerably within the same species, but the color is one of
the chief characteristics in their classification.
Antennz—These are small and inconspicuous like those of the larve.
In the nymphs they are hidden from the dorsal view, being bent under the
prothorax dorsally and posteriorily from the point of insertion. The tips
of the antennze extend upon the femur of the first pair of legs.
Elytra—These are large, and when viewed dorsally with one of the
elytra turned sufficiently on its base, the surface of the abdomen may be viewed
as, in the case with the nymphs of the Coleoptera in general. The elytra
commonly hide the dorsal surface and almost all of the sides back to the
third abdominal segment. They are somewhat bent until they meet in a
median line and usually hide the greater part of the posterior feet. Such
a peculiarity is mentioned by Letzner (1857). The marking of the elytra
of the nymphs do not correspond to that of the adult, but is an important
character of the nymphs and should be mentioned in all descriptions of them.
The marking is somewhat variable within the species, but this character
is very essential and is usually constant.
Spiracles—Those of the thorax are hidden. Those of the first five ab-
dominal segments are prominent, and those of the remaining segments are
smaller. In the nymphs of Chilochorus the margins of the spiracles of the
first abdominal segments are formed into a prolonged conspicuous tube.
Surface—Smooth, downy, or bristly, according to the species. The
nymphs, in descriptions, are characterized by their colors and the distribution
of the down and bristles.
Dorsal View—The head is not visible from a direct dorsal view, due to
the fact that it is completely bent under the ventral surface of the prothorax.
Prothorax—Equal to or exceeding in length the mesothoracic and meta-
thoracic joints but doubled ventrally nearly at right angles to the axis of
the body. ‘The position when viewed ventrally appears like the transverse
segment before the mesothorax and elytra; larger than the metathorax.
Mesothorax—Trapezoidal in shape and narrower and much shorter than
the prothorax; its width is greater than its length, the anterior margin is
greater than the posterior, and the base of the elytra are united at the con-
verging lateral margins.
**Geo. W. Dimmock in Report of Estacion Central Agronomica, Cuba.
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 263
Metathorax—Crescent-shaped with the convex surface towards the front;
equal to or slightly exceeding the mesothorax in length and greater in width.
Much narrower on the posterior margin than on the anterior.
Abdomen—Commonly very convex along the median line; somewhat
flattened out on the lateral joints (sutures between the segments). In many
of the nymphs there is a deep suture between the segments 3 and 4, 4 and 5,
5 and 6, and sometimes between 6 and 7. ‘These transverse sutures or joints,
permit a greater flexibility of the abdomen, in virtue of which the nymph is
able to raise itself almost perpendicular to the surface to which it is attached
and to repeat this motion in a regular manner, when it is molested. ‘This is
to frighten its enemies. ‘The lateral portions and the flattenings of the ab-
dominal segments are prolonged sometimes, more or less, by spines, which is
true of some segments of the nymphs of the genus Anatis.
Anal Appendage—Absent, but the apex of the abdomen is prolonged to
a point forming in many of the nymphs an anal fork which is sometimes
folded under the dorsum. ‘This anal fork first observed by Letzner (1857)
serves to hold the nymph in the skin of the larva and is easily broken when
the nymph is forced violently from its binding, leaving the abdomen rounded.
This anal fork (morphologically considered) is like that of the nymphs and
larve of the Cassidini, a subfamily of the Chrysomelide.
Ventral View—Head small, border of the anterior margins of the pro-
thorax as it occurs in many of the nymphs of the Clavicornia. The large
maxillary palpi, which are easily distinguished by the terminal article which
is nearly triangular or the shape of an axe. The rest of the mouth-parts are
not very conspicuous. ‘The antennz are visible from both sides of the head,
resting in the cavity formed by the lateral margins of the prothorax.
Feet—The pair of anterior feet and the mesothoracic ones are doubled
contiguously below the anterior part of the nymph, but are so small that
the knees do not protrude from the sides of the nymph. The femur forms
nearly a right angle with the main axis of the body. ‘The metathoracic feet
are almost hidden by the elytra.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Eggs—Are orange-colored and long, tapering to a point at both ends.
They are laid on end and stand together like a bunch of cigars. ‘There are
from 4 to 12 in each bunch, and they are laid on various parts of the tree,
on the bark of the limbs and trunk in hidden places, on the leaves and
even on the stems of the fruit. The eggs hatch out very soon. It has been
impossible to keep those collected in the field from hatching for over one
week. The eggs probably remain for sometime in cold weather, but under
favorable conditions should hatch within two weeks.
Larve (Fig. 106 A): Hatch all at about the same time, and immediately
go in search of food. The first born have little covering, and the legs are
very prominent. Length about 1 mm. Form, oblong to oblong oval. The
body when covered with the white, wooly secretion is of various shapes,
but usually longer than wide. The length of the body proper when fully
264
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 106. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
C1
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 265
developed averages about 1 cm., but with the woolly secretions as seen in the
orchard some are twice as long as this. The width is about one-third the
length of the body, but this may be very different in some specimens. I am
using only average measurements. The woolly covering secreted by the larva
is snowy-white. The covering is arranged in long filaments, each filament
arising from the dorsal and lateral spine areas and extending in all direc-
tions. When attacked the larva immediately curls up showing only a woolly
mass. Few insects care to eat through this secretion to get at the body, so
the attacks of other insects are few. The body is yellow, sometimes approach-
ing a very dark shade. The dorsum of the head and ninth abdominal segment
are nearly black, as are also the femur, tibia, and claw of the legs. On the dor-
sum of the prothorax are two large black blotches and many smaller ones. The
entire body is covered with long and short spines. ‘The following descrip-
tion is of the body with the wolly secretion removed:
Head—As long as the piothorax, but much narrower. Color, dark
on the dorsal side. Covered with long hairs or spines. Antenne, three-articled,
tapering greatly from base to the tip; retractile. All of the articles are
nearly equal in length. I is much wider than II, Il is twice as wide as III.
Mandibles (Fig. 106)—Strong: bifurcate at the point, with tooth on the
inner margin near the base. Maxillary palpi, three-articled, the epidermis may
be extended at the point of insertion to make them appear four-articled. Ar-
ticles I and II are nearly equal in length, III is nearly as long as both I and II.
Article I is wider than long, and much wider than IT; article II is also wider
than the length and wider than III; III is very narrow and much longer
than either I or I]. Labial palpi, two-articled and small; articles nearly equal
in length but I is wider than II.
Thorax—Gradually tapering from the head to the metathorax which is
the widest part of the body. Prothorax much wider than the head, and
narrower than either the meso or metathorax. Color, yellow with two large
cloudy blotches and several smaller ones on the dorsum. Spines on posterior
margin. Mesothorax very short, yellow, with two large spine areas near
the middle of the dorsum, and two spine areas on either side of these. On the
lateral margin is a large spine area. The large breathing spiracle is on the
anterior lateral margin. Metathorax agrees with the mesothorax in ar-
rangement of spine areas, but is wider and has no spiracle.
Abdomen—Nine segments, all tapering from the first to the posterior
segment which is much narrower than the other eight. All are yellow except
the dorsum of the ninth segment, which is dark. On the dorsum there are
two median spine areas, two more or less lateral or dorsal (one on each
side of the two median) and a lateral area on each margin of the first eight
abdominal segments. On the ventral side there are five ventral spine areas
and two lateral areas on each segment. (One of the two lateral areas on
each margin is the lateral area seen from above.) The 16 spiracles are situated
along the margin of the abdomen. A spiracle situated on the anterior lateral
margin of each of the first eight abdominal segments. The ninth segment
is covered with many long spines or hairs.
266 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Legs (Fig 106G)—Coxz longer than broad and much larger than the
femur. Yellow in color, and more or less hairy. ‘Trochanter small, yellow
or dusky in color and hairy. Femur short and heavy. Dark in color and
hairy. Tibia about as long as femur, dark, with many hairs or spines on the
interior margin. Claw well curved, with a rounded process near the base.
The larve pass through four moults in their development. ‘They exist
in the orchards here the year around, but during the months of January,
February, and March there were very few actually working. At this time
(April 12th) they are beginning to appear in great numbers and all are
actively working on the mealy bug. ‘They reach their greatest efficiency
during the month of September, and then appear in the greatest numbers.
Last year none of their work was noticed until that time. Later, in the
last of October and the first of November they collected in great num-
bers in the cracks of the tree and on the trunks to pupate. The larval
stage, of course, is the beneficial stage—i. e., the stage when the insect preys
the most upon the mealy bug. It is also the stage of cannibalism, for the
larve greedily devour the eggs and smaller larve of their own kind. The
mealy bug is wholly devoured. The larvee when small, prefer, however, the
young or the eggs of the mealy bug, and the larger mealy bugs when it is full
grown. ‘The benefits obtained from this insect in one year is wonderful,
though there have been few of them introduced.
Pupa (Fig. 107 G)—The nymph is covered with the woolly, white skin
of the larva, and leaves this skin in perfect shape. One must examine all
the cases carefully to ascertain whether they contain nymphs or not. Color,
white, externally viewed, due to the larval skin which protects it. The body
proper is yellow, without any markings. Average length is 5 mm. (of the
body proper. Lateral margins of abdomen covered with areas of short, stout
curved spines. Figure 107 H shows one of these areas. The wing margins
and the posterior margin of the prothorax are also spiny. All of the spines
are simple. Dorsum of abdomen covered with scattering hairs or spines.
Anal appendages cylindrical and bluntly pointed at the apex.
The nymphs first begin to appear in considerable numbers about the first
of October and continue to exist until the first of January. A few specimens
may be found at nearly any period except from February lst to June Ist.
The larva crawls into any secluded place to pupate, but may also be found
in great numbers on the tree trunks. They have been found in dry leaves,
on tree props, under the scaly bark, and late in the fall great numbers fall
from the tree to the ground and pupate on the under sides of the dry clods.
On the tree trunks they are often massed in great clusters of several hundred
individuals. Quite a percentage of the nymphs do not develop, but dry up
and die. In some masses as high as 20 per cent thus perished. So far
as known nothing preys upon this insect here except the larva of its own
kind or of other ladybirds, but in these cases the pupa is generally safe.
FIELD NOTE MADE AuGusT 17.
We are at present finding plenty of eggs of Cryptolaemus montrousieri,
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 267
Figure 107. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
268 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
They are lemon yellow, oval, and about .5mm. long. They are deposited
separately over and among the mealy bug egg-masses.
At the present date this insect is doing most excellent work. It has
practically cleaned up large areas of the infested orchards, and is multiplying
in countless numbers.
Aputt—(Fig. 107 A)—Form elongate-oval. Entire body pubescent.
Color of head, prothorax, abdomen, and posterior tips of the elytra are sal-
mon-red; the remainder of the body is black. Length, 5 mm.; width, 3 mm.
Head, very small. Eyes, coarsely faceted and black. Antenne, short and
hairy. Mandibles, bifid at tip. Prothorax, slightly narrower than mesothorax
and metathorax, not extending to cover head. Mesothorax and metathorax
nearly equal in width. Coxe not approximate. Trochanter small and narrow.
Femur stout and co-equal with tibia, which is much narrower. ‘Tarsus
three-articled. Claws bifid.
Adults appear in goodly numbers throughout the entire year, but are
more numerous in the Spring than at any other time, this being the egg-
laying season. ‘They are very active, and fly a great deal. When disturbed
they immediately take to wing or drop to the ground and fly or rapidly
crawl away. In our spraying work we noticed that they rapidly left the
tree before any harm was done to them by the solutions.
This insect was introduced into this county by Mr. P. E. Smith during
his year as commissioner in 1909, from San Diego County. They did not
show up very well until in the Fall of that year, when they appeared in con-
siderable numbers. Since then every opportunity has been given to them.
They are set aside in a badly infested orchard away from sprays and fumiga-
tion and close watch kept of their work and habits. Breeding cages have been
built to aid in their distribution. In the badly infected orchard spoken of,
several rows are now being sprayed (these rows happen to be where few of the
beetles are working) to measure the efficiency of the parasites with that
of sprays. This work shall be continued until late in the Winter and the
results carefully noted. Because the mealy bugs works on house plants, in
nurseries, on ornamental and even the mountain trees in our canyons, it is
absolutely necessary that we have an effectual parasite for it, and it is
my belief that the greatest good is to come from this beetle, for it is now
doing a wonderful work in the orchards, and is rapidly spreading over the
country.
Very little literature is obtainable on this insect (Cryptolaemus mon-
trouzier’t Mul.) so I present herewith all at hand:
“Cryptolaemus montrousert (The latter name is usually spelled mon-
trouzieri). ‘This is another of the Australian Coccinellide. It is the natural
enemy of the mealy bug. It has been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands,
where this pest was so bad in the coffee plantations as to almost threaten
the total destruction of the crop, and it has done such good work that the
pest has been practically cleaned out. Successful efforts have also been made
to establish it in the coffee plantations of Central America, where the mealy
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 269
bug has also appeared in destructive numbers.”—John Isaac in “Bug vs. Bug,”
1906, page 14.
“Mealy Bug (Dactylopius adonidum, Signoret). This mealy bug has
made its presence felt in some portions of the State. It congregates in large
numbers in portions of the tree, especially among the clusters of fruit.
“Treatment—This insect is effectually destroyed by the ordinary washes
used for scale, and by the ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, lately intro-
duced. This ladybird is as effectual in destroying the mealy bug as the
Vedalia and Novius are in devouring the cottony cushion scale.”—B. M.
Lelong in “Culture of the Citrus in California,” 1902, page 262.
“Of the other insects imported by Mr. Koebele, two are worthy of mention.
One of these, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, is an important enemy of several
Coccidz such as the mealy bug, Pulvinaria, etc. This is the species which was
introduced in Hawaii, and has been so successful there in ridding coffee
plantations of Pulvinaria psidii. It is being reared in confinement and dis-
tributed in portions of Southern California, where the mealy bug is an im-
portant pest, and specimens brought to Washington have demonstrated their
usefulness by cleaning orange trees in the hot-houses of the Department
of Agriculture of mealy bugs. It gives promise of being a valuable outdoor
enemy wherever the climate is favorable, and in the North and East will be
a valuable indoor means of controlling soft scale.’ By C. L. Marlatt. In
“Year Book of the Department of Agriculture,” 1896, page 226.
Extracts from Bulletin No. 1 of the Claremont Pomological Club, issued
at Claremont, Cal., Feb. 15, 1909:
“However, the predacious insect that has controlled the pest (mealy
bug) in San Diego is the Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a ladybird. It has
done wonderful work there and should be introduced after fumigation. ‘They
can be secured of Mr. Austin, San Diego, upon payment of his services.” By
PE.) Smith:
“The first time that we had the bug it did not spread much. We intro-
duced the parasite—the Cryptolaemus—together with it—.” “In conse-
quence of its remaining on the trees throughout the Winter, the Cryptolaemus
increased very considerably, so that last Summer . . . it was present in
immense numbers. When fumigating last Fall, I set aside three patches
‘of about an acre each in different parts of the orchard where the mealy bug
was bad and the Cryptolaemus most abundant. I did this for the purpose of
preserving and multiplying the latter. In this we were successful, and after
the orchards had been fumigated the Cryptolaemus seemed to spread pretty
well over them. At the present time there is very little mealy bug to be
seen, and the general condition of the orchards in that respect is infinitely
better than it was last Spring and Summer.” By R. C. Allen.
“We have been devoting a good deal of attention to this pest (mealy bug)
the last season and we have at present a ladybird (Cryptolaemus montrouziert)
that does good work on it, working in about the same manner as the Novius
cardinalis does on the cottony cushion scale, although it is not so thorough
270 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
in its work, being a slower spreader and requiring more attention in this
respect.” By E. K. Cames.
Extracts from Pomological Bulletin Vol. No. 2:
“Peculiar conditions in San Diego county have enabled the most efficient
predatory insect attacking mealy bugs in California, Cryptolaemus montrou-
zierl, to become firmly established in that region, so much so that it can be
collected in numbers practically all the year round, experience has also show
that in perhaps three years out of four its work is as complete in that
region as that obtained by any mechanical means of control, thus I consider
Mr. Allen justified in the course he has decided to adopt. It is further
true that in this same locality of which I have just been speaking, as
recently as the 14th of last October, when C. montrouzieri had increased in
such numbers that I was able to obtain 1,000 in the space of an hour, and when
the work of cleaning up the mealy bugs was considered remarkable, there were
more mealy bugs on each tree in this orchard than there are in the entire
infestion here at Claremont.” By Frederick Maskew.
Rhizobius ventralis
Eggs—Are small, cylindrical, and pointed. They are deposited in egg-
masses and among the mealy bugs. In the case of black scale, they are
deposited under the adult female shell—usually few at a place.
Larve (Fig. 108 A)—Hatch from the eggs some two weeks from the
time of deposition. The first born are very small and somewhat inactive.
Form, oblong and somewhat narrow; tapering towards the tail-end. Length
of average 6 mm., width 2.5 mm. Color, dark brown to black. Body very
rough because of many small ridges, and large spine areas. ‘The spine areas
are located as follows: Lateral areas—two extremely large areas on each
abdominal segment, these are also present on the margins of the prothorax,
mesothorax and metathorax; two smaller spine areas on all of the abdominal
segments, and two large areas on the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
Dorsal areas—Two median areas on all of the first eight abdominal seg-
ments, and a large area on the ninth.
The spines are all simple. On the median spine areas, there are two
large spines and several smaller ones; on the remaining areas there are
numerous large and small spines. The rough skin is shown in the enlarged
drawing of the spine area. The entire body is covered with the short spines.
Around the spine areas the color is somewhat lighter than the body, as is
also true of a streak down the middle of the thorax. ‘This streak forks
at the base of the head, each fork extending to the lateral margin just back
of the eye. A dark streak extends down the middle of the dorsum. The
ventral side is a dark yellow color. When disturbed, the larvae emit a sticky
yellow fluid. Head shorter than thorax, and half as wide, very dark in
color; covered with spines. Antennz three-articled. Article I as long as II
and III; twice as wide as II; and many times as wide as III. Article III
not as long as II, and half as wide; with a long spine at apex. Article II has
a large, stout spine arising at its apical end beside article III. ‘This spine
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 271
is longer than article III. Mandibles bifurcate at the point, with a long curved
tooth near the base of the inner margin. Maxillary-palpi appear really four-
articled. Article II] (the apical according to Dimmock) is much longer
than the article II or I, and is much narrower. Labial-palpi two-articled ; ar-
ticle I wider and shorter than I]. Thorax gradually growing wider from the
head to the first abdominal segment. Prothorax much wider, and longer than
the head. With large spine area on each half and a rudimentary lateral area.
With a lighter streak on middle of dorsum. Mesothorax wider and shorter
than the prothorax; with spine areas the same, but not so large. Metathorax
slightly wider than the mesothorax, but little longer. Spine areas the same.
Abdomen nine segmented, the second being the widest and the ninth very
much the smallest. Legs short and stout. Coxz much longer than broad,
longer than femur or tibia. Trochanter normal. Femur nearly co-equal with
tibia. Claw well curved with enlargement at the base.
The larve are to be found in great numbers in the egg masses of the
mealy bug, or crawling about on the tree. This stage may be found at any
season of the year, although in no great numbers during the winter months.
During the months of October, November, and December, they are present
in the greatest numbers and do the most work. The work is done very
slowly and while the larve appear in great numbers it is difficult to see the
results. This is probably due to the fact that they move about very little
and their food requirements are not as great as for the more active species.
It was noticeable that great numbers were trapped by tanglefoot bands on the
trunks of the trees, where they usually collect in the greatest numbers and feed
upon the egg masses here, rather than upon the fruit, although they are
found on all parts of the tree. ‘This insect was introduced for black scale
(Saissetia oleae), but it seems to prefer the mealy bugs when they can be
had. I have seldom found them working on the black scale which infested
trees covered with the mealy bug. So far the only enemies known are the
Green Lace-Wings (Chrysopa) which destroys many of the younger larve.
Pupa (Fig. 108 B)—The nymph is covered with the dark spiny skin of
the larva. Average length, 4 mm.; average width, 2.5 mm. Color same as the
larva. Surface of body smooth, but covered with short spines or hairs. Anal
appendages peculiarly the shape of a human foot, with the toes turning in.
The nymphs appear in the greatest numbers during the later months (Novem-
ber, January,) and are very scarce during the months of June and July.
The moult lasts from two weeks to one month, and occurs in a hidden
protected place under the bark, in curled leaves, or any such favorable places.
Where sacks were tied around the limbs to prevent wire stays from cutting
into the bark, great numbers of this stage were found hiding underneath the
sacking.
The greater percentage of the nymphs develop normally. I have never
found any partially developed forms.
Adult (Fig. 108 C)—Slightly oval to nearly round in form. Color,
black, but due to the pubescent covering, often appears grayish, shiny and
sometimes appearing to be slightly mottled. The abdomen is salmon-colored.
272 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Head very small, and deeply inserted; pro-notum covering a considerable part
of the eyes. Eyes coarsely faceted. Antennz, long with club, serrate and
three-articled. Maxillary-palpi, securiform. Mandibles, bifid. Prothorax
small, with broadly rounded angles. Prosternum flat. Prosternal coxz widely
separated, with two converging carinze. Meta-coxal plates entire, very short—
shorter than the segment. Epipleuree moderately wide and more or less
concave, descending externally, internally margined. Epistoma transversely
truncate and simple at apex. Abdomen six-segmented, with sixth segment
visible in both sexes. Last segment very small. Claws bifid.
The adults are scattered throughout the entire county, and may be
found at almost any season, without difficulty. As was stated above, the
insect was introduced for black scale by Albert Koebele during his second
visit to Australia in 1891. It was introduced into the Santa Barbara citrus
s
Figure 108. Rhizobius ventralis
district the same year and in 1893 Mr. Koebele makes the following report
concerning it: “On my visit to Santa Barbara during September last year,
1 found this insect on the increase, and expected that they would soon. be-
come numerous. I have been more than pleased, on this last visit, to find
that the beetles can now be found by the millions. ‘The first orchard visited
was the one in which the first beetles received by Mr. Cooper were liberated
upon 49 trees in the center of the orchard. At that time those trees were
all black and covered with Lecanium, but they are now free of scales. The
rest of the orchard had been sprayed last year with kerosene emulsion, but
the trees have again become full of Coccids. The beetles are present in such
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG II 273
numbers, however, that it will be but a few weeks until the whole orchard
will be clean. The upper orchard, where beetles were liberated at the end
of May last year, is practically free of scales, and from here the Rhizobius
have spread to the central orchard and can be found by hundreds upon every
tree. The beetles were seen in copulation everywhere, and on nearly every
branch the females were seen thrusting their eggs under the old scales. It
will be but a very short time until every tree is clean of scales, and no time
should be lost in collecting and distributing this valuable insect to all parts
of the State. . . . This beetle is one of the most common Coccinellids in
Australia, preying chiefly upon Eriococcus, Rhizococcus, and various Lecaniini,
and upon these last it could always be found in New South Wales on my
last trip. On my first trip I forwarded this insect to Los Angeles from South
Australia and Victoria, where it was erroneously supposed to feed upon
Icerya. Within two years at the longest, I believe, that the various Lecanit
in California (and Florida) will have succumbed to the ferocity of this little
beetle.”—Insect Life, Vol. VI., page 27, Nov., 1893.
“The Pacific Rural Press of July 21, 1904, however, quotes a statement
made by Mr. T. N. Snow in the Santa Barbara Press as to the progress
of this ladybird in the orchard of Mr. Ellwood Cooper, at Ellwood, Cal.
According to this account a little more than two years ago 50 specimens of
Rhizobius ventralis were placed in this orchard, where they multiplied so
rapidly that in October, 1893, Quarantine Officer Alexander Craw was able
to secure there 500 colonies, numbering more than 10,000, for colonization
in various parts of the State. On June 27, 1894, Mr. Craw, it is reported,
again visited this orchard, and found not one black scale left of the army
which had been there, the Rhizobius having made a perfect clearance. Mr.
Craw is reported to have expressed to Mr. Snow his belief that by next
November there would not be a black scale remaining in Ellwood.’—Insect
Life, Vol. VII, page 48, Sept., 1894.
“Riuzobius ventralis (Black ladybird). This is also an Australian lady-
bird, introduced by the State Board of Horticulture through Mr. Koebele,
and is one of the natural enemies of the black scale (Saissetia [Lecanium]
oleae). This ladybird was introduced for black scale, and was generally dis-
tributed by the State Board of Horticulture wherever that pest was found.
It was one of the most promising of the many importations of beneficial in-
sects and took hold of its work with a vigor that gave promise of soon
extirpating one of the worst of the California scale insects. Wherever it
was introduced in the coast counties of the State, it increased with wonderful
rapidity and the scale as rapidly disappeared, and in those sections it still
continues to do good work, but efforts to establish it in the interior counties
have not met with as good success, the heat probably being too intense for
the young larve. This insect, however, is well established all over the State,
and in many sections is as abundant as any of our native species. Wherever
it is abundant, it is a chief factor in keeping in check the destructive black
scale.”—John Isaac, in “Bug vs. Bug,” page 10. Report of State Horticultural
Commission, 1906.
274 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The above reports would seem to indicate that by this time the black
scale in the coast counties would have disappeared, but such is not the case.
The following account taken from the minutes of the Ventura County Board
of Horticulture, June 27, 1894, records the introduction of this insect into
Ventura County:
“Persuant to adjournment, T. A. Rice and J. F. McIntyre met at Ellwood
Cooper’s ranch today. In company with Mr. Cooper and Mr. Alexander Craw,
we made a thorough inspection of the two orchards where the new black
ladybird, Rhizobius ventralis, was first placed and found that the ladybird
had apparently exterminated the black scale in those two orchards. We also
visited other orchards where the ladybirds were recently introduced and found
the beetles and larvee very numerous.
“We are much indebted to Mr. Cooper for the hospitality received, and
for allowing us to collect a large quantity of the beetles and bring them to
Ventura county.”
J. F. McIntyre, Secretary.
From this report we find that the black ladybird beetle has been in this
county for a little over 16 years. It was well scattered over the county
at an early date for we find in Insect Life, Vol. V, page 364, July, 1895,
where Mr. J. F. McIntyre sent a number of specimens from Fillmore to
the Department of Agriculture. It would naturally be expected that the
black scale would be fairly diminished in this county, but such is not the
case. At this time we have some of the worst infections I have ever seen in
all parts of the county and especially along the coast, where the damp climate
is especially conducive to propagation of this pest. In all of these orchards
the beetle can be found in considerable numbers, and they have been molested
very little by fumigation or spraying. It is therefore interesting to note that
in the orchards infested with the citrus mealy bug, it has been found in the
greatest numbers and seems to render the most service.
That they work on the mealy bugs and not the black scale alone has been
proven by experiments in breeding cages where they have been confined
and fed on nothing but mealy bugs. I have reared a goodly number of them
in my office during the past year in such a breeding cage. During the
month of May a large shipment of mealy bug infested fruit was sent to
Honolulu to meet Mr. Geo. Compere who was bringing to this State internal
parasites for this pest. The material was taken out of the orchards here
without thought of our own natural enemies, and when it arrived in Honolulu
the box contained only a great number of the Rhizobius ventralis, which had
eaten up all of the mealy bugs en route. They breed very rapidly, when pro-
tected, and with other natural enemies, promise to aid very greatly in cleaning
up the mealy bug in Ventura County.
THE NOCTUIDAE OF CALIFORNIA II
BY JOHN D. SMITH, D. SC.
A chapter on the Hypeninae or, as they are better known the Deltoids of
California, might be made almost as brief as that traditional one concerning
snakes in Ireland. Up to the present time, out of some one hundred described
species, less than a dozen are known to occur in California. Personally, I do
not believe that this is a correct statement of actual conditions; for while
the bulk of the species are, undoubtedly, members of the boreal and humid
transition zones, nevertheless species extend into the arid regions of Arizona
and New Mexico, and there seems to be no good reason why the wooded
mountain ranges of California should not have a characteristic fauna repre-
senting this sub-family.
The essential characters as stated in the table of sub-families are that
the secondaries have vein five as strongly developed as any other; that it runs
parallel to vein four, and that the palpi are more or less prolonged; either
extending sickle-shaped above the head or pointed straight forward like a
snout. Elongated palpi occur elsewhere in the Noctuids; but the Deltoid
palpus can be in almost every instance recognized by having the scales
pointing upward from the upper surface, forming a sharp edge like the
blade of a knife. In the other groups the scales are directed downward,
and the back of the knife-blade is up.
The species are usually slight, never very robust, the vestiture very loosely
attached so that it rubs easily, and perfect cabinet specimens are the exception
rather than the rule. They vary in their manner of life, but are mostly in-
habitants of low vegetation. Some of them come under the head of “Grass
Moths” and are started up readily during the day; others fly among the under-
brush of open woodland, somewhat like Geometrids, for which they are some-
times mistaken. They rarely fly to light in numbers, and only a few of
them are attracted to sugar; which may, perhaps, account for their scant
representation in collections. Their larva vary greatly in habit, some of
them feeding normally on foliage, others occurring in ant’s nests and among
dead and decaying vegetation. One species is associated with the Florida
“Gopher” or land tortoise.
The head is always: small but distinct and sometimes even prominent ;
front never modified, eyes usually globose, naked, ocelli present in all our
forms. A pointed frontal tuft is quite usual, especially in those forms in
which the palpi are directed forward, snout-like. The thorax is moderate or
slight, usually with smooth vestiture, rarely tufted in any way and never promi-
nently so. The abdomen is rather long, cylindric, smoothly scaled, with a
series of small dorsal tufts in the Hypenid series only. There are three
series or tribes in the sub-family, distinguishable as follows:
Palpi slender, upcurved along the front; anterior femora of the male
thickened at base, else the leg normal_______._.___ Heliini
ie)
a
[ony
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Palpi slender, upcurved; or straight or oblique, with upright scaly vesti-
ture, making them blade-like; fore-legs of male always modified and
tufted, tibia always abbreviated and with a long anterior process
eh tts ca racecars ol hs co PU, Oe Rn ae ee Ne ee Herminuni.
Palpi straight or oblique, with upright scaly vestiture which is transversely
compressed; anterior legs of male not modified... Hypenini.
In the tribe Heliint the genius Epizeuxis is the only Pacific Coast genus,
and that is represented in California by two species. &. occidentalis Smith,
wes described as a variety of the common eastern lubricalis Geyer; but is
prohably a good species. It is a smooth, yellowish-smoky species with a
silisy lustre, the median lines dentate, diffuse, and more in the form of bands
than lines. The maculation of primaries is continued on the secondaries and
the species expands about an inch and a half. I have no definite localities
for this species and examples are very rare in collections.
£. cobeta Barnes, is a somewhat smaller, rather broader-winged, decidedly
more mottled species. The darker tints are chocolate brown, and the pale
shadings over the transverse lines are yellow. ‘The type of maculation is
identical for all the species. The locality given is Southern California, and
I have only two examples from Dr. Barnes from that region; but the species
extends also into Arizona, and I have several samples from that State.
Three species that occur in Arizona should also occur in the arid regions
of California, and I quite expect a representative of the small forms, typified
by the eastern rotundalis.
The tribe Herminiini is one of very great interest because of the wealth
of secondary sexual characters that occurs in the male, and because of the
variation that occurs in the venation of the primaries. This latter centers
about the accessory cell, which tends to become, and, in several genera
actually is, lost; the veins usually arising from it becoming modified in several
ways.
The sexual modifications begin with the antennze which are simple or
ciliated in the female; but never in the male. They may be pectinated, some-
times so strongly as to be almost plumose; they may be twisted or furnished
with distorted joints at basal third; they may have two or three of the joints
toward the middle furnished with stout spine-like processes; or there may
be a tuft which may or may not cover an excrescence or other modification.
The palpi are not infrequently tufted in the male, and sometimes these
tufts of hair pencils are enormously exaggerated and extend back half the
length of the body or more.
The wing-form is sometimes different in the sexes, and the primaries
may even be split in the male while they are entire in the female.
The most usual and characteristic modifications are found on the forelegs,
on which we may have a small hair-pencil only, attached to the inner side
of the tibia, or on which we may have every segment or part modified into
a sheath for a tuft or pencil until, when spread out it is almost impossible
to recognize the parts.
THE NOCTUIDAE OF CALIFORNIA II 277
Of the Herminia or Zanclognatha type, so rich in Europe and in the eastern
United States, not a species is recorded from California, and none nearer than
New Mexico. It would seem as if some of the species of this type should
certainly occur in the Sierra Nevada region. So the genus Bleptina should
almost surely occur in the State.
There are two recorded species of Tetanolita Grote. This genus has
the head rather small, front with a pointed, inter-antennal tuft. The palpi
are long, curved upward, a little flattened, quite closely scaled, the third
joint long and pointed. The antenne are moderate in length, in the male
with lateral bristles, at basal third with a tuft of hair which covers two slightly
dilated joints. The fore-legs of male have the coxa long, stout, outwardly
emanginate at base; trochanter about a third as long as femur and, com-
bined with the latter, a little longer than the coxa; femur with a short
hair pencil and a lateral fringing of specialized scales near tip; tibia reduced
to a huge process which covers a mass of specialized scales and a pencil of
dark hair; tarsi long, slender and hardly functional. The wings are broad,
similarly marked, the lines extending continuously over both, the outer margin
slightly marked or angulated at middle.
Tetanolita palligera Smith, is a dirty powdery luteous, tending to more
yellowish. The markings are all obscured and the pale sub-terminal line
which runs through the darker terminal area is the only distinct feature of
the wing. It expands a little less than an inch and is recorded from Napa
County, Panamint Valley and Knightly Valley.
Tetanolita greta Smith, is similar to the preceding in appearance; but is
pale ashen gray, the median lines narrow and crenulated, the sub-terminal
line white, denticulated. It is of about the same size as the preceding and
my examples come from San Diego (Field).
The genus Renia, with its large and characteristic species seems altogether
unrepresented on the Pacific Coast. It does extend well into Arizona, however,
and I quite expect to receive it from the southeastern borders of California.
The Hypenini, unlike the Herminiini which run to dirty yellows, are
dark and sombre in color. They are somewhat more robust than usual and,
contrary to the general rule, the males are much more heavily built than
the females. So the forewings tend to narrow while, as the hind wings be-
come more ample, they lose the transverse maculation, and the lines of the
forewings are not continued across them. ‘There are no secondary sexual
characters except the generally larger size, darker color and more obscure
maculation of the male.
The leading genus is Bomolocha Hbn., and of this only a single species
is credited to California.
Bomolocha vega Smith, is a moderate sized, broad-winged species, with
the structural characters of the group well marked; deep smoky brown in
color, the transverse lines well marked and with well-defined yellow shades
beyond the t. p., ands. t. lines. The sub-terminal line is quite irregular and has
the outer edge very sharply defined. It was originally described from New
Mexico; but I have two examples from Southern California.
278 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The genus Hypena Schrank, is the only one that is better represented
in California than in the east. In this genus the primaries are narrow,
elongate, the outer margin squared or even a little angulated at middle, the
secondaries large, broad, without maculation of any kind. The palpi are
longer and projected more directly forward than in Bomolocha, and the species
look more like exaggerated Crambids than like any other noctuid genus.
As all the species occur on the Pacific Coast, and humuli may yet be
found in Northern California, a synopsis of all the species may be given.
Outer margin of primaries not angulated at middle... humutli.
Outer margin of primaries more or less outwardly bent at middle.
Palpi not excessively long; t. p. line with an outward bend in the sub-
median interspace ate tee che ee Seen ee ree decorata.
Palpi excessively long; t. p. line without outward bend or angle in sub-
median interspace.
Base of ground yellow; s. t. space yellow, size larger.......californica.
Base of ground gray; s. t. space bluish gray; size small... modesta
Hypena humuli Harris, is a dull brown species, tending to grayish,
without contrasting maculation and sometimes almost even in color. The
forewings are less parallel than the other species and the outer margin is
even, without trace of angle. The transverse posterior line is irregularly
sinuate and bent, outcurved over the reniform, with an outcurve in the sub-
median interspace, and an inward tooth on the internal vein. The larva
of this species feeds on hop, is of some economic importance, has been found
in British Columbia and Washington, and is more than likely to occur in
California if the hop vine occurs or is cultivated there.
Hypena decorata Smith, is the most brilliant species of the lot. The
ground color is a rich red-brown with blue relieving scales, and the maculation
is contrasting and generally well-defined. The palpi are stouter than usual and
distinctly shorter than in the other Pacific Coast species, and the angulation
in the outer margin of the primaries is less marked. The transverse posterior
line is even, a very little sinuated to the sub-median interspace, where it forms
an outward tooth, followed by one of equal length inwardly on the internal
vein. It thus differs from both of the following by the outward tooth above
the inward one. It is also a little the largest of the species, reaching 1.35
inches in expanse.
As to localities they are very indefinite and the species is distinctly rare in
collections.
Hypena californica Behr, is a little smaller than decorata and more
quiet in color. It is reddish or darker brown over a yellowish base; the pale
colors always yellowish, never bluish. The contrasts are as a rule well marked,
especially in the female. The palpi are very long, and the angle at middle
of outer margin of primaries is distinct. ‘The t. p. line is characteristic; it is
almost upright, a little denticulated on the veins, without sinuation in the
sub-median interspace, but with a deep inward tooth on the internal vein.
This seems to be the most common and widely distributed of the Pacific
THE NOCTUIDAE OF CALIFORNIA II 279
Coast species, and extends northward to Vancouver and into British Columbia.
Hypena modesta Smith, is the smallest of the species, expanding scarcely
over an inch or less, and it has, proportionately, the longest palpi and the
best marked angle in the outer margin of primaries. It is of a quiet, almost
pearl gray in the male, somewhat powdery; in the female a little more
reddish, with better defined markings, the s. t. space with a markedly blue-
gray tinge which can scarcely be called contrasting. The t. p. line is abso-
lutely rigid, without curve or bend to the internal vein, where there is a
moderate inward tooth.
The actual record of Californian Hypeninae is therefore, as follows:
Epizeuxis Hbn.
E. OCCIDENTALIS Smith.
E. COBETA Barnes.
Tetanolita Grote.
T. PALLIGERA Smith.
T. GRETA Smith.
Bomolocha Hbn.
B. VEGA Smith.
Hypena Schrank.
H. DECORATA Smith.
H. CALIFORNICA Behr.
H. MODESTA Smith.
Note: It is my desire to take up the series in a somewhat systematic
manner if the necessary material can be secured. ‘The Mominae, including
Panthea, Charadra and allies, and the species of Acronycta will therefore be
undertaken next if possible. The Californian species of Acronycta are not
well known, and their limits are distinctly doubtful. Any help that I can
get in the way of loan of material will be appreciated, and will collectors
please remember that one specimen does not represent a species. There
ought to be at least a male and a female and, in this genus, a series is almost
imperative. I will gladly return unique specimens loaned me for study,
except in the case of undescribed species. ‘The completeness of this series of
papers depends largely upon the co-operation of California collectors.
A PHYTOPTID GALL ON ARTEMISIA CALIFORNICA
HH. V. M. HALL
Eriophyes californica n. sp.
Body cylindrical, length .14 mm., and this is three to four times the
diameter. The shield (Fig. 109A) is broadly crescent shaped, its horns
pointing to the sides and a little caudad. The dorsal seta (Fig. 109 B) is a
little less in length than the depth of the body. The head is short, the legs
short and stout. The claws are longer than the tufts which appear as
groups of short, blunt bristles. The number of rings in the abdomen varies
Figure 109. Eriophyes californica
from 49 to 56. A side view shows that many of these rings run together
along the dorsum, and there form larger, very salient wrinkles. The caudal
setee are nearly half the length of the body and fairly stout; between and
above these are two short fine bristles. Other minor characters will be
evident from the figures.
A PHYTOPTID GALL ON ARTEMISIA 281
This mite causes a white or pinkish swelling on one side of the leaf of
Artemisia californica. At the infected point the leaf is often bent or some-
times sharply folded. The gall is composed of a woolly mass of tangled fibres
and stands out from two to four times the thickness of the leaf. The general
shape of the gall is indefinite, several gall areas often running together.
Very abundant at Claremont, California, on Artemisia californica.
This species appears to be entirely distinct from the Eriophyes artemisiae
Can., of Europe.
A NEW SPIDER
BY KARL R. COOLIDGE
Epeira labyrinthea grinnelli n. var.
Differs from the typical form, in the decidedly increased size, in the
coloration being more pronounced on the head, cephalothorax and abdomen;
the bands of the legs, particularly on the femora, are wider and heavier; the
abdomen is wider and more pointed apically, more rounded basally, forming
an inverted cone, at the apex of which well underneath are the spinnerets.
Habitat—Specimens from Palo Alto, Santa Clara County; Pasadena,
Los Angeles County; Lompoc, Santa Barbara County. &. labyrinthea
Hentz ranges throughout the entire United States, and south through
Mexico and Central America into the northern parts of South America.
It also occurs commonly in the Barbadoes and West Indies. As McCook
has previously noted and figured (Amer. Spid., vol. 3, pl. VII, Figs.
12, 12a, 1893), Pacific Coast and tropical representatives differ considerably
from those of the Atlantic seaboard, and are, I believe, worthy of good
subspecific rank, to which I have above given the name grinmelli, for my friend
Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., of Pasadena, California. -
ON ARGYNNIS ATOSSA EDWARDS
BY KARL R. COOLIDGE
Argynnis atossa was first described by W. H. Edwards in his Butterflies
of North America, Vol. 3, 1890, the types (Plate VIII) coming from
Tehachapi, California, at an elevation of about 4000 feet. I am not aware
that any additional captures have been recorded in literature, although Hol-
land (Butterfly Book) figures a male on Plate XIII, which is presumably one
of the types. Mr. W. G. Wright* states that “atossa is a species that I have
never met, although I have hunted over the ground where it is said to fly,
both before and after it was found.”
The peculiar yellowish coloring of atossa above, the dimidiation of the
anterior marginal line and of the usual marginal and discal spots are indeed
striking, and with its pallidness of the undersurface and lack of silver spots
on the secondaries beneath, it has been placed close to adiaste Behr, with
which, however, I fail to see that it has any special affinity.
In June, 1905, Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., took an argynnid on Mt. Pinos,
at about 5000 feet altitude, which is absolutely referable to the published
figures of atossa. Mt. Pinos is about a hundred miles in an air line from
Tehachapi. The example was taken in company with eurynome Edwards, then
flying commonly, and of which I am convinced that atossa is but an extreme
pallid individuant, not worthy of even aberrational rank. The eurynome
markings are distinctly traceable and, moreover, Wright says of macaria
Edwards, which with Jawra Edwards, I take to be synonyms of eurynome ;
“There is a peculiar feature in macaria that does not appear in any other
California Argynnis, namely, that in some specimens there is a paling or
fading out of the basal part of all wings from the body half way across the
wings. . . . This feature is seen in about one-third of the specimens of
macaria that I have ever seen.” Recently in conversation with Mr. Wright
he informed me that he had, through correspondence, learned the exact
habitat of atossa and had searched assiduously for it, but without success.
The chaotic state of some of our rhopalocerous genera, such as Argynnis,
Melitaea, Lycaena, Thecla, and worst of all Pamphila, is due to the fact that
too little attention has been paid to precise and exact data, and from the
publication of species without sufficient geographical series. A. clio Edwards,
bischofi Edwards, opis Edwards, and artonis Edwards, will all probably
prove to be but geographical forms of eurynome. A. launna Wright is a pallid
individuant of ewrynome, (laura), somewhat corresponding to atossa.
*Butt. West Coast, pp. 139, 141, 1905.
SOME VARIATIONS IN THE WINGS AND ANTENNZ
OF TRIFIDAPHIS RADICICOLA Essig
EK. O. ESSIG
The winged form of Pemphigus radicicola as described in the Pomona
JournaL oF Entomotocy, March, 1909, page 8, and later classified as
Trifidaphis radicicola by G. Del Guercio in the October number of the same
Journal, was described from one rather imperfect specimen. During the
entire spring and summer of 1909 a constant search was maintained with
the result of finding but one winged form. The apterous forms were obtained
in abundance.
On the 13th of April, 1910, while in a lemon orchard at Oxnard, I chanced
to pull up a nightshade which was infested with this Aphid. One winged
form remained on the roots. Digging into the ground where the plant grew,
I was able to obtain some hundred winged specimens from this single plant,
to say nothing of the many apterous individuals. In pulling up the plant
the winged forms are scraped off because of the friction caused by their
wings and remain in the ground.
Thus with a goodly number of specimens I have been able to note some
interesting variations in the wings and antennz in particular. In all over
fifty individuals were mounted and studied with results which might be
expanded even more, in the future. These results have been recorded in
the form of drawings which are presented with this article (Fig. 110).
Variations in the wings (Compare Fig. 110): In order to have some
system in presenting this material I shall take each vein and make note of
its particular variations.
Cubitus or Subcostal. Normal in all wings.
Radius or Stigmal.
Slightly curved and not touching the stigma.
Sharply curved near stigma, from which it arises.
Short, sharp curve from stigma, from which it rises.
Well rounded curve near stigma, from which it rises.
Indefinite curve from stigma to tip.
Normally curved and arising from stigma.
Normally curved not arising from stigma.
Normally curved and arising from stigma.
Normally curved and arising from stigma.
Normally curved and arising from stigma.
>
Sr mtOtmoon
Obliques or Discoidals. ‘These veins are somewhat confusing What is
present I believe to be as follows: First and second obliques arising from or
near the same point and diverging towards the margin; third oblique, of which
but a remnant is present. I believe this to be the third because in one wing
of one specimen (h) there is a remnant uniting with this to form a fork.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 110, Trifidaphis radicicola
VARIATIONS IN TRIFIDAPHIS RADICICOLA 285
First and Second Obliques or Discoidals.
A. Arising from an extension of the pigment of the subcostal, but
not from same point. Normally curved.
Arise from pigment nearer the same point than in A.
Arise from a prominent extension of the pigment near the same
point.
Nearly the same as A.
Arising from no extension of the pigment from the same point.
Arising from no extension of the pigment from different points.
Nearly same as in B.
Nearly same as in F, only veins are straighter.
Same as in B and G.
The two are united for quite a distance from the pigment as
one vein. They then fork and diverge to the margin. The
other wing of the insect to which this belonged was normal
as I.
Third Oblique or Discoidal.
uAtotmio aw
A. Slightly curved and normal in this species.
B. Very short remnant near the stigma. A rare occurrence.
C. Normal vein.
D. Normal vein.
E. Normal vein.
F. Normal vein, but interior tip rather low.
G. Normal vein.
H. Forked, so as to make the first and second forks of a normal
aphid wing. The other wing of the individual having this
wing, was normal as I.
I. Normal vein.
J. Normal vein, but crowded, probably due to abortive growth.
It might be said that a great many of the individuals are very small
and abortive, but the wings, though small, are usually normally developed.
Of the drawings presented these were not included except the one marked J.
Variations in the Antennae. (Fig. 110, K, L, M.)—There is a frequent
variation in regard to the number of articles—the normal being six and
others five. The one described, as referred to above, had only five articles.
This change is due to a division of the third article, which may be accomplished
in only one of the antennz of any individual. ‘Two such specimens have been
presented, Fig. 110, K and M, are antenne of two individuals, having one
five-articled and one six-articled antenne. Unfortunately the one described
had two five-articled antenne only.
Figure 110 L,, shows the normal antenne, though there is some difference
in size due to the difference in the size of the specimens.
Since this form has apparently never appeared on plants above ground
it might seem probable that the wings are not used in flight, and hence the
rudimentary structure of the veins. Time and study, however, only can
prove that this is not some migrant form. At any rate the insect is very in-
teresting and offers a splendid opportunity for studies in variation.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
[In this department we hope to give in most numbers of the Journal
some idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices
of publications of interest to western students, notices of entomological
meetings, etc. To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in
all items of entomological interest about themselves or others. Address: Mr.
Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal. ]
Prof. V. L. Kellogg of Stanford University delivered a course of lec-
tures at the Summer Session of the University of California.
Prof. R. W. Doane and Mr. E. H. Rust have been at Whittier during
the summer, studying scale insects, fumigation, ete.
Mr. V. L. Clemence and Mr. K. R. Coolidge had a very successful collect-
ing season in Ramsay Cafion, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, obtaining a lot cf
interesting Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Spiders and other groups.
Mr. James E. Cottle of San Francisco spent the summer vacation at
Sweet Brier Camp, Shasta Co., Cal., “Cottle’s Domain.” He reports: “Butter-
flies fly high here. Am doing some good collecting.”
Mr. Francis X. Williams, of the University of Kansas, formerly of San
Francisco, is making an entomological survey of Kansas this summer.
Mr. C. W. Herr is collecting a large number of interesting Lepidoptera
in the Priest River region of northern Idaho, which are being studied by
Mr. Grinnell.
Mr. K. R. Coolidge is planning to leave for Chili, as arachnologist in the
National Museum there. We congratulate him on this chance to widen his
experience.
Mr. W. C. Martin is collecting Lepidoptera at Switzer’s Camp, in the
mountains near Pasadena.
Vol. I, Article I, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee,
is a catalogue of the Odonata of North America, by Richard A. Muttkowski,
issued June 27, 1910. It consists of 206 pages; and will be of great use to
students of this order.
Prof. H. C. Fall, of Pasadena, made his usual pilgrimage to Boston, “the
hub of the universe,’ during the summer.
Dr. A. Fenyes of Pasadena made a collecting trip to Vancouver Island
during the early summer.
Mr. D. L. Crawford’s work in Mexico this summer has been attended
with remarkable success. His operations have extended to Vera Cruz, Oaxaca,
Jalapa, Cordoba, Cuernavaca and elsewhere, and into Chiapas and Guerrero.
Recent visitors to the Department of Biology of Pomona College have
included Dr. W. H. Dall of the United States National Museum, Dr. Wm.
Barnes of Decatur, IIl., and David Fairchild and P. R. Dorsett of United States
Department of Agriculture
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES 287
Mr. E. J. Newcomer of Palo Alto, spent his vacation at Lake Tahoe,
again; his article in the June and July numbers of Entomological News, is
a valuable contribution to zoogeography.
In the July number of the Canadian Entomogolist, is an interesting article
by John Russell, on Butterfly Collecting, near Hope, British Columbia. It is
a type of article entirely too rare of late; we need more of them.
Book catalogues of recent date are: Junk’s Bulletin No. 7, Bibliotheca
Entomologica, No. 107, of Felix L. Dames, Berlin; Gerhard’s Catalogue, No.
41 (June, 1910), all containing interesting items for the entomological biblio-
phile. 2
A new entomological journal has been started in Germany, the Deutsche
Entomologische National-Bibliothek, Rundschau im Gebiete der Insektenktnde
mit besonderer Berticksichtigung der Literature. Began with the June number.
There have been over twenty scientific societies in California, devoted to
natural history, including of course entomology. The names, offices, and
members would be interesting, historically, and would furnish much material
for the history of science on the West Coast.
Mr. Wm. Bollerman of Pasadena made a trip to the mountains of Ventura
County during the early summer.
Mr. W. M. Mann of Stanford University, after attending the session of
the Seaside Laboratory at Pacific Grove, stopped for a day in Pasadena
(July 18) on his way to Arizona, to collect especially Aleocharinae for Dr.
Fenyes; and other insects. He is doing good work in faunistic and ecologic
entomology, especially with eurymecophilous insects.
Miss Julia D. E. Wright, secretary of the Santa Clara Valley Entomo-
logical Club, is spending a few months at Vancouver, B. C.
The Catalogue No. 473, of the firm of R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin,
comprises the valuable and extensive library of the late Dr. O. Standinger;
it consists of 86 pages and 3500 titles, and is a rich collection. There are
some fine numbers, including: Hy. Edwards, Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, 30
nos. compl., at 12 marks; Boisduvals’ Lepidopteres de la Californie, 1852 and
1868, at 4 marks each; Clemens’ Synopsis of N. Amer. Sphingidz, 1859 at 7
marks; and many other items.
Mr. Wm. M. Davidson has been collecting insects around Stanford
University, Cal., for the university collections, during the summer.
Mr. J. C. Bridwell, of the Oregon Agricultural College, has been ap-
pointed Instructor in Entomology in the University of California.
Mr. Wm. Schrader of Los Angeles is continuing his experimental work
with the Lepidoptera, with enthusiasm, and is adding some new apparatus.
He has obtained some curious and significant forms of Junonia coenia, Dione
vanillae, ete.
In the University of Colorado Studies, Vol. VII, No. 3, March, 1910,
Cockerell and Robbins have a very useful contribution, An Introduction to the
Study of Rocky Mountain Bees. It should prove useful to a beginner in Cali-
fornia.
288 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
In the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, for July,
1910, Vol. IX, No. 2, page 68-71, Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., has an article:
Additions and Corrections to the List of Southern California Butterflies.
Dr. Wm. Barnes of Decatur, IIl., was a visitor in Pasadena on August 3.
Dr. Barnes has one of the best collections of Lepidoptera in the United States.
During the session of the Behr Natural History Laboratory, many in-
teresting insects and plants were collected which will be worked up gradually
A later communication from Messrs. Mann and Coolidge (July 29), is
from Naco, Sonora, Mexico. They report “‘collecting good.” With two such
enthusiastic collectors in such a little known region, a lot of new and interesting
things should turn up.
“Berkeley, July 25.—An extended trip through the mountains and out
of the way places of Sonoma County has resulted in the capture by Prof.
Charles Fuchs, in charge of the entomological collection at the University, of
a number of unique insects which have never before been classified. The tiny
bugs have not as yet been sorted and arranged in the University collection,
but Professor Fuchs believes that several of the specimens will prove of
great worth to entomologists.”—San Francisco Call, July 26, 1910.
In the Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation, there is an in-
teresting sketch on Entomologists and Entomology at Oxford. Under the
direction of Prof. E. B. Poulton, “the collections have now assumed a vastness
that makes all the available rooms appear hopelessly insufficient’’—and further,
usefulness “is the predominant note struck when one begins to examine the
material in the collection in detail. The System of labeling* makes most
of the specimens of the highest scientific value, and whether the specialist be
studying variation, phenology, or geographical distribution, he finds a wealth of
accurately labeled material which is of the greatest importance for his work.”
We need such a collection or collections on the Pacific Coast, for the preserva-
tion of large series of accurately labeled specimens, from every locality, whicn
will be of great use to the student of bionomics, in a few years when the nature
of the country will undoubtedly be changed by the commercial activity of to-
day. Series of variable species collected at different places in different years,
will prove immensely useful. Experimental work will not lead to the satis-
factory solution of evolutionary problems. We must study things in their
natural environment, and only in that way can we arrive at a correct idea
of species—formation. In other words, we need more collectors and collec-
tions, and one or two large collections for the accumulation of specimens for
bionomic work.
*Italics are mine.—F. G.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Volume II DECEMBER 1910 Number 4
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG
(Pseudococcus citri) Risso.
BY E. O. ESSIG.
Horticultural Commissioner of Ventura County, California.
GENERAL HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
It is claimed by good authorities that the mealy bug first made its
appearance in this State on the Granger Place, in the Paradise Valley, just
north of National City, and that it spread from this locality to the adjoining
country. That it came from Florida is very probable, having been intro-
duced with nursery stock about the year 1880. To-day, only a remnant of
the old Granger orchard is left, but the mealy bug has a firm hold upon
many citrus groves in San Diego County. Sometime near the year 1904
this pest made its first appearance on the large Sweetwater Ranch at Bonita,
and has been a source of trouble ever since. A recent trip, by the writer,
to this locality revealed the fact that, in spite of much that has been accom-
plished by predaceous and parasitic insects, the mealy bug still plays an
important part in many large orchards, and in some the pest is very bad.
In Orange County, the mealy bug has been known to exist in limited
numbers since the year 1898 in a few localities, but only during the past
few years, has it become a menace. It is now generally distributed but is
still scattering.
The same conditions exist to-day in Los Angeles County. Here it
may be found in nearly every city greenhouse and scattered over a large
citrus growing territory, but not so serious as in San Diego or in Ventura
Counties. The process of distribution has been long and slow, and only a
very accurate tree to tree inspection can reveal the extent of the infestations.
Few counties have ever suffered from the attacks of this pest, as has
Ventura County. It was first observed in a greenhouse at Santa Paula, dur-
ing the year 1897, and was introduced on common greenhouse plants. For
many years it was never noticed in the citrus orchards, and when it did
appear in these orchards, it was regarded as a harmless greenhouse scale,
which could not thrive out-of-doors. It took just 12 years for it to become
adapted and generally distributed, and then it threatened to ruin the entire
290 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
citrus industry near Santa Paula. From this point it has been carried on
picking boxes to much of the surrounding territory and is now a general
pest in all of the Coast region. (Fig. 111.)
MONT-
EREY-
oSen Luis 0 ispo-
KING
PAOIPIO OCRAN
Bakersfield.
KERN
TULARE
LO3 ANGELES
aeios Angeles.
Whittier. 4
sHepreg?>-
= Glendora.
Riverside.
omons
an Bernardino.
laremont.
INYo
SAN BERNARDINO
© El Centro
IMPERIAL
Colorado
ARIZONA
Figure 111.
Distribution of Pseudococeus citri in Southern California. Shaded areas show
regions containing mealy bugs in greater or less numbers,
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 291
Two years ago the mealy bug was reported in two orchards in Santa
Barbara County, but to date Mr. C. W. Beers, Horticultural Commissioner,
informs me that after a close inspection, not a single insect is to be found
in these orchards. It does exist, however, in the greenhouses and flower
gardens in that City.
A general summary of the present distribution is as follows:
County
SAN DIEGO
ORANGE
LOS ANGELES
Locality
San Diego
Chula Vista
Bonita
National City
Sunnyside
Santa Ana
Fullerton
Placentia
City of Los Angeles
Monrovia
Duarte
Glendora
Claremont
Pomona
Extent
Greenhouses.
Orchards—slight.
Orchards—bad.
Orchards—slight.
Orchards—slight.
Florists—slight.
Orchards—bad.
Orchards—bad.
In only limited districts.
Greenhouses.
Orchards—limited.
Orchards—limited.
Orchards—limited.
Orchards—limited.
Greenhouses.
Yards—few.
Orchards—bad.
Whittier
VENTURA ......._._..._ Santa Paula
Saticoy Orchards—few.
Oxnard Orchards—few.
Ventura Orchards—few.
Sespe 1 yard.
Fillmore I greenhouse.
Nordhoff 1 yard.
SANTA BARBARA....City of Santa Barbara Florists and yards.
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.
In practically every greenhouse in California and in the United States.
It has been reported from the various states in the United States and from
ioreign countries as follows: Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Arizona, New York,
New Jersey, Massachusetts, Philippine Islands, Mauritius, Jamaica, Hawaii,
Brazil, Europe, and Canada.
DESTRUCTIVENESS.
It has been but a few years since entomologists considered the common
mealy bug (Pseudococcus citri Risso) as simply a troublesome greenhouse
pest, which would scarcely be able to thrive in the orchards, though it was
early recognized as a feeder on citrus trees in Europe. To-day citrus growers
in Southern California are seeking everywhere for methods and means of
holding this pest in check, for in many localities it has proven a dreadful
scourge. Because of its resistive powers and large variety of host plants,
it cannot but be regarded as one of the very worst citrus pests known, not
excepting the white fly or the orange maggot. For a number of years the
mealy bug has been known to be a disastrous pest; yet no definite orchard
292 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
work, other than the introduction of parasites, has been accorded to it by
State or Government.
Some time ago Morrill, who shortly became entomologist for Arizona,
passed through this county and saw the condition of the orchards which were
infested with the mealy bug. As entomologist of a new citrus region he de-
stroyed a shipment of nursery stock which was infested with this pest, and
is now standing lawsuit for his action. If the citrus growers can but realize
the importance of keeping out such dangerous pests, the action of this en-
tomologist would be highly praised by grower and nurseryman alike.
That I am not the only one who is throwing out warnings regarding
the mealy bug is seen from the following extracts:
“Regarding the mealy bug (Pseudococcus citri) will say that I believe
this is one of the most troublesome of citrus pests and this last season we
have had reports from several new sections where it has made an appear-
ance. When it comes to fumigate against this pest we find it a very hard
pest to kill, requiring a very strong dosage to kill them and even the exces-
sive dosage has failed in many cases—and while in some cases, where the
pest was taken in time—a strong fumigation has practically eradicated them,
again they seem to be as bad in 30 days as before the fumigation.” FE. K.
Carnes, Director of the California State Insectary, in Bull. 1, Claremont
Pomological Club, p. 13 (1909).
“From close observation in a badly infected district, I would say that
the mealy bug is by far the most damaging and dangerous pest in the South-
land. TI believe that the citrus industry is threatened by the invasion of
this insect as it has not been threatened since the ravages of Icerya purchasi,
before it was checked by its natural enemy the Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis.
In prolificness, in endurance to hardships, in power to spread, and to do
damage no pest in the South is nearly its equal.” P. FE. Smith. In Bull. No.
1, Claremont Pomological Club, p. 6 (1909).
“The mealy bug will do more damage to the citrus groves than any pest
yet discovered, except the white fly. It has done $75,000 or $100,000 damage
in Santa Paula. . . . We should quarantine against the mealy bug at
cnce and then form an association and raise money and buy the infected trees
and destroy them.” C. E. McFadden, in Cal. Cul., Dec. 23, (1909).
“At the present time the citrus mealy bug is furnishing the greatest
cause for alarm witnessed for many years. In fact many of our best economic
entomologists and our most observant growers fear the menace as they have
none other unless it were the white scale.”’ J. W. Jeffrey, State Com. of Hort.,
Cal., in L. A. Times Magaz., Feb. 6, (1910).
“Tn California it (mealy bug) is most abundant and destructive in San
Diego and Ventura Counties, but occasionally it is met with in nearly all
sections of the southern part of the State.”
“The mealy bugs are noted for their resistance to sprays and fumigation.
Their waxy coverings and secretions tend to prevent sprays from penetrating
to affect them and they are able to withstand hydrocyanic acid gas at strengths
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 293
two and three times as great as that required to kill most other scale insects.
Experience to date seems to show that satisfactory control by either method
is impracticable. In California reliance for the control is at present centered
on natural enemies.” A. W. Morrill, Ent. of Ariz, in Cire. No. 7, Ariz. Hort.
Com. (1910).
“This (mealy bug) is one of the most serious pests on citrus trees at
present and we are sorry to say seems to be on the increase in spite of all
measures of control.” ©. E. Bremner, Sec. State Hort. Com. of Calif. in De-
structive Insects and Their Control, p. 32 (1910).
From the foregoing it will be seen that something should be done im-
mediately upon finding mealy bugs in or near any citrus locality. Those
districts which are at present ignoring the mealy bug in spite of its presence
are sure to pay the penalty. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the matter
of thorough inspection of infected districts and of quick and speedy eradica
tion at any cost.
QUARANTINE.
The general excuse for allowing the mealy bug to pass unmolested has
always been that there was no way, yet known, by which to effectually cope
with it. While this excuse is perfectly valid if considering the matter of
‘complete extermination, it has been invalidly employed as an evasion of the
entire problem of control. Regardless of everything pertaining to the methods
of extermination, the matter of quarantine should have been forced as soon
as the mealy bug was found out to be an orchard pest. Even to-day we
find the most thoughtless, and absolutely unexcusable carelessness exercised
by many of the County Horticultural Commissioners and their Inspectors
regarding it.
As stated before the pest to-day exists in practically every greenhouse
in Southern California. No one is responsible for its existence; but those
in power should be held responsible for its ready and careless distribution
from these places.
At the least we may follow out some of the following important quar-
antine measures:
Tree-to-Tree Inspection. No one who owns an old orchard is absolutely
sure what pests it may contain. In order to ascertain the distribution of pests,
it is therefore necessary to effect a systematic inspection of all infected and
uninfected districts. This can only be done by a tree-to-tree inspection per-
formed by inspectors who know their business. If it is properly done, the
results are sometimes marvelous. The following work actually done may
serve to illustrate:
During the summer of 1909, a tree-to-tree inspection was made of the
Claremont, Pomona, North Pomona, and San Dimas Districts. Most of the
territory was supposed to be free from serious pests. During the first month
mealy bug was discovered in the Claremont district, miles from any district
known to be infested with this pest. Before the end of the season, purple
294 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
scale, red scale, and yellow scale were located in a number of places where
they were never thought to have existed.
In Ventura County the mealy bug was thought to be the only real dan-
gerous pest. Purple and red scales were known to exist in only two lo-
calities. A tree-to-tree inspection located mealy buy in 6 localities where it
was not known to exist. Red scale in two new localities and purple scale
in two districts miles from the known infestation.
Infestations—The owner of every tree or orchard, which is infested with
mealy bug, should be served with an official quarantine notice forbidding
him to remove, give away, or sell any fruit without first getting a permit
trom the Horticultural Commissioner, or his deputies.
Infested fruit cannot by law be shipped to any other district within the
State, and it should not be shipped to any citrus district outside of the State, un-
less thoroughly treated and hand washed in a 30% solution of denatured alcohol
and inspected by a lawful inspector after treatment. To the Eastern market
the owner takes his own risks in shipping such fruit.
Picking Boxes. In a district partly infested with this pest, every box
which is used as a regular picking box, or which has ever been in a packing
house which handles infested fruit, must be thoroughly disinfected just before
entering the orchards. These boxes may be treated in any of three ways, viz.,
fumigated, emerged in denatured alcohol (30%) or steeped for 20 seconds
in water maintained at a temperature of 170° F.
For fumigating, an air-tight compartment may be constructed in the pack-
ing house with a top ventilator at the roof. Four ounces of cyanide per 100
cubic feet is sufficient to destroy all life. The boxes should not be removed
cxcept when taken directly to the orchards.
A large tank should be filled with denatured alcohol if this method is
to be used to insure the complete immersion of every box.
If hot water is to be used a constant fire should be kept under the water
tank, so as to maintain a constant temperature.
Picking boxes should not be allowed to be shipped from an infested
to a clean district under any circumstances, neither should new boxes filled
with fruit be allowed to enter a clean district from an infested area, even
though the fruit came from an uninfested orchard. All exchanges of fruit
or boxes from infested districts must be prohibited.
Picking Crews—A picking crew should not be allowed to work in a
district partly infected with mealy bugs unless under these conditions :
1. All clean orchards must be picked consecutively before entering those
infested.
2. Every orchardist must furnish his own ladders, picking sacks, ete.
Every grower having mealy bug in his orchard must furnish the mem-
bers of the picking crews with jumpers, overalls, and caps to be worn
only while picking his own fruit.
4. An intelligent and careful man must direct the movements of the pick-
ing crew to see that the above regulations are carried out.
vo
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 295
Nursery and Greenhouse Stock. All imported nursery stock must be
rejected and returned to the place from whence it came. Too great care
cannot be exercised in this matter.
DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE.
Larvae (Fig. 112). The larve, after the time of hatching, pass throngh
three distinct stages or moults, before they become adults. During the first
stage the nymphs average 0.4 mm. in length, and 0.19 mm. in width. They
vary from straw-yellow to orange in color, are oval in shape, and are quite
active. The antenne are large for the size of the body, are 7-articled, and
Figure 112. Female of Pseudococcus citri.
A, egg; B, young female in second instar; C, ventral view of adult female to show
antennae, legs, rostrum, spiracles, and lateral spines.
clothed with hair. The abdomen is divided into 8 rather distinct segments,
while the remainder of the body-segmentation is obscure. The eyes are small,
black, and project beyond the body. The legs are large and ungainly. Coxe,
femora, and tarsi all longer than the tibie. During the second stage the
nymphs have attained 0.635 mm. in length and 0.3 in width. Otherwise
they cannot be told from the first stage. The third stage is so much like
the adult form that the difference cannot be distinguished, except for the
size. This form has an 8-articled antenne. From the first stage up through
296 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
the development, there is a gradual acquisition of the white powdery covering,
which completely covers the adult female.
Adult (Figs. 113 and 114). The adult mealy bug, as its name suggests,
is completely covered with a thick, white, cottony wax. The body segmenta-
tion is distinctly visible through this covering, though the latter completely
hides the body color. On the ventral surface the covering is very thin or
wanting. At the margins the waxy-covering extends outwardly in the form
of white filaments or plates. There are 17 lateral filaments on each side.
Figure 113. Adult females and egg masses of Pseudococcus citri.
(Pom, Journ. Ent., Vol. I, No. 2. Fig. 31.)
At the posterior end there are 2 long filaments, nearly one-fourth the length
of the body, and several shorter filaments extending backward. From every
lateral spine group or large spine there arises a filament. By counting these
we find 34 lateral filaments on the same number of small spine areas, which
comprise 2 short spines each, 2 long posterior spines arising from the spines
on the anal lobes, 2 short filaments arising from the short spines on the anal
lobes, and 6 filaments arising from the six circumanal spines. The average
length of the adult female is 3 mm., and the average width is 1.5 mm. Some
are much larger. A brown mid-dorsal longitudinal band is a common char-
acteristic of the adults.
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 297
The color of the body is light yellow, turning darker in the more ad-
vanced egg-laying forms. When boiled in KOH the body contents first become
cardinal and finally change to an amber or yellow color. When the contents
have been removed the appendages and body wall become perfectly trans-
parent and colorless after they have been cleared in clove oil or in xylol.
Figure 114. Adult females of Pseudococcus citri.
(Pom. Journ. Ent. Vol. I, No. 2. Fig. 32.)
Antennae (Fig. 115 A). While the articles of the antenne vary to a
marked degree, yet much use can be made of them in determining the species.
From careful microscopic measurements the following formule were derived:
Sapo (2s 7) (4-62 oy and 8; oe e(les7/) (46,5). In insect! Eitfe Volt
vii, No. 2, p. 172 (1894), Mr. G. C. Davis offers the following in regard
to the antennal articles: ‘In destructor the basal and terminal segments are
of equal width and broader than the others. The terminal segments are not
nearly truncate. The following shows the length of the different segments
beginning at the base. The measurements are made by using the micrometer ;
i—3.5, 2—5, 3—5, +3, 5—4.25, 6—3.25, 74.5, 8—10.”
From these measurements the following formula may be derived: 8,
(Aya. Zena HUM GR
298 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
In the Entomological News, Vol. xiii, No. 8, p. 257 (1902), Mr. Geo. B.
Xing makes the following interesting statements regarding this matter: “Again
take the common mealy bug (so-called) of our greenhouse, Dactylopius citri
(now Pseudococcus citri). Prof. Comstock described the antennz and says
joint 8 is longest, twice as long as 3, 2 and 7 equal, 5 and 6 equal, and 4
shortest. I have tried my eye with the following results: 8 and 3 longest;
3 distinctly shorter than 8; 1 and 2 next longest and about equal; 5 a little
longer than 4; 6 and 7 shortest and about equal.”
Figure 115. Female of Pseudococcus citri.
A, antenna; B, leg; C, dorsal surface of pygiduim; D, ventral surface.
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 299
“A careful measurement with a micromillimeter gives the following re-
sults: joints 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; 96, 88, 96, 68, 80, 81, 44, 104.”
“The formula of Comstock’s measurements with the eye 8, 3, (2,7), (6, 5),
4 omitting joint 1; of these by myself with the eye 8, 3, (1, 2), 5, 4, (6, 7),
and with the micromillimeter 8, (1, 3), 2, 6, 5, 4, 7. This, I believe, is the
first time that the true measurements of the antennal joints of Dactylopius
citri have been given.” From all of the above it is readily seen that there
must be a large degree of variation in the antennal articles of different in-
dividuals. The mounting, and the position of the insect upon the slide, no
Figure 116. Egg Masses of Pseudococcus citri on Lemon.
(Pom. Journ. Ent. Vol. I, No. 2, Fig. 18.)
doubt, plays a very important part in these determinations. For general
work the eye measurements (taken by the eye through a microscope) must
be used by the average student for ready reference. In combining all of the
formule of eye measurements we may fix a more exact formula as follows:
5, 3, (1, 2, 7), (5, 6), 4. The combined number of antennal articles equals
about one-ninth the length of the insect’s body.
Rostrum—Short, stout, and in two distinct divisions, the basal division
being much broader than the apical. The rostral loop is nearly half as long
as the body.
300 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Spiracles—There are two pairs of breathing organs; the first pair is
located on the ventral surface nearly midway between the prothoracic and the
mesothoracic coxz; the second is located nearer front than midway between
the mesothoracic and metathoracic coxz, on the ventral surface.
Legs (Fig. 115 B). Normally long and hairy. Coxe longer than
broad, nearly as long as the femurs. Trochanters narrow and not more than
lalf as long as the coxe. Femurs stout, shorter than tibia. Tibia long
and slender, twice as long as the tarsi, slender and spiny on the inner margin.
Tarsi with a few stout spines in inner margin. Claws normal.
Pygidium (Fig. 115 C and D). Covered over the surface with a large
uumber of circular pores, which are common to this genus. Anal lobes with
1 large spine and 2 small, slender spines on the ventral surface, and with
2 short stout spines and 1 hair-like spine on the dorsal surface, of each
lobe. Cireumanal spines—normally six, which are half as long as the spines
of the anal lobes. On the ventral surface, just in front of these spines,
are two pairs of slender hair-like spines. A distinct conical cauda projects
backwards just below the 2 most dorsal of the spines.
The eggs (Fig. 116) are elliptical oval in shape. Color—Straw yellow,
amber, “corn” or light yellow. Surface—smooth and somewhat glossy when
the covering threads are removed. Size—Average length 0.34 mm., average
width 0.17 mm. ‘They are deposited in large masses, and are intertwined and
bound together with fine, white, cottony threads, which are secreted and
exuded by the female during the process of egg-laying. The eggs are de-
posited in cracks, and crevices of the trees, on the fruit, especially where there
are clusters, in the navel of oranges and the blossom end of seedlings, under
the calyx, and in any other place which may afford shelter and protection
for them.
THE MALE.
Larvae (Fig. 117 a). ‘The first born are difficult to distinguish from
the females of the same age, but the male larve developes much faster and is
soon told by its rather long, smooth, dark-colored body, and by the dis-
appearance of the mouth parts after the first moult. There are 4 moults
before the adult stage is attained. The antenne are 7-articled and are sparsely
covered with hair. ‘There are two dark marginal eyes which are retained
throughout the entire development.
Nympth (Fig. 117 b and c). When the brood is nearly one-third grown
the males seek a sheltered place, usually in an egg-mass, to spin their cocoon
in which their transformation is to take place. The cocoon varies from 3
to 4 mm. in length, is nearly cylindrical in shape, and is spun with very fine
white cottony threads, such as cover the egg-masses. ‘The nymph, if un-
disturbed, remains perfectly quiet throughout the moult, but if the cocoon
is destroyed at any stage, it immediately moves away to find a more suitable
place to make another. With age the body becomes dark in color, the wing
buds, and then the wing pads appear and the large red dorsal and ventral
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 301
eyes appear. A few short spines appear on the lateral margins of the ab-
cominal segments. The pygidium appears somewhat darker than the rest
of the body.
Figure 117. Male of Pseudococcus citri.
a, larva during first instar; b, larva during second moult; c, nymph during last
stage. A, B, adult male.
Adult (Fig. 117 A and B). Are very delicate and small, measuring
on the average but 1 mm. in length. They are of amber-brown color, covered
with enough of the cottony way to give them a gray appearance. Head—Wider
than the prothorax with 2 dark blotches extending backward from the base
of the antenne. Eyes—Besides the two dark marginal eyes, retained from
the larval stage, there are two large red eyes dorsally and a similar pair
302 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
ventrally. Antennae—10-articled, dark in color, and very hairy. Thorax—
is well differentiated and shows large wing muscles. A dark band connects
the bases of the wings. A prominent scutellum extends to the abdominal
tapers posteriorly, the last segment being much nar-
segment. Abdomen
:ower than any of the rest. The lateral margins carry a few hairs. The
posterior segment, next to the end of the abdomen, bears two long spines
which, when clothed with the white cotton, make the long white anal fila-
ments. These are nearly as long as the body and project backward. Wings—
As in most of the male coccids, there are two wings, with the two characteristic
veins in each. ‘The wings cf the male mealy bug are from a milk white to a
faint bluish color, and are carried flat upon the back as seen in the cut.
Legs—Are dark, as are the antennee, and are very hairy. (Fig. 118.)
Figure 118.
Cocoons of male Pseudococcus citri (the large white masses); also larvae of
female (the small white individuals).
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 303
LIFE HISTORY.
Very little has been done toward the working out of the life history
of the citrus mealy bug. In fact, as yet, no one has followed it at all in
its various stages in the orchard. Mr. G. C. Davis, of the Agre. College, Mich.,
has worked out the following in the greenhouse, and published it in Insect Life,
vii. No. 2, p. 168 (1894).
“The female of our commonest mealy bug, Dactylopius destructor (now
Pseudococcus citri) is very prolific, laying usually not more than 400 eggs,
but may vary in number from 300 to 600. Each egg is slightly oblong and
about 0.25 mm. in length. The color is light straw yellow, with small parti-
cles of the white waxy secretion covering each one. Over the whole egg
mass is a white flocculose network of waxy threads which cover the eggs and
quite effectually protect them from attack by other insects. The female com-
mences secreting these threads some hours before egg laying begins, and
continues secreting as long as the mass of eggs increases. A female before
laying her eggs will be about 2.5 mm. wide and 4 mm. long, but when through
there is nothing left of her but a little dry wrinkled piece of lifeless skin
and a mass of eggs back of her that will measure two or three times as miuch
as she did a short time before. The female feeds all the time she is depositing
her eggs, and no doubt lays far fewer eggs when forced to do so with no
food accessible. The eggs first laid will remain farthest from the female
and beneath, she moving ahead as the mass grows. ‘The mass also raises
her until toward the last her position is often nearer vertical than horizontal.”
“Quite a number of females of various sizes were placed in a jar to
see how long they would live with no food. There was moisture enough for
their needs, and the temperature was a little above what it would be in a
comfortable dwelling house. The smaller ones, which were not over a quarter
grown, moulted on the second day and on the third were mostly dead.
Many of the larger ones moulted the day the smaller ones died. Some of the
smaller of them lived a few days longer and then died, but the most of the
larger ones began very soon to deposit eggs. One of the largest of the
number was carefully watched, and it was found that the eggs increased at
the rate of about 36 every twenty-four hours. Egg laying lasted only four
or five days, instead of ten days or two weeks as usual, when the female
shriveled and died, leaving from one hundred to one hundred fifty in each
mass. ‘The most of these eggs were fertile and hatched in about a week after
they were placed there. None of the females were full grown, and the ex-
periment shows that the mealy bug will still strenuously endeavor to propa-
gate its kind from immature specimens when food is wanting. Another
lot of specimens were placed in a cold room under otherwise similar con-
ditions and all sizes remained dormant for a long period with no apparent
injury.”
“Tt requires from one to two weeks for the eggs to hatch, according
to the temperature. As a usual thing the young mealy bugs from the eges
first laid will hatch some days before the female has finished laying. They
304 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
are very active and, like other young bugs, appear to be mostly antennee and
feet. They do not venture out from under the flocculent covering for several
days, and before they do they have assumed a partial mealy coat resembling
considerably the parent. The antenne are six-jointed in the female and
seven-jointed in the male larve.”
“On the fourteenth of April a single gravid female was placed in the
laboratory on a Coleus plant. Since that time two generations have been
reared from the one specimen. ‘This would make about two months for each
generation, but, where the temperature is like that maintained in a conserva-
tory, this period is shorted two weeks. We may say then that in general
the time required for development is from six to eight weeks.”
“The young grow very slowly for the first two or three weeks and
the growth is very uneven. Should one look at them for the first time when
three or four weeks old he would declare that they could not all belong
to the same brood, as there is such a great difference in their size. The
difference is maintained from this on, so that it is impossible to tell where one
generation begins and the other ends. There will be all sizes, from the
ones just hatching to the female forming a woolly mass. About half of the
brood are regular enough, however, so that one can, with a little care,
trace the generation through its development.”
“When the mealy bugs become about a third grown, perhaps one out
of every eight or ten will be seen to travel off a little apart from the rest
and begin to construct a light fluffy cocoon around itself. It is the young
male preparing for his transformation to the winged state. The material
of which the cocoon is constructed is similar to that used by the female in
covering her eggs, except that the thread is finer and more downy. ‘The
cocoon is oblong in shape, being from one to two mm. in length and half
as thick. The construction is alike throughout, with no hard portions except
the cast off skin which is left behind. The transformation is very rapid,
taking as nearly as I can ascertain, only three or four days, or a week
at most, when the two-winged male comes forth with quite a difference
in appearance from what it possessed before. The males are very delicate
and slender, measuring less than a millimeter in length and with an expanse
of wings from 2 to 3 mm. The flight is slow and steady, and although
they are so very minute, when one has become acquainted with their ap-
pearance on the wing, he will readily recognize them and can easily catch
them by a quick thrust of the open hand. The body is an olive brown, and is
more or less flecked with the mealy covering. At the extremity of the abdo-
men are the two white anal filaments nearly as long as the body itself.
The wings are milky white, extremely fragile, and with only the two customary
veins. There are now ten segments to the antennz instead of seven. ‘The
mouth parts are either wanting or are very rudimentary. Perhaps the most
interesting change is in the placing of the eyes. On the top is a pair of
large dark red eyes with a lighter ring of red around them. On the under
side of the head, separated nearly as far as they can be from the ones
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 305
above, is another similar pair. On the sides of the head are the two dark eyes,
the same as seen in the immature stage.”
“Mating with the half grown females occurs soon after the males issue.
Someone has said that the anal filaments are used for mating, but observation
in several cases has not shown this to be the case, the filaments merely ex-
tending backward out of the way.”
In the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. xxxix, No. 8, pp. 284-287 (1907),
Robert Matheson presents the following most important article:
The life-history of the male of Dactylopius citri (Pseudococcus citrt)
has been worked out by Reed in 1890 at Cornell University. His results are
embodied in an unpublished thesis., Berlese, 93, in “Le Cocciniglie Italiane
Viventi Sugli Agrumi,” pp. 23-33, has given a more detailed account of the
male’s life cycle. It may be well to give here a brief summary of their
work before describing the transformations of the female.
MALE STAGES.
The young nymphs moult for the first time in from 10 to 22 days after
hatching. During the first stage it is impossible to separate the males from
the females by their external characters, and only just previous to this moult
can they be distinguished. Berlese has shown that, that the future mouth-parts
of the female which is about to shed its skin, are coiled spirally just beneath
the transparent cuticle. In the males no developing mouth-parts can be
observed, and those which they possess disappear at the time of the first
moult. These facts can be observed just before the moult.
The cast skins usually remain attached to the caudal extremity of the
male nymphs. In the second stage the male nymphs are sluggish in their
movements. They usually seek out some secluded spot and, in about ten
days, begin spinning their cocoons. The spinning of the cocoon occupies about
two days, and, shortly after its completion, the second moult occurs. This
cast skin is, in a day or two, pushed out at the caudal end of the cocoon.
Tt is during the second stage that the beginning of the wings and halteres
may be noted. They appear as small papillae on the mesothoracic and meta-
thoracic segments.
The third moult occurs five days after the second, and in a week later
they moult for the last time. The perfect winged insects emerge from the
cocoon in from three to four days after the fourth moult.
FEMALE STAGES.
The life-history of the female is in marked contrast to that of the male.
Neither Reed nor Berlese, nor any previous worker, succeeded in determining
the number of moults in the female. Reed supposed there were three, whereas
Berlese, reasoning from analogy with the male, considered there must be at
least four.
As is generally known, each female lays from 150 to 200 eggs. ‘These
eggs are enclosed in a waxy secretion, produced by hypodermal glands. These
glands are situated on the ventral surface of the abdominal segments. The
306 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
first nymphs appear in from 10 to 18 days after the commencement of the
egg-sac. Only a small number of those hatched from a single egg-sac are
males. The young nymphs on hatching remain a short time within the egg-
sac, and, on leaving it, spread rapidly over the leaf, settling in large numbers
along the mid-rib and at the joints of the stems. As previously pointed out,
it is impossible to separate the males from the females during this stage.
FIRST NYMPHAL STAGE.
At time of hatching, the young nymphs are about 0.4 mm. long, and from
0.18 mm., to 0.21 mm. wide, bright yellow to orange in color, oval in outline,
slightly narrowed at the caudal end and rounded at the cephalic end. The
appendages look large and clumsy in comparison with the size of the body.
The abdomen is distinctly divided into eight segments, the transverse
sutures being distinct on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The divisions
of the thorax are not so distinct. The transverse sutures cannot be distin-
guished on the venter, and only with difficulty on the dorsum. ‘The suture
separating the head from the thorax can be seen only on the dorsal surface.
The antenne are about 0.16 mm. long, situated on the ventral surface
of the anterior end of the body. The bases of the antenne are not contiguous,
and small hairs are scattered over their entire surface. They are divided into
seven segments. The basal one is triangular in outline and quite short.
The seventh segment is the longest, longer than the three preceding segments
taken together, oval in shape, and ends in an apical tubercle, upon which is
inserted a stiff hair, almost as long as the segment itself.
The cornea of the eyes projects from the sides of the head. The black
pigment is well developed, showing prominently on the ventral surface.
The legs are well developed and strong, especially when compared with
their condition in the adult.
SECOND NYMPHAL STAGE.
The first moult occurs from 10 to 22 days after hatching. It is just before
this moult that Berlese could distinguish the males from the females by the
absence of developing mouth-parts.
After the first moult the females are about 0.625 mm. in length, 0.3 mm.
in width; bright orange in color, somewhat rounded at the anterior and
posterior ends.
The antenne are 0.19 mm. long, and have seven segments. The basal
segment is quadrangular in outline and quite short. The seventh is the
longest, being nearly as long as the three preceding taken together.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the first and second nymphal
stages, except by rearing them and noting the time of moulting. The char-
acters of length and size of antennz are of doubtful value, and not to be
depended upon. The antenne of a nymph, near the latter part of the first
stage, measured over 0.19 mm. This is the length usually found in the
nymphs at the beginning of the second stage.
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 307
THIRD NYMPHAL STAGE.
The second moult occurs, on the average, about 15 days after the first.
The antenne now consist of eight segments, and are 0.264 mm. in length.
The basal segment is quadrangular in outline, and the eighth is nearly as long
as the three preceding taken together. The character and the number of the
antennal segments readily distinguish this stage from the preceding ones,
but are absolutely of no value in separating it from the mature or last stage.
In other characters they do not differ materially from those of the preceding
stages.
As all previous workers have considered the antennz in the first nymphal
stage as consisting of only six segments, I would like to draw attention to the
fact that in all specimens which I have examined there were seven clearly-
defined segments in the first and second nymphal stages and eight in the third,
as well as in the adult female.
ADULT FEMALE.
The third and last moult takes place, on the average, about 13 days after
the second. I found it very difficult to secure many observations on the exact
time of this moult on account of the roving habits of the nymphs under
observation.
After this moult the females do not usually move about, but remain
practically motionless. Egg-laying commences in from 15 to 20 days later,
and continues from 10 to 14 days. An interesting observation worth recording
is that the females are usually not of a uniform size at the time when they
commence egg-laying. This has been pointed out by Reed in his thesis, and
I had many opportunities of verifying his observations. Often what I, judg-
ing from the size only, considered were nymphs in the third stage would
prove to be mature females and commence egg-laying.
To the preceding accounts may be added the following orchard observa-
tions taken at Santa Paula, Ventura County, California, during the years
1909 and 1910:
EGGS AT SANTA PAULA.
The egg-laying in the field certainly differs from that seen in the labora-
tory where the temperature is more uniform. It covers a period from two
weeks to one month. For breeding material, I keep infested fruit on damp
sand and under such conditions the egg-laying usually requires but two
weeks. On fruit placed in jars, where it soon begins to wither, the egg-laying
may occupy but 10 days or even less, while mealy bugs placed in boxes,
jars, or cells without food, deposit most of the eggs in one week. Under
extreme unfavorable conditions, such as excessive heat and dryness, the eggs
are laid in the course of three days. The conditions of egg-laying also
influence the time for hatching. Under the most favorable conditions the
eggs first laid begin to hatch about the time, or a little before, the last eggs
are deposited. This accounts for the great difference in the sizes of the in-
dividuals from the same brood. Conditions also influence the number of
308 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
eggs deposited by an individual female, the facts being that under extremes,
such as lack of food for the adult, or excessive heat, the number of eggs
laid are greatly reduced, in such cases to one-half or even one-fourth nor-
mally laid.
There is no marked egg-laying season, but the bulk of the eggs are laid
in the fall during the months of September, October, November, and December.
At this season the mealy bugs seem to be thickest and are more noticeable
than at any other season. The insect evidently prefers to pass the winter
in the egg stage. although large numbers of all stages appear during these
months. The idea of massing the eggs in great clusters for protection against
other insects, birds, and weather, seems to be carried out perfectly by the
mealy bug, for during these months much of the fruit, the limbs, and the
foliage may be entirely wrapped in cottony egg-masses. Large streamers
hang from the fruit in badly infested orchards, so that the eggs may be
gathered in handfuls. The position for depositing the eggs is determined
by the condition of the fruit upon the trees. There is no doubt but that the
mealy bug prefers the fruit to the foliage. ‘The lemon tree, being a constant
bearer of fruit is subject to greater attacks than are orange trees from which
all of the fruit has been removed at some season of the year. The eggs are
deposited in the navels and at the blossom ends of the seedling fruit, as
long as there is any fruit upon the tree, in much larger numbers than upon
the limbs and leaves, but as soon as the fruit is removed the masses begin to
appear in great numbers upon the trunks and large limbs in the center of the
trees where there is more protection afforded. On a lemon tree a few of
the eggs are deposited upon the trunk and limbs of the tree, but the greatest
masses appear in the fruit clusters on the leaves near the fruit. Very few eggs
are to be seen during the months of May, June, and July, and it is usually
at this season that the grower believes that the mealy bug has left.
That the eggs are deposited in the ground for winter protection has never
been proved. I have searched very thoroughly to test this assertion and
have found but very few eggs in the ground, and these were on the base
of the trunk at the surface of the ground. If the eggs are laid upon the roots
in the ground, the young upon hatching would naturally crawl up the tree
trunk to begin feeding, when the proper time came in the spring for them
to do so. To test this, we put tanglefoot bands around several acres of trees
and left them there for one winter and the early part of the summer. No
inealy bugs were caught worth mentioning on either side of the sticky band.
The egg is the hardest stage in the life history of the pest to deal with.
In the fumigation work and in the spraying experiments, the large egg-masses
resisted the most. For testing the efficiency of hot water as an insecticide tor
dipping mealy bug infected boxes, it was found that at 158° F. all of the insects
were killed, while it took 164° F. to kill all of the eggs.
Eggs. In regard to the number of eggs laid by this insect, Mr. John J.
Davis published in the Entomological News, xix., No. 8, p. 383 (1908), the
following article:
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 309
“The following table gives the actual counts of the numbers of eggs in
twenty egg-masses of Pseudococcus citri. ‘They were collected on Salvia in a
greenhouse at Urbana, Illinois, March, 1907. The table shows a wide range in
the numbers per egg-mass, namely: 147 to 414; but as will be seen in the suc-
cessive averages, there was little divergence from the final average.”
“The ‘corn’ or clay-colored eggs are laid in a mass beneath and spreading
beyond the tip of the abdomen in an entanglement of white cottony secretion.
‘They are elliptical-oval, somewhat glossy, and measure 0.309 to 0.326 mm. in
length, and 0.146 to 0.180 mm. in width. The average, from 15 eggs meas-
ured, was 0.313 mm. in length by 0.164 mm. in width.
PSEUDOCOCCUS CITRI (Risso).
No. counted Successive | Average per | |
No per mass. Totals. Ege-mass. Max. Min. | Range
1 354 354 354 414
2 346 700 350
| 210 910 303.3
4 157 1067 266.6
5 414 1481 296.2 414
6 208 1689 281.5
a 346 2035 | 290.7
8 302 2337 292.1
9 166 2503 278.1
10 319 2822 | 282.2 |
11 292 3114 283.1
12 159 2373 PHOT
IS || 391 3664 281.8
14 180 3844 274.5
15 206 4050 270
16 399 4449 278.1
iy 266 4715 277.3
18 147 4862 270.1 147
19 292 5154 Bile
20 329 5483 274.1 147
20 5483 274.1 414 147 267
In the orchards of Southern California conditions are very favorable to
the growth of the mealy bugs, and never have I seen egg-masses in a green-
house that will begin to compare in size with those found in the combined
clusters on the citrus fruit. It is very conservative to say that the number
will reach 500 for some individuals. As yet I have never noticed any con-
siderable number of unfertile eggs. At least 99% of all eggs deposited will
hatch and 95% of all the hatched young, under normal conditions, in the
orchards, will live to reproduce. In jars, without food all of fifty adults
produced eggs that hatched and 50% of the half-grown produced eggs that
hatched, but in the case of the latter the number of eggs per individual
equalled only about one-fourth that of the adult.
310 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
FEMALE LARVAE AND ADULTS AT SANTA PAULA.
Because of the overlapping of all stages from the larval form to the
adult, I have deemed it necessary to consider these forms together as one.
(Fig. 119.)
Figure 119,
A lemon showing three broods of mealy bugs, before the fruit dried up. This 1s
somewhat of a remarkable picture, for it shows what may be expected of the mealy bug.
The fact that most of the eggs are deposited during the early winter
months would at once lead us to believe that during the early spring there
would be a tremendous hatching of young, and such is the case in normal
weather. If the winter is warm the broods appear just as in the summer and
there is a constant hatching all of the time. Even during the coldest weather
a great many young appear. With the coming of the new growth and young
fruit in the spring, come the hoards of newly hatched mealy bugs which
settle at once upon the most delicate foliage and around the calyx of the
young fruit. It is upon the fruit that the greatest damage is done, for the
pests will remain with it until it is killed and drops or until it is ruined as a
commercial product. From the time that the foliage begins to harden the
mealy bugs seem to decline and during the hot summer months are not notice-
able unless the orchard is badly infested. Then beginning with September the
adults appear in great numbers and begin to deposit eggs. The young
upon hatching exude the honey dew which causes so much black smut upon
the foliage. While there are many individual broods throughout the year
there is always the marked winter season when the numbers of all forms
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 311
is greatest. The following orchard notes serve to trace the general field
development in a badly infested orchard at Santa Paula. The notes begin
in the fall of the year 1909 and have been continued throughout the year
and should give field conditions accurately :
Sept. 7, 1909—Mealy bug beginning to show up very numerously. A
large number of immature and adult insects, but few egg masses.
Sept. 30, 1909.—Egg masses becoming numerous in the navels and flower
end of the oranges, causing some of the navels to rot. Particularly bad in
two navel orchards and in a large seedling orchard.
October 30, 1910.—Eggs masses abundant upon orange and lemon trees,
and upon the foliage and fruit. Trees becoming very black due to smut.
Lemons worse infested than orange trees.
Nov. 24, 1909.—All through this month the mealy bugs seem to show up
more than at any other time. Great masses of adults collect on the fruit,
while the trunks of the trees are covered with masses of eggs.
Dec. 1, 1909.—Navel oranges are badly infested and are rotting at the
navel end, because of the work of the insect. In many cases the injury
extends to the center of the fruit. A large percentage of the fruit is cracking
at the navel end and the rot is spreading. The McKevett orchard, though
fumigated last month, shows similar results, but the mealy bug has been
greatly reduced.
Dec. 30, 1909.—Great numbers of egg-masses on the fruit and trunks of
the trees. Rainy weather does not seem to retard the development of the
mealy bug.
Jan. 30, 1910.—Conditions of the mealy bug as bad as during the two
preceding months. Smut very bad because of damp weather.
February 28, 1910.—Conditions in the lemon orchards very bad. Great
clusters of egg-masses on the fruit, leaves and branches. On the orange
trees the branches are covered with egg masses, which seem to be waiting
for spring to hatch.
March 30, 1910.—Clusters of egg masses begin to disappear as the eggs
are hatching very rapidly. Still many clusters remain. Young are settling
upon the young growth.
April 29, 1910.—Young mealy bugs appearing in great numbers. Masses
upon the tree trunks are breaking up and disappearing, but large clusters
remain between touching lemons.
May, 30, 1910.—Young still hatching, but not in very great numbers.
Egg-masses gradually disappearing.
June 30, 1910.—All of the young appear to be hatched, except on the
fruit of some lemons, which were very badly infested. No living eggs re-
maining upon trunks of the trees. Young hard to find in the orange groves.
July 30, 1910.—Only young individuals to be found and they are be-
ginning to settle upon the young oranges. No full grown adults to be readily
found. No egg-masses at all.
312 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
August 30, 1910.—Young and half-grown mealy bugs appearing in con-
siderable numbers on the fruit of the orange and lemon trees. More nu-
merous than last month. No egg-masses.
The almost complete disappearance during the summer months, had led
many to believe that the mealy bug had left the trees, but upon close
examination it will be found that the young are there, but hid away in
cracks and crevices upon the orange trees waiting for the fruit to set. Upon
the lemon trees they are settled around the stem, under the calyx, or between
lemons, and also upon the tender sucker growth.
MALE NYMPHS AND ADULTS, AT SAN’TA PAULA.
The young male usually selects an egg mass under which to transform.
This is probably for two reasons; viz., to find protection, and to be able to
perform his sexual duty without any great traveling, for it is probable that
the male flies very little until after copulation. In nearly every egg mass
there is to be found a developing male, even though the egg mass is only a few
days old. Since the copulation takes place while the female is less than
or when she is half grown, the transformations of the male must be more
rapid than that of the female, and this accounts for the advanced stages of
the male in the egg masses. As soon as the cocoon is left behind the male
searches out those ready for mating, before the thought of flight is enter-
tained, and in the large egg-masses many of the males never get an opportunity
to fly.
Though a delicate insect, the male is capable of long flights. In cages,
I have observed individuals constantly upon the wing for one hour before
lighting, and then repeat the same operation. That they fly a great deal
was shown by tangle foot bands in remote parts of the infested orchards. On
a single 2-inch band, thousands of the male mealy bugs were sticking and
on every band in a 50-acre seedling orchard the same thing was observed.
How many males the bands succeeded in capturing it is hard to estimate,
but the matter of reproduction by the females continued unhampered.
While most of the males transform under the egg masses, during the early
breeding season in the fall when there are no egg-masses, except those just
being deposited, the males may be found in great numbers pupating upon
the leaves. ‘The accompanying cut, showing the male cocoons, was photo-
graphed from a tree which was swarming with the transforming males.
HOST PLANTS.
Host Plants of Pseudococcus Citri (Risso) in California.
Begonia. Only in greenhouse.—Ehrhorn.
signonia sp—Baker & Essig.
3ouvardia sp—In greenhouse.—Essig.
Callistemon lanceolatus (Bottle Brush).—Baker & Essig.
Ceanothus integerrimus—In Mountains.—Essig.
Citrus aurantium (Orange).—Baker & Essig.
Citrus decumanus (Pomelo).—Baker & Essig.
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 313
Citrus medica (Citron)—Baker & Essig.
Citrus limonum (Lemon).—Baker & Essig.
Coleus sp.—In greenhouse.—Baker & Essig.
Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin).—Baker & Essig.
Cyperus alternifolius—In greenhouse.—Ehrhorn.
Erythea edulis (Guadalupe Is. Palm).—Essig.
Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia)—Baker & Essig.
Filicales (Ferns).—Baker & Essig.
Fuchsia sp—Baker & Essig.
Nerium (Oleander).—Essig.
Paeonia sp. (Penny).—Baker & Essig.
Passiflora violacea (Purple Passion Flower).—In greenhouse.—Essig.
Strelitzia regina —Essig.
Strelitzia gigantea—Essig.
Solanum douglasii—Baker & Essig.
Tradescantia multicolor (Variegated Wandering Jew)—In greenhouse.—
Essig.
Host Plants Outside of California, Not Given in Above List.
Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco).
Coffea arabica (Coffee).
Gossypium sp. (Cotton).
Hedera helix (English Ivy).
Ipomoea. sp.
Solanum jasminioides (Jasmine).
Habrothamnus sp.
ENDURANCE.
We have seen in the life-history of the mealy bug that its enduring
qualities are unusually great and that it is able to reproduce its kind under
the most extraordinary circumstances. In order to control it in the green-
house, in the orchards, or in the nurseries, it is important to know something
of these qualities so as to act accordingly. We cannot intelligently cope
with a pest until we understand every phase of its life history.
Lack of Food.—Starvation hastens development and reproduction. Un-
der normal conditions an adult female might not deposit her eggs for some
weeks, but if taken from the food supply would begin egg-laying within 24
hours and will retain vitality enough to continue to lay eggs for at least
two weeks. Under such conditions life, from the time the female is first
removed from food until the last egg is hatched, may be retained for 30
days. In case of the apparently half-grown females, 70% are able to reproduce
exactly in the same manner as the full-sized adult, the only difference being
that the smaller form is not able to produce as many eggs as the large ones.
These facts simply mean that a female from the time it is half grown to
maturity, if carried into the orchard on clothing, boxes, ladders, etc., has
30 days in which to find lodgment upon a tree or to produce young which
314 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
may finally do so. The liability to lose all of her offspring is very slight,
under common methods of orchard practice.
lf the food supply is merely reduced by drying out of the fruit, the
rate of reproduction is more rapid than under the more adverse conditions,
for there is more vitality displayed in all broods. The following interesting
experiment was carried out in the laboratory.
In a glass jar was placed a lemon, taken from a tree which had just
been fumigated (Oct. 7, 1909). There were eight living individuals, all of
which appeared to be but halfi-grown. The jar was labeled and set away
in a_ perfectly dry place to prevent the rotting of the fruit. No apparent
changes were evident until the lemon began to dry and shrivel, and then
egg-laying began rapidly. Within a short time scores of young began to
appear. This continued until at least three distinct broods appeared. On
January 19, 1910, the accompanying photo (Fig. 119) was taken. In order
to make the necessary enlargement, only half of the lemon could be photo-
graphed, but it shows well the conditions three months after the lemon was
placed in the jar. Still more appeared until the rind became perfectly dry,
when the younger forms began to die. All forms were not dead until March
Ist, 1910. This shows what might be expected from a single infested orange
or lemon that might be dropped into a clean orchard.
Heat—During the dry, hot months, of the late summer, the mealy bugs
are less in evidence than at any other season. This seems to show that the
hot weather has something to do with the retarded development so in evidence.
There is no doubt but that the insect prefers the damp, even climate of the
coast sections to the hot dry interior valleys, but even in the hottest climates
the pest thrives remarkably well. In the interior citrus districts of California
and in Arizona it is always a menace. While there is no exact method of
ascertaining just how much heat the insect can thrive under, the following
tests may serve to show the heat death line to some degree. These hot-water
tests were made to find out at what temperature, water, into which boxes,
infected with the eggs, larve, and adult mealy bugs, were dipped, must be
maintained to insure the extermination of all life.
Equipment.—A fifty gallon iron kettle surrounded by a brick wall, con-
taining 30 gallons of water. Heated by a wood fire at the bottom. A
thermometer for ascertaining the temperature of boiling liquids.
A wooden box with a fine wire-sieve bottom was used as a container for
dipping infected fruit, leaves, and twigs.
The best samples of infected fruit possible were obtained for the experi-
ments. A large number of egg-masses, larvae, and adults infected each of the
many samples used at a dipping.
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 315
Experiment:
Degrees of Temperature Exposure
F. Cc. No. of Seconds Results
92 33.3 20 None killed. Many crawling.
98 36.6 20 _ * ss 4
100 37.7 20 r; + ay
110 43.3 20 ‘ a None
120 48.8 20 e % ‘4
130 54.4 20 Nearly all of the young and many
adults killed. Eggs unharmed.
140 60 20 Nearly all of the young and many
adults killed. Eggs unharmed.
150 65.5 20 All of young and most of the adults
killed. Only a few eggs destroyed.
154 67.7 20 Two living individuals, out of many
hundreds found. Many eggs still
fertile.
162 Vat 20 Only a few of the large egg-masses
with fertile eggs.
164 WS 20 No life.
170 76.6 20 ct os,
The tests were carried up to boiling point, but no life in any form existed
after 164° F. or 73.3° C. had been passed. For dipping boxes, I am recom-
mending 170° F, or 76.6° C. in order to make sure of all of the eggs, which
may be unusually well protected.
Fumigation—The power to resist hydrocyanic acid gas, has been very
definitely established in work here. (See Pomona Journal Vol. 1, No. 4, p.
1, and Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 246). The very youngest forms, including those of
the first moult, first succumb and all of these may be destroyed with a very
small dosage. The full-grown adult comes next, while the eggs and the
half-grown forms are most resistant. The length of exposure which gave the
best results was 2 hours, and the dosage, double Schedule No. 1, administered
at the beginning of each hour. An air-tight tent, or an excessive dosage
is not sufficient to kill all forms.
Spraying. No spray is practical that will not penetrate the cottony cover-
ing. The mealy bugs have great resistive power to everything but very
penetrating oil or acid sprays. (See Pomona Journal Vol. II, No. 4, p. 246).
It might be said, in conclusion, that the mealy bug is a great resister,
but it can not effectually resist any systematic methods which are energetically
and persistently waged against it.
Birds.—Without doubt birds play a very important part in the distribution
of scale insects. The fact that the orchard trees serve as roosting places for
countless numbers of them, afford excellent opportunities for the young scale
to crawl upon the feet and legs and be carried to other localities. ‘The in-
herent tendency of most insects is to crawl up and there is no choice for the
first broods but to do this, regardless of what they may be ascending. Then,
too, if a bird alights in a tree which is thickly infested with mealy bug,
and ever touches an egg-mass, it is sure to carry some of it away, for the
316 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
clinging power of the cottony secretion which enfolds the eggs is very
great. It is this which makes the distribution of the mealy bug so easy. In
working with the egg-masses with a needle point, it is very difficult to prevent
the eggs and adult mealy bugs, which are spinning the threads during the
egg-laying process, from clinging persistently to the point.
Insects —Ladybird beetles, including those which prey upon the mealy
Lug, are sure distributors of this pest. It is well known that the adult forms
are not efficient feeders and are not liable to eat even the young scale and
eges which may be clinging to its legs. The predaceous forms, including
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Rhizobius ventralis, Scymnus guttulatus, and
Cryptogomus orbiculus, which pupate among the egg masses of the mealy bug,
seldom fly to another tree without taking some of the eggs also. Although
this may seem to be dangerous, there is no doubt but that the good done by
these ladybird beetles off-sets this a thousand fold. I simply mention this
as a fact and not as a drawback or as a means of discouraging the use of
parasites.
Wind—Many close observers have noticed that a dirty orchard on the
windward side of a clean orchard would infect the first few rows of the
clean orchard in one season. ‘This has been demonstrated repeatedly in many
localities and is the best argument that the wind is an agent in scale dis-
tribution. The young mealy bugs are very small and might easily be carried
from their footing by a gust of strong wind and deposited some distance
away. Just how much the wind is responsible we have no accurate means of
telling, but we do know that if an orchard to the windward in infested with
mealy bugs that we are sure to get it soon. It may be that the birds and
insects usually fly with the wind wherever possible and that in this secondary
manner the greatest amount of distributing is done.
Trrigating Water—The white cottony covering thoroughly protects the
mealy bugs and their eggs from being destroyed by water, even though
completely immersed for several hours. The waxy ingredients in the cover-
ing and its ability to retain air globules enables them to float freely. If any
of the mealy bugs are brushed into the furrows before irrigating, and do
not get out before the water is turned on, or if any of the adults or the eggs
are dropped into the running water, they may in this way be distributed from
one section of an orchard to another. Infested culls, dumped into the rivers
and ditches may serve to infest regions miles away. The dumping of
culls in the dry river beds during the winter, if infested with any scale,
should be prohibited and a strict watch should be kept by those in authority
for just such acts of carelessness.
Greenhouse and Nursery Stock—The greater part of the present dis-
tribution of the citrus mealy bug in California may be traced directly to the
introduction of infested greenhouse and nursery stock. It is very probable
that the first orchard pests came on citrus stock from Florida, while green-
house plants are responsible for the infestation at Santa Paula. And no
wonder the conditions exist. Nearly every greenhouse in the state is infested,
THE GITRUS MEALY BUG 317
and is allowed to send plants into the orchard sections of the country un-
molested. Take the Southern part of the State for an excellent example.
After having spent a great deal of time in the greenhouses looking into this
matter, I have found that mealy bugs exist in practically every greenhouse
in Los Angeles. Only to-day I turned back a shipment of plants from one
of these greenhouses badly infested with the citrus variety, and which bore
a certificate stating that it was free from injurious insect pests. In many
communities these same plants are being admitted daily, and what is done
to protect the orchardist who does not know? At Pomona, a district which
cannot be equalled for fine orchards, mealy bug was found to exist in large
numbers in the greenhouses. At Santa Ana the largest greenhouse and
propagating institution has mealy bug. The infection at Claremont was
traced to a greenhouse plant which had been planted near the house. N.
W. Blanchard at Santa Paula states that the mealy bug was first known
to exist in a greenhouse near his orchard. At Sespe the only infection was
found on some orange trees growing near a private conservatory. At Fill-
more the pest was found in the only greenhouse in town. ‘Two days ago,
I destroyed six large Coleus plants infested with mealy bug, which came from
a florist at Santa Barbara. And so one could go on to practically every
original infestation with the same results. To accuse any one in the past
is folly, for the seriousness of the pest was not known, but the present condi-
tions in many of the cities, towns, and orchard districts with regard to
greenhouse stock is inexcusable.
Picking Boxes—The secondary infestations in most parts of Ventura
County may be traced directly to picking boxes. So evident is this, that in
some orchards the box rows are easily recognized by the presence of this
pest. At Oxnard the only infestation is in the corner of an orchard where
the boxes were always piled when they were taken from the packing houses.
From Santa Paula the boxes were sent to Oxnard and Ventura and both
of these localities have mealy bugs. The ability of the egg-masses to cling
to the boxes and of the adult female to endure hardships is responsible for
this condition. ‘To my mind this is the most dangerous method employed
in a community as a spreading agent, and it was the first practice to be
stopped. For methods of handling boxes, see same under head of Quarantine.
Picking Crews.—Coming later, but even more disastrous were the picking
crews. They are spreaders of all insect and fungoid diseases, and while a
necessity in most cases, they accomplish, as scale distributers, in a few days
what would take all of the natural agents, and boxes years to do. ‘The
pickers rub through all parts of the tree and if there are any infections they
are sure to come in contact with them. In case of the mealy bug, there are
few chances of having picked a tree without carrying away some of the
egg-sacs which adhere to the clothes and especially to the hat. Following
up this method, I have seen great numbers of living mealy bugs on a single
picker, who disregarded their presence absolutely. The next tree may add
something to the supply or may take some away and so it is distributed
318 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
from one tree to another. At times the crew is transferred to a distant
erchard in the middle of the day and they take the supply of mealy bugs along.
Even though the crew is not transferred directly to a clean orchard, individual
members constantly wearing the same clothes may be able to distribute as they
go for a week or more, before their clothes are entirely free. Too much care
can not be taken when we regard the seriousness of this pest and this is one
problem that is important. See same under quarantine.
Cultivators and Wagons go under the same head with the boxes and
picking crews and must be as carefully guarded. Driving through an infested
district with a cultivator or a wagon always brushes off mealy bugs. In this
way it does not take long to infect a whole orchard. The Blanchard orchard
is an excellent illustration showing the combined effects of the picking boxes,
cultivation, picking, and hauling as distributing agents. All parts of the
orchard were infected badly before the insect really became observable. I
recently examined a wagon, in which cultivating implements had been taken
from an orchard infested with mealy bug, to a clean orchard. On the side-
Loards were counted 5 large adult female mealy bugs. In the bed were three
infested oranges which had dropped off while driving through the infected
orchard. The wagon was allowed to stand all day in the clean orchard with
enough mealy bugs to infect the 10 acres in the course of a few years.
Infected Fruit—Travellers and visiting relations contribute to the spread
of such pests by carrying home infected fruit or by throwing the peel along
the roadside near a clean orchard. A rind thrown from a car window in
a citrus orchard may be sufficient to infest a neighborhood.
KNOWN NATURAL ENEMIES.
PREDACEOUS.
Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellide)
Cryptolemus montrouzieri.*
Rhizobius ventralis.
Re lopantha.
Hyperasis lateralis.
Scymnus guttulatus.
Z sordidus.
Lacewings (Neuroptera )
Chrysopa occulta. (Green Lacewing.)
Sympherobius angustus. (Brown Lacewing.)
PARASITIC.
Hymenoptera.
Chrysoplatycerus splendens How.
Lysiphelbus citraphis Ashm.
Diptera.
Leucopis bella Loew.
THE CITRUS MEALY BUG 319
General Literature Relating to Pseudococcus Citri (Risso).
Dorthesia citri Risso, Essai, Hist. Nat. des Oranges (1813).
Coccus “ Byd., Ent. Hort., p. 348 (1867).
Dactylopius “‘ Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), V, p. 312 (1875).
Lecanium phyllococcus Ashm., Can. Ent., XI, p. 160 (1879).
Dactylopius brevispinus Targ., Ananli di Agr., p. 137 (1881).
destructor Comst., Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. 1880, p. 342 (1881).
‘ ve “2nd. Rep. Dep. Ent. Corn. Univ., p. 131 (1883).
y + Saund., Ins. Inj. to Fruits, p. 411 (1883).
* citri Sign., Bull., Soc. Ent. Fr., (6), iv, pp. cl. cli. (1884).
destructor Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., xxiii, p. 154 (1886).
ee Comst., ee pat p. 138 (1888).
citri Riley, Ins. Life., 1, p. 118 (1888).
Berl., Riv. Pate A pp. 60, 65 (1892).
‘i 4 ss Se ateepps 745 75 (1893)
** Ckil., The Entom., ees p. 267 (1893).
i FP \Kerete INS, ete, at, fos SOS) (lean)
ie oy “Bull. Bot. Dep. Jam., i, 46, p. 3 (1893).
i destructor Morg., Spec. Bull. La. Exp. Sta., p. 69 (1893).
- . “Ins. Life, vii, p. 168 (1894).
- citri Visart, Riv. Pat. Veg., iii, p. 40 (1894).
as “Saccardo, Riv. Pat. Veg., iv, p. 46 (1895).
se “ Lugger, Bull. 43, Minn. Exp. Sta., p. 221 (1895).
x = “Rep. Minn. Exp. Sta., p. 25 (1893).
«s “Comst., Man. Ins., p. 167 (1895).
* destructor Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., xxxi, p. 138 (1895).
ss cs Lounsb., Rep. Ent. Cape Good Hope, p. 7 (1896).
oH citri Davis, Spec. Bull. 2, Mich. Exp. Sta., p. 25 (1896).
2 “* Lounsb., Rep. Ent. Cape Good Hope, p. 99 (1896).
“Green, Ent. Mon. Mag., xxxiii, p. 73 (1897).
iy * Osborn, Contr. Ia. Eg. Coll., No. 3, p. 2 (1898).
% “Berl. Leon., Annali di Agr., p. 46 (1898).
© = Berl ieon!, Riv. ee Veg., vi, p. 324 (1898).
sf “How. Year Book U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 143 (1898).
ee “Rolfs & Quaint., Coce. Amer., Dee i-ii, No. 1 (1898).
E =) Kanes Canty bnte pact, pas LIT G1S98).
ss “de Charm., Pr. Soc. Amic. Scien., p. 45 (1899).
= “ Ckll., Bull. 32, Ariz. Exp. Sta., p. 285 (1899).
" destructor Newell, Bull. 43, Ia. Exp. Sta., p. 172 (1899).
e Lugger, 6th. Rept. Ent. Minn. ne Sta., p. 211 (1900)
"i a Gossard, Bull. 51, Fla. Exp. Sta., 120 (1900).
x Lugger, 6th. Rep. Ent. Minn. Exp. re p. 212 (1900).
Ss “ Hemp., Rev. Mus. Paul., iv, p. 384 (1900).
2 “Marlatt, Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 282 (1900).
i “ Newst., Jn. Roy Hort. Soc., xxiii, p. 27 (1900).
< “King, Ent. News, xiii, No. 8, p. 257 (1902).
320 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Pseudococcus “* Fernald, Cat. of Coccide, p. 99 (1903).
. “— Ckll., Univ. of Colo. Stud. ii, No. 3, p. 194 (1905).
Dactylopius destructor, Hume, Cit. Fruits and Their Cul., p. 513 (1907).
citri, Matheson, Can. Ent. 39, No. 8, p. 284 (1907).
Pseudococcus “ Davis, Ent. News, xix, No. 8, p. 383 (1908).
ss Morrill, Ariz. Hort. Com. Cir. No. 7 (1910).
Dactylopius destructor, Cal. Bd. of Hort. Rept., p. 204 (1889).
Pseudococcus citri, Woodworth, Cocc. of Cal., p. 32 (1903).
os “Carnes, Cal. Bd. Hort. Rept. pp. 175-6 (1905-1906).
7 “—“Frad. of Mealy Bug.” Blaine. 33rd. Fr. Grow. Con. p
168 (1907).
iS “Claremont Pomological Club, Bull. 1 (1909).
Smith & Allen, Cal. Cul. xxxii, p. 243 (1909).
Essig, Pomona Jr. of Ent. i, p. 46 (1909).
Essig, Pomona Jr. of Ent. i, p. 89 (1909).
Essig, Cal. Cul. xxxix, p. 164 (1910).
Allen, Cal. Cul. xxxix, p. 231 (1910).
Hssie, Call Cull xxxixy ps 230) (1910):
Essig, Po. Jr. of Ent. ii, p. 143 (1910).
Essig, Po. Jr. of Ent. ii, pp. 246, 260 (1910).
Jeffrey, L. A. Times Mag., Oct. 30, p. 530 (1910).
*On page 263, Vol. Il, No. 3, under the heading of Cryptolemus mon-
{rouzieri, the first three lines should read as follows:
Eggs—Are light yellow or lemon-colored and are very hard to find. They
are oblong in shape and are deposited singly or in small clusters in the
egg-masses and among the mealy bugs wherever they are found.
THE MEXICAN ORANGE MAGGOT
(Anastrepha |Trypeta| ludens Loew.)
By D. L. CRAWFORD.
For many years Mexico has harbored in certain parts of her land a
fruit fly whose maggot year after year has attacked the orange, mango, and
guava, which fruits in many localities grow together. The origin of the
pest is not yet known, but it is thought to have been imported from some
point further south. It has been known to exist in certain parts of the country,
chiefly the state of Morelos, for over sixty years, but very little attention
was given to it until an embargo was placed on Mexican oranges by the
California State Board of Horticulture shortly before the year 1900. It was
first described in the year 1873 by the Austrian entomologist, Loew, and
named by him Trypeta ludens. The generic name has been subsequently
changed to Anastrepha instead of Trypeta, according to a recent determination
by Mr. Coquillett of the Department of Agriculture in Washington. After the
action had been taken by California prohibiting the importation of Mexican
oranges, the Mexican orange growers were soon aroused. ‘They declared
repeatedly that this action on the part of our State had been taken in
fear of competition from the Mexican oranges, whereas the embargo was
solely for the protection of our own vast citrus industry from the introduc-
tion of the worm.
"After some time had elapsed in making these objections, attention began
to be directed to controlling or annihilating the pest. In 1900 Fernandez Leal,
then chief of the department of agriculture, and Prof. A. L. Herrera, then
head of the department of parasitology, began the task of determining the
distribution of the pest, of warning the growers of the danger, and of
discovering means of eradicating the insect. Bulletins were from time to
time published and the farmers kept informed on the progress of these in-
vestigations. While these studies were in progress, attempts were constantly
made by the Departmento de Fomento in Mexico City to remove the embargo
of California and so regain the United States markets to the Mexican growers.
A request was finally made that California send down an expert to go over
the field with Prof. Herrera and report to our citrus growers the real condi-
tions in order that all fear should be removed of importing the pest into this
State. In accordance with this request, in 1905 the California Board of
Horticulture commissioned Mr. John Isaac to this task. Through data given
him by Prof. Herrera and by personal observation he was enabled to report
fully on the history, distribution, and natural enemies of the pest, and on means
then employed by the government in combatting it. Mr. Isaac’s report on
“The Trypeta ludens in Mexico,” published in Sacramento in 1905, is, as
tar as I have been able to determine, the only account given to the public
of this dreaded worm in the last five years or more, with the exception of
322 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
a bare mention of it in a recent bulletin, “Diseases and Pests of the Orange in
Mexico,” published by the Departmento de Fomento in Mexico City.
While carrying on the regular work of the Pomona College Mexican Ex-
pedition during the past summer, an excellent opportunity was afforded for
determining the distribution of this fly in many parts of Mexico. In a map
showing the distribution, published by Mr. Isaac in his report, the pest is said
to exist in the following localities: Morelos, Acapulco and a large part of the
State of Guerrero, northwestern portion of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz and ‘Tampico.
He gives the following places as probably infested: Chiapas, parts of
Campeche and Yucatan, southern end of the State of Vera Cruz and parts of
Puebla. The maggots and flies were found this year in Chiapas in several
localities; they are also present in the fruit districts of Cordova, Oaxaca,
Jalapa and Colima. It is a curious fact that the native inhabitants of a place
almost invariably say that the orange worm does not exist in that place, or
if it is perfectly patent that it does exist, they try to minimize the effect
of its presence as much as possible. I was told, for instance, by several fruit
growers of Jalapa that the pest was unknown to that region; but it was
found in abundance within a few miles of the city at Coatepec, a great fruit
producing center. The presence of the worm in Colima was not mentioned
by Mr. Isaac, but my native assistant, a long-time resident of that place,
informed me that oranges and mangoes there have for many years been
infested with it. As this is near to the growing shipping center of Manzanillo,
the danger to California from this source is apt to be as great as from
Acapulco if the present precautions were not continued. In addition to the
places mentioned, the fly was found in more or less abundance in many of
the localities recorded by Mr. Isaac. ‘This shows that the pest is apparently
on the increase and is becoming more widely distributed each year. It has
been claimed repeatedly that this insect is peculiar to the tierra caliente, or
hot lands, of Mexico, but its presence in the higher subtemperate lands would
tend to show that it can and may adapt itself to the cooler climatic conditions.
Perhaps a brief description of the insect and its immature forms and an
explanation of its method of injuring the fruit would not be out of place
here. The fly is one member of a large group of fruit-frequenting flies,
formerly all classed in one genus, Trypeta. ‘This species is distinct from the
rest in the coloration of the wings and especially in the long tube-like abdomen
of the female. Across its outstretched wings the fly measures about three-
quarters of an inch; the body of the female is very nearly half an inch in
length; the male is shorter owing to the absence of the long tube present on
the female abdomen. It is orange yellow in general color; its wings are quite
clear except several yellowish brown stripes and blotches as shown in the
illustration (Fig. 120.)
Its movements are very slow and deliberate; it prefers to stay on the
fruit or under side of a leaf near to some fruit; when disturbed, it usually
flies to another orange not far away. During the time of oviposition by the
female she walks very slowly over the surface of the orange or mango for a
THE MEXICAN ORANGE MAGGOT 323
time, apparently selecting a favorable spot in which to deposit her eggs. This
spot is usually found near the flower end, but sometimes on some other
part of the fruit. When the right spot has been selected the fly bends
down its long tube-like abdomen and forces it into the outside skin of the
fruit and there deposits some of her eggs. When this has been completed
she flies off to another orange to repeat the process. One female may infect
anywhere from four to ten oranges or mangoes and often more guavas.
The eggs hatch after a certain number of days, varying with the tem-
perature. The entire injury is done by the larve or maggots which eat their
way through the pulp and inner tissues of the fruit, reducing that part of the
truit to a soft pulpy mass which soon decays and ruins the rest of the fruit
tissue. In the orange the worm often confines its eating, for a time at least,
to the inner pulp of the skin; after that it works its way on into the juicy
part and passes the rest of its existence immersed more or less in the fruit
liquids. The mango has a much thinner skin and therefore the boring is
almost entirely in the inner fruit tissues. The presence of the worm in the
mango is much more easily detected from the outside than in the orange,
for the boring in the former always makes a soft spot while in the latter it may
Figure 120.
Larva, pupa and fly of Anastrepha ludens. (Copied from Report of Cal, Horti-
cultural Commission.)
or it may not. The maggot attains a length of from one-third to one-half
of an inch and usually lives at least two weeks and often more before
passing into the pupal stage. Four to six worms living that long in one
orange work great havoc, rendering the fruit entirely useless. Before the
maggots are ready for their pupation the fruit is usually so decayed that it
falls to the ground. When maturity is reached the larve leave the rotten fruit
and become pupz either between the fruit and the ground or else slightly
under the surface of the ground. I found by digging down in several places
that the average depth to which the worm penetrates the earth before pupating
is between one-quarter and one-half of an inch, although many were found at
324 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
a depth of one inch and a few an inch and a half below the surface. After
three weeks or a month the fly emerges from the pupa and from the ground
to commence the work of another generation.
Unfortunately the life-history has never been worked out in the field
by an expert entomologist, so that the above time lengths can not be exact.
The department of parasitology in Mexico City has worked it out roughly
and found that there are on an average of four generations each year. ‘The
generations are not, however, clearly marked but, instead, there are forms
at all times in all stages of development. The ripening of the fruit crops
makes this constant development possible. In June the mangoes are all
ripening and the maggots are living in these; in the latter part of July and
August the mangoes gradually disappear and the guavas begin at the same
time to ripen, thus giving the flies an opportunity to continue their work;
in October the guavas are replaced by the oranges. The late crop and the
early spring crop are said to be continuous enough to maintain the fly. It
e
Figure 121.
Showing infected fallen mangoes left on the ground, thus favoring the unrestricted
propagation of the fly.
is stated by Mexican entomologists that the fly has no dormant period but
is continually developing and reproducing. This is put forth as a proof of the
impossibility of introducing the pest into California, since they make the
point that there is a long period between our orange crops. As a matter of
fact, in one place or another ripe oranges may be found on our trees the
year through.
The proportion of the fruit infected varies, of course, with the abundance
or the scarcity of the flies in any place and at a given time. In Chiapas the
infection is not great, although it is by no means negligable. In Oaxaca the
late oranges and mangoes are affected quite badly while the early fruit is
scarcely touched. In Cordova the same condition exists. This would seem
to suggest that there is somewhat of a dormant period and a period when
the mass of flies emerge. In the state of Morelos the pest is most abundant
THE MEXICAN ORANGE MAGGOT 325
and most continuous, and it is, therefore, in this state that the work of
combatting it should be centered. (Fig. 121.)
A very important phase of the study of a pest of this nature is the
percentage of fruit which it destroys annually. The proportion, as sug-
gested above, is variable in different places and times of year. I was told
by the chief of the Oaxaca Experiment Station that very frequently in the
late part of the season fully two-thirds of the orange crop is destroyed, but
this is not true for every year. Cuernavaca, in Morelos, produces many
mangoes and guavas but few oranges, comparatively. The proportion of
mangoes infected by the worm is tremendous. A large part of those in-
fected decay badly enough to fall to the ground before they are gathered
for market. An equally large part are picked from the trees for market
before the decay has gone very far. In one of the mango groves visited in
late June, the fruit, as it was picked, was brought to a small clearing to
be sorted over. The fruit which had a soft spot in it was thrown into one
pile and what the sorters thought was good fruit was thrown into another.
The infected pile was fully one-half as large as the other, and that, too, when
one-fourth of the crop was dropping to the ground. Wishing to see if all the
mangoes in the good pile were without the worm, I purchased twenty and
helped the man select them. Before the twenty mangoes had been picked out, as
many more had been discarded because of a tell-tale soft spot with a minute
hole through the skin in the center of it. I took the twenty mangoes that had
been selected so carefully and of the twenty, when cut into, found only
thirteen without worms. A rough estimate from the above figures shows that
fully three-fourths of the crop was infected. This is a fair type of the
majority of the groves of Cuernavaca; a few are worse and a few are better.
A visit to the Borda Gardens presents, perhaps, the extreme of infection.
Almost utter neglect of the grove has made this a veritable insectary for
breeding the flies. On the other hand, a small and comparatively well culti
vated grove belonging to Sr. Gaudalupe Gutierrez shows a slightly less per-
centage of infection, without a doubt due to the better care of the place.
The guavas are often infected to a worse degree than the mangoes. The
trees usually grow in among the mango trees so that the flies pass very readily
from one to the other. To find roughly the proportion of fruit infected with
the worm about three hundred guavas were opened; out of this number
eighty were free from infection. In another grove one hundred and twenty-
five were opened and seventy-five had no worms in them, showing a much
lower percentage of injury.
Yautepec, Morelos, about sixty miles from Cuernavaca, produces many
oranges and comparatively few mangoes. Unfortunately I was obliged to
complete the work of the expedition and leave for California before the end
of September, so that I was unable to see the attacks of the fly when the
orange crop was at its best, in November. Although the season was early
yet considerable picking and shipping was being done. With the assistance
of an efficient guide visits were made to many orchards belonging to Sr.
326 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Cirilo Vidal and Sr. Procopio Mejia. These orchards were all kept moderately
clean and somewhat cultivated by order of the government several years
ago. In all the orchards visited, wherever there was any ripening fruit, the
dread fly was found in greater or less numbers depending on the amount of
fruit ripened. Decay had hardly progressed far enough to cause any extensive
dropping of fruit, so that statistics on this matter had to be gathered from
residents. Even at that early season, however, the infection was quite general,
although the worms were not far developed as yet. Inquiries from the packers
at the railroad station revealed the fact that a large percentage of the fruits
had worms but the fruit was shipped, nevertheless, to the Mexico City market.
Some of the growers assured me that the pest is rapidly disappearing in
their section. Others, among whom was a very intelligent and well-to-do
grower, Mr. Chas. A. Aragon, were sure that the pest is decidedly on the
increase, and that the danger from its ravages is immense. 1 am not in
a position to state whether or not it is decreasing, but this much can be
said with great emphasis—if it has decreased in the last few years, then it
must have been fearful beyond words a few years ago.
After studying the habits of the insect in its various stages of existence,
the department of parasitology offered the following artificial means of com-
batting and possibly exterminating the pest.
1. Gather each day all the mangoes, lemons and oranges which may
have fallen from the trees and deposit them in a clean corner of
the orchard.
2. Destroy all fruit thus accumulated at least once a week.
3. It is preferable to destroy the fruit by burning, but it may be disposed
of by burial, and when buried it should be covered with at least
fifty centimetres (twenty inches) of soil.
4. As the same worm exists in the guava, this fruit should also be
destroyed in the same manner.
In a report to the Mirister of Agriculture in 1900 Prof. Herrera wrote:
‘As preventive measures I advise the burning of all the early oranges, the
cleaning up of all the orchards, the substitution of wire fences for live hedges,
and the burning of all fruit which ripens prematurely on the trees. It is
very probable that the enforcement of these measures for two or three con-
secutive years in all parts of the Mexican Republic invaded by the maggot
would result in its total extirpation.” And yet today the insect continues
its ravages apparently unchecked. Probably the first question to arise in
one’s mind is; have these measures been thoroughly applied by all concerned ?
Before answering this it might be well to see what it means to apply these
measures everywhere in the infested districts. (Fig. 122.)
The usual intermixing of orange, mango and guava trees has already
been spoken of. It is very difficult, to say the least, to keep a place well cleaned
and cultivated which is covered in a most irregular fashion with various sorts
of trees. Another difficulty is in the existence of more or less wild trees
which are only occasionally visited for the fruit. The guava grows very com-
THE MEXICAN ORANGE MAGGOT 327
monly in this wild state and the mango occasionally. While these trees are
often visited by the natives in the fruit season, yet it would be practically im-
possible to destroy the infested fruit from this class of trees for two reasons:
because there would surely be many trees which would escape discovery, and
because the native Indian would seldom, if ever, take the trouble to put into
practice these measures of fighting the pest. These difficulties are not as great
in Yautepec, however, as in Cuernavaca and many other places, and therefore
the application of these measures have been quite possible. The principal
orchards are planted in approximate rows, making cultivation feasible, and
as a result of this the weeds can be kept out much more easily. Nearly all
the fences are of wire, a few of stone, and almost none are hedges. This
much has been done in the largest part of Yautepec. Burning was sug-
Figure 122.
One of the incinerating furnaces as originally built for this work. (Copied from
report of Cal. Horticultural Commission.)
gested as the best method for killing the larve in the fruit. For this purpose
large ovens or fireplaces were built, about six or eight feet square and about
six feet high. A grate was fastened in two feet from the bottom under which
a fire could be made and on to which the worm-infested fruit could be dumped.
For several years this method of burning bad fruit was used more or less
thoroughly with avowedly good results, but how much the ovens are used
now may be inferred from their condition as shown in the accompanying
photograph. If the daily cleaning up of fallen fruit were enforced today a
photograph of fallen mangoes such as is shown herewith would not be possi-
ble. The fact of the whole matter is this: fighting the pest was carried on
328 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
by the Commission of Parasitology for some years, up to the time, at least,
when Mr. Isaac was sent down to investigate conditions; this fighting was
limited to Yautepec, although Cuernavaca is only a short distance away and
very badly infested; since the time of Prof. Herrera and his commission, ef-
forts at combatting it have practically ceased. The Commission of Parasitology
has passed out of existence and its functions given over to the Central Agri-
cultural Experiment Station in Mexico City. A visit to this station soon
convinced me that very little concern was felt about the pest there. Further-
more a bulletin of this station issued in 1910, Bulletin 31 entitled Diseases and
Pests of the Orange, offers the following remedies, which are practically
identical with those given ten years earlier: “‘(1) Clean the orchards thor-
oughly, cutting out all weeds, and substitute hedges with wire fences. (2)
Gather daily the fallen fruit and burn it in incinerating ovens prepared for this
purpose. (3) Rake the ground beneath the trees to displace all pupe and
expose them for chickens to eat. (4) If there are successive crops of fruits
Figure 123.
Showing condition of the incinerating furnaces today. Evidently these have not
been used for a long time.
attacked by the fly, such as the mango and guava, destroy one of these to break
the cycle of successive generations of the pest, since the female will have
nothing in which to deposit her eggs.” It very often happens that a remedy
is used year after year against a certain pest or plant disease, so that, there-
fore, there is nothing amiss in the mere fact that these are identical to those
of ten years ago. The trouble lies in the fact that practically no attempt has
been made in the last three years, at least, either to study the trouble further
and possibly find more effective means for combatting it, or even to enforce
those already proposed. I was informed of this fact by the chief of staff at the
Central Experiment Station, Sr. Jose Ramirez. (Fig. 123).
In addition to these artificial means of fighting the dread fly, there has
been another agency at work for many years. A parasitic ichneumon fly
has been known for some time to favor the larvee of this fly as a place in which
THE MEXICAN ORANGE MAGGOT 329
to deposit its eggs. These eggs hatch within the body of the maggot, and
the latter, consequently, never come to maturity, but die before pupation
occurs. This parasite has heretofore been known as Cratospila rudibunda.
Many specimens were taken by the writer in the very act of stinging the
fruit, oranges, mangoes and guavas, and depositing eggs in the maggots. A
determination on these parasites by Mr. Viereck of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture places them in the genus Diachasma; he is unable to assign
to it a specific name. The monograph of Braconidae by Szepligeti has no
mention whatever of the name Cratospila rudibunda. ‘The name heretofore
known is possibly a manuscript name only and should in that case be dropped
trom use.
In dealing with a trouble which is very wide-spread, and in a tropical
country where fruit trees attacked by it grow easily with little care and
often in a wild state, and where for many reasons an artificial remedy is
very hard to apply, one is very apt to favor natural control by parasites. Let
us consider again the previously proposed measures as compared with new
measures wherein parasitism figures mostly. Mr. Isaac in his report stated
that the work of the parasite was not, as yet, very effective, since only from
ten to fifteen percent of the larvee were parasitised, but it was hoped that the
percentage would increase materially in the future. Since it was impossible
to stay in one place long enough to study the life-history or determine the
percentage of parasitized larve, no definite statement can be made as to
whether or not it has increased. Now if the trouble is to be removed by
destroying all the maggots in all infested localities for a period long enough
to eradicate the fly entirely, well and good. But if one spot is overlooked
or if a few flies continue to exist, then the whole fight will have to be re-
peated. Qn the very face of it, it is easy to see that a complete stamping out
of the pest by the above mentioned methods is utterly impossible, for reasons
already given, whereas to increase artificially the number of the Diachasma
parasites will undoubtedly reduce the trouble to a minimum and hold it there.
Now, as was said above, great hopes have been entertained that the
parasite would increase to larger numbers, but, while entertaining these hopes,
the government have simply been destroying the objects of their hope by burning
or burying the parasitized maggots—except when this was not enforced. And
when no fruit was being destroyed the fly and the parasite maintained their
former ratio of equilibrium. ‘This is undoubtedly the present condition of
affairs. If, then, the methods formerly used have not proved entirely satis-
factory and, further, have prevented the increase of parasites, and since
parasitism is the most logical and effective method of controlling the pest, then
some means should be devised whereby a rapid and large increase of the
Diachasma parasites can be effected.
A very simple, economical and wholly practicable means may be found
in the following suggestion: In a word, confine the parasitized maggots in such
a way that the parasite can escape when it emerges while the fly must remain
and die in confinement. This is very simple indeed and easily performed,
330 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
but, as far as 1 have been able to ascertain, it has never been suggested,
much less tried.
The simplest method of carrying this out is by means of a small shed
built trom the cheapest and handiest materials; in most places this would be
adobe. It should be large enough to hold quite a large quantity of fruit
without piling it up any more than is necessary, so that infested fruit could be
thrown in and the larve allowed to mature and pupate within the shed. The
shed should be absolutely without a hole or crack large enough for the adult
fly to escape through. A part of one end is covered with wire screen, instead
of adobe. The meshes of this screen must be 3 millimeters (one-eighth of an
inch), which is just large enough to allow the parasite to escape but not the
fly, as was shown by experiment. On each side of the shed, at a height of
about three feet from the ground, are several openings large enough to dump
the fruit through; by inserting a short flume into the openings, beveled at
the end within the shed, and by hanging a bottomless canvas bag over the
beveled end of the flume, a trap entrance could easily be made, so that fruit
could be dumped in with no fear of the insects within escaping.
Since the increase of parasites would be in direct proportion to the amount
of fruit enclosed in the sheds, as large a percentage as possible of the fruit
which has fallen to the ground should be so disposed of. Of course each
shed would hold only a certain amount successfully, but additions could be
made to the fruit at intervals of about two weeks or more, depending on
the time required for pupation. If there is a surplus of fallen fruit which
can not be so disposed of, it should be gathered and burned wherever possible
or feasible, thus diminishing the number of flies, at least.
A thorough trial of this in many of the localities should, without a doubt,
increase the parasites sufficiently so that within three years, or possibly four,
the pest would be reduced below the danger line. Minor accompanying
remedies might assist enough to blot out the trouble entirely.
A carbolic emulsion should prove very effective as a spray to be used
on the adult flies, which, with very few exceptions, stay on the fruit or leaves.
This spray is effective enough to kill the flies which it touches, and in addi-
tion to this it leaves on the trees such an odor that the surviving flies would
be kept off for some time. A third function of the same spray is the dripping
down of the liquid onto the ground under the trees and undoubtedly killing
many of the pupe and transforming larvee which may have escaped between
the daily clean-up of the fallen fruit. A secondary but no less beneficial
result from the application of the spray is the cleaning up of the trees and
fruit, ridding them from any scale insects and accompanying smut. ‘These
latter are, of course, mere suggestions, but well worth a good trial. The
formula for a good spray of carbolic emulsion is as follows:
Gambolicheacicl y (Gitte) mee tee 5 gallons
Whale oil soap .............. ..40 pounds
VV cLbG pater eee ee cae ee ee eee 40 gallons
This stock solution should be diluted one to twenty parts with water
before using it as a spray.
THE MEXICAN ORANGE MAGGOT 331
The question which kas always been uppermost in the minds of all in
this regard is this: Is there any possibility of danger from the importation
of the Morelos orange worm into California? The Mexican ex-commission
of parasitology have always maintained that there is not any such danger,
because of our colder winters and lack of continuous fruit. Perhaps they
are right in this statement, but since no proof of it has ever been made, and,
further, since the flies have been bred and kept alive in an Eastern winter
showing that they can survive cold, the best thing that we in this state can
do is to increase our watchfulness against its first appearance. It is quite
probable that further studies on its life-history will reveal the fact that a
dormant period is sometimes passed through, for otherwise it simply could
not exist in certain of the places investigated in the past summer. Further-
more, it could easily develop a dormant period here, or else adapt itself to
feeding on other fruits as it is claimed to have done in Mexico. In any
case the danger from it is very real. While it exists in Mexico there is danger
of its appearance here at any day. Fruit, often with the maggots, is con-
stantly being brought into the country in the lunch basket or the suit case,
and this may be the means of its introduction. Every horticultural con:nis-
sioner and inspector should be familiar with the fly and its maggot in order
to discover and report its appearance at the earliest moment possible. This
means that only thoroughly competent men should be placed in office as
commissioners, and that the citrus inspection should be made what it ought
to be, instead of the mere perfunctory and superficial excuse for inspection
which it now is in too many places.
Moreover, while the pest exists, one of the chief concerns of both coun-
tries should be to wipe out the trouble and thus eliminate a great pest trom
the one country and the possible danger of it from the other. Mexico con-
tains some of the finest orange and mango lands in the world, and it is
possible for these industries to be brought to a high state of development
there, so that it would be to the immense advantage of Mexico in several ways
for her government to attack this problem most energetically. If competent
men were actually sent into the field and backed by sufficient money and
authority, and help from the growers, the desired object could be accomplished
in a comparatively short time. The citrus industry in Mexico has a great
future only with this pest stamped out, and California wishes her well in the
coming development of this industry.
The great and immediate danger from the maggot is to the citrus groves
of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. If it 1s permitted to gain access to these
states, then it will become increasingly difficult to keep it out of California.
This is certainly a case for united State and Federal action, if there ever
zas one.
Mr. Jeffrey, State Horticultural Commissioner, in a recent letter con-
cerning the maggot says: “Texas is now maintaining a strict quarantine
at Laredo and El Paso against this pest in particular. The horticultural au-
thorities are co-operating with the customs service and are exercising great
Os
Oo
to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
care in their inspections. To improve this vigilance I long ago took the
matter of quarantine, fumigation and general inspection to the legal and
official authorities of the State. In fact the attorney general of T'exas is
now considering the legalities of a plan I submitted to him to permit me to
maintain a quarantine officer at two frontier points, said officer to be ap-
pointed by me and paid by California, but to receive his nominal appoint-
ment by the Texas Commissioner of Agriculture, so the quarantine deputy will
be qualified to act legally. If this can be done also in Arizona it will afford
the best protection we have ever enjoyed. ‘These quarantine officers would
be permitted, by arrangement with the customs service, to inspect baggage as
it is being inspected for duties by Federal authority.”
“The State law is inadequate. We have no authority to open baggage,
hand bags, boxes, etc., coming over the International line and have to resort
to the subterfuge even at San Francisco, of looking over the shoulder (by
tolerance or consent) of the customs officers.”
A CALIFORNIA ORANGE DOG
BY KARL R. COOLIDGE.
Quite a few species of the lepidopterous genus Papilio (generally known
as swallow-tailed butterflies) are known to feed on, in their larval state,
and be destructive to citrus trees. P. demoleus has at times played havoc
in the orange groves of Africa, and in India P. erithonius sometimes does
serious damage to the young budded trees. Another large and showy species,
P. erectheus, common in the warmer parts of Australia and Queensland,
is an enemy to the orange growers of those regions. In the United States,
P. cresphontes Cramer is notorious as an orange pest in the plantations of
Florida, where it is known as the “Orange Dog.” P. palamedes Drury is also
a citrus feeder, but is not abundant enough to do damage to any extent.
Other American Papilios are of some economic importance. P. turnus,
the common swallow tail of the East, which has a heterogeneous assortment
of food-plants, such as wild cherry (Cerasus), willow (Salix), camphor tree
(Camphora officinale), etc., occasionally damages various forest trees. Our
two west coast “tigers,” P. rutulus Boisd., and P. eurymedon Boisd., are
rather restricted as to food-plants. The former feeds on Prunus, Salix, Alnus
and Magnolia, while the only food-plant of the latter known to me is the
California Coffee berry, (Rhamnus californica). P. philenor, which occurs
all over the United States but only sparsely in California, is one of the bug-
bears of house-wives, who have the Dutchmans-pipe vine (Aristolochia)
ornamenting their porches. P. asterius, of the Atlantic States, is responsible
for considerable damage done to garden trucks, such as celery, parsnips and
parsley, which belong to the Umbelliferae, upon which the members of the
asterius group are almost wholly confined. It is rather surprising then to
find in California P. zelicayn Lucas, a near ally of asterius, having for its
food-plant citrus trees.
In May, 1909, I found Papilio zelicayn extremely abundant about Porter-
ville and Lindsay, in the San Joaquin valley, and observing by chance a female
ovipositing on the lower surface of an orange leaf, | was astonished to find on
practically every young tree either eggs or larve.
Zelicayn is a widely distributed butterfly along the west coast, flying
from Mexico to Alaska, and eastward to Montana and Colorado. Its normal
food-plants are various species of Umbelliferae. About San Francisco the
most favored ones are Foeniculum vulgaris and Carum kelloggti. In that
region it appears to be two-brooded, but there is certainly as many as three
in the San Joaquin valley, the first appearing in February. It is not necessary
here to go into details of the life history, which Edwards (Butt., vol. 2, 1875;
vol. 3, 1891) and others have fully dealt with. The eggs are laid singly,
generally on the lower surface of the leaves, and I have seen as many as
seven placed on one tree by a single female. Thus a small colony of larvae
334 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
is sometimes found on a tree, but they are strictly solitary, as are all our North
American Papilios. P. oxynius Hubner in Cuba, however, is social, the larve
being commonly found gregariously on the food-plant, Xanthoxylwum (prickly
ash).
It is quite probable that the “California Orange Dog” will in the future
be of some economic importance to the orange growers of this state. The
fact that the citrus industry of Tulare County is but of recent date, shows
how suddenly the change from a natural to an adopted food-plant may be
effected. Not a trace of zelicayn eggs, larve or pupz were to be found
on all the umbells that I observed about Porterville. Furthermore, Mr. R. W.
G. Wright of San Bernardino informed in recent conversation that he has
had caterpillars of zelicayn from orange sent to him from Riverside. No
doubt the progress of civilization, destroying and exterminating, natural tood-
plants, has caused zelicayn to make this change, such as in the case of the
notorious Colorado potato beetle.
A number of larve in various stages were condemned to parasites. A
tachinid fly was present in a few instances, but the majority of the parsites
produced were of a species of Apanteles, which emerges before the larvee has
attained maturity and forms a small dirty-yellowish cocoon on the leaf or
stem of the plant.
As to remedies, hand-picking is by far the least expensive and most
practical. The shooting of P. cresphontes had often been advocated, but
probably affords more entertainment than benefit. Pupation apparently does
not occur on the food-plant, so that the cleaning up and burning of all rubbish
about the trees should destroy many future individuals.
APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA V
BY E. O. ESSIG
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
Aphis hederae Kaltenbach
Winged Viviparous Female (Fig. 124 A) —Average length, 1.5 mm.,
average width 5 mm., wing expansion 4.5 mm. Prevailing color—Shiny black
throughout. In mounted specimens the color may become dark brown, due
to the action of the mounting materials. Head—Narrower than thorax, and
nearly as long as wide. Compound eyes—coarsely faceted, jet black, with
usual terete tubercles on outer margins. Antennae (Fig. 124 A) arise from
slight frontal tubercles, which are not prominent, three-fourths the length
ef the body, 6 (commonly called 7)-articled. The first two articles are very
dark, while the remainder are from a dark yellow to an amber color. The
antennz vary considerable, because of the variability of the insect. The
following lengths are approximate: I 0.05 mm., II 0.05 mm., III 0.22 mm.,
1V 0.19 mm., V 0.17 mm., VI 0.37 mm. Sensoria are quite numerous on
Figure 124. Aphis hederae.
A winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female.
article III, four are visible on article IV, and two on article V. More are
likely visible from different angles, this simply being the usual number seen
looking down on the antenne. Prothorax much wider than long and with
a distinct lateral tubercle on the lateral margins just back of the middle.
Rostrum—Lemon yellow in color with a dusky tip, reaching just beyond the
prothoracic coxe. Abdomen—Shiny black, well rounded and smooth, with
tew depressions to mark segmentation. Cornicles—Color, dark yellow or
amber, cylindrical, much longer than the style and several times as long as the
tarsi. They gradually taper from the base to the tip. Legs—Moderately long
and hairy. The coxe and trochanters are black, tips of femurs and tips of
tibiz, as well as entire tarsi are black, while the bases of the femurs and
tibiz are lemon yellow. Wings—Of the normal Aphis type; hyaline; stigma
long, narrow, and well pigmented. Length of primary 2 mm., width 0.9
336 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
inm. Length of secondary 1.2 mm., width 0.4 mm. S*tyle—Long and cylind-
rical—about one-third the length of the cornicles.
Apterous Viviparous Female. (Fig. 124 B). Length—Of average 2 mm.,
width of average 1 mm. This form is more robust than the winged specimens
and varies from a greenish-brown to a slate color. In many specimens there
are enough small waxy particles upon the bodies to give them a gray
appearance. It differs from the winged form in the following: Article I
and II of antennz dark, [11 and IV lemon yellow, V lemon yellow with dark
tip, VI with light base and remainder dark. Comparative lengths of articles
same as in the winged form. Color of legs same as in winged form, except
that the dusky portions are not so extensive on the tips of the femurs and
tibia. Rostrwm—Lemon-yellow with a dark spot just in front of the tip,
reaches just beyond the mesothoracic coxe. Abdomen—Very rounded and
showing no dorsal segmentation, covered slightly with small, white, waxy
particles. Cornicles—Cylindrical, slightly enlarged at mouth. Cauda—Ex-
tended. Style—J.ong and slender, more than half as long as the cornicles.
Nymphs of Apterous Viviparous Females—Greatly resemble the females,
but are usually covered with a greater amount of the fine, white, powdery, wax.
Host Plants—English Ivy, Wirevine.
Habitat—First located on the English Ivy on the Pomona College
Campus at Claremont, Cal. Since then it has been found to exist in all parts
of Southern California.
Control—This plant louse is held in perfect check by small Braconids
of the subfamily Aphidiine, which are abundant wherever the louse exists.
Nectarophora isi (Kalt.) The Pea Aphid.
Winged | iviparous Female (Fig. 125 A). Length, 3 mm., width, 1 mm.,
wing expansion 11 mm. Prevailing color, green. Head—Slightly narrower
than the prothorax, twice as wide as long. Compound eyes, red, with terete
tubercles just behind the outer margin. Antennae (Fig. 125 C) arise from
trontal tubercles, not approximate, gibbous, as is also the first article. The
color is darker than the body, being brown; longer than the body, 6-articled,
the lengths of the respective articles being as follows: 10.1 mm., II 0.1 mm.,
Ill 0.9 mm., [LV 1 mm., V 0.6 mm., VI 1.3 mm. The distribution of the
sensoria is as follows: I and II none, III very many large scattered the whole
length, IV none, V one large circular near the distal end, VI several marginal
in the nail-like process. All articles are slightly hairy. Prothorax—Without
lateral tubercles. Rostrum—Reaches to the mesothoracic coxe. Abdomen—
Very large, but well proportioned, segmented, area near middle spotted with
red blotches. Cornicles (Fig. 125 D) cylindrical, long, dark near the distal
ends. Legs—Long and slender, enabling the insect to travel rapidly. Distal
ends of femur, tibia dark as are also the tarsi. All hairy. /Vings—Hyaline.
Primary.—Length, 5 mm., width, 1.7 mm. Costal—Nearly straight to the
wing-tip. Sub-Costal—Straight, and well defined. Stigma—Dark, long, nar-
row, and nearly rectangular in shape. Reaches nearly to tip of wing. Stigmal
APHIDIDAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA V. 337
—Rises from near the distal end of the stigma and is regularly curved to
the margin. First and Second Discoidals—Straight. Third Discoidal—
Nearly straight, twice forked, the first fork not far from the sub-costal, the
second fork near the margin of the wing. Secondary—Length 2.5 mm.,
width 0.7 mm. Sub-Costal—Nearly straight and extending to the wing-tip.
First and Second Discoidals—Straight, extending from the sub-costal to the
margin. Style—Long, stout, and curving slightly upward.
Apterous Viviparous Female: (Fig. 125 B). Length 3 mm., width
1 mm. Differs from the winged form in the following: Antennae—all joints
Figure 125. Nectarophora pisi.
A winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; Cl, antenna of apterous
female; C2, antenna of winged female; C3, antenna of young female; D4, cornicle of
apterous female; D5, cornicle of winged female; D6, cornicle of young female.
338 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
and the distal end of article V and article VI are dark. Few sensoria, 3 to 5
on article III, 1 near the distal end of article V, and several small marginal
sensoria in the nail-like process of article VI. Legs—Distal end of tibia and
tarsi only are dark in color. Antenne (Fig. 125 C). Cornicles (Fig. 125 D).
Nymph of Apterous Viviparous Females: The young of the winged and
apterous forms resemble the adults in all characteristics, excepting a lack of
pigment to color legs and antenne. Antennae (Fig. 125 C). Cornicles
(dures, 125) ID).
Food Plants—Garden Peas and Vicia.
Habitat—This form has been collected at Claremont, Pomona, Santa Ana,
and in various parts of Ventura County. It is very common throughout all
of the southern part of the State.
Note-—Where some other writers are considering the distal end of the
antennae, from the nail-like process to the tip, as a separate article, | am
considering it as belonging to the last article. Thus where there are 7
articles to this genus, I have only 6. I have not done this without some
thought. I cannot see the reasons for calling this portion to which I have
referred to a distinct article, when it has no definite constriction, only the
off-set caused by the nail-like process.
A NEW MEALY BUG INFESTING WALNUT
APPLE AND PEAR TREES
Pseudococcus bakeri, n. sp.
BY E. O. ESSIG.
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
Among other things that a systematic tree-to-tree inspection has revealed
in Ventura County, is a mealy bug infested walnut, apple, and pear trees.
At first this insect was thought to be the long-tailed variety, Pseudococcus
longispinus (Targ.) because of its anal appendages, which are often nearly
as long as the body. A great deal of excitement was caused among the
walnut and citrus growers at this discovery, for it was feared that the citrus
pest had now become spread over the entire orchard district of the county.
A hasty inspection of all walnut and adjoining citrus orchards followed
with marked results. The inspection showed that practically every walnut
orchard in the county was infested with this mealy bug, but never in great
or damaging numbers; and in only one case was a mealy bug found on a
citrus tree in an adjoining orchard and this was evidently not the species now
being described. The following field observations proved conclusively that
the new mealy bug was not P. longispinus.
1. Its anal appendages seldom exceed two-thirds the length of the
insect body, and is never longer than the body, while in the long-
tailed variety, the anal appendages are much longer than the body.
The young are hatched from loose-egg masses much like those of
P. citri, while the young of P. longispinus are born alive.
3. In no case did we find this species on citrus trees, though it occured
in many orchards adjoining citrus groves. In the laboratory the
live individuals, as well as the eggs, were placed upon growing
citrus trees. In some cases the adults deposited their eggs before
they died, while others deserted the trees. The young, as rapidly as
they hatched from the eggs, crawled over the trees and the barrel,
in which the tree grew, and soon died. No individual was observed
to attack the foliage or branches at any time. On a walnut tree,
in the same room, other individuals multiplied readily, showing that
conditions were not abnormal where the experiment was being con-
ducted.
Microscopical study revealed many other differences which are given in
the description of the species further on.
The fact that it had such long anal appendages led to the decision that
it was not P. citri Risso, but was somewhat of an intermediate form between
Pseudococcus citri and P. longispinus. Its feeding habits (It was usually
found feeding only upon the new bark formed around cracks or wounds on
the tree trunks) led to the belief that it was the elder form of P. obscurus
to
340 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
which is described by the writer in the Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol.
1, No. 2, Page 43, 1909. Microscopical comparisons prove them to be identical,
but distinct from Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, which was described from
Opuntia. At the time of the original description, the limited supply of both
forms made it impossible to separate them as I have now done. At that time,
however, it did seem very improbable that the same species tound on the
roots of Opuntia, at Los Angeles, could be synonymous with a species found
working on the new bark of Sambucus glauca (Elder) at Santa Paula, 60
miles away. Even yet the supply of the Opuntia form is so limited as to make
good comparisons impossible, but the accompanying drawings of the legs and
antenne bring out the main characteristics of the two forms. It might be
said here that the new species from Elder, Walnut, Apple, and Pear, is much
broader and covered with a greater amount of white, powdery wax than is the
original P. obscurus.
At the same time that this insect was found were found many individuals
working similarly upon the oak trees. This mealy bug was described as
Pseudococcus agrifoliae Essig and is evidently distinct from Pseudococcus
quercus Ehr. Thinking that perhaps the new mealy bug found upon the
elder might be synonymous with the species described by Ehrhorn, and not
having a mounted specimen of P. quercus, I sent several slides to Mr. Ehrhorn
asking him if it was the one which he described from the oak. ‘This is a
copy of his letter:
Honolulu, Hawaii, July 22, 1910.
Mr. E. O. Essig,
County Horticultural Commissioner,
Santa Paula, Cal.
Dear Sir: Your letter of July 2nd, and specimens of Pseudococcus species
on microscope slides came to hand.
I have examined your specimens with the type of P. quercus and | find
that the antenne are quite different, the joints being of a different shape. The
derm around the anal ring contains many more glands in quercus and the
marginal spines are stouter. In your species the antennz are more hairy,
so are the legs and the trochanter has a much stouter bristle. Your species
is surely not P. quercus. I have no idea what it is and am sorry that I
cannot help you in the matter. It will probably prove a new species.
Very truly yours,
EDW. M. EHRHORN,
Superintendent of Entomology.
The species is, therefore, named bakeri in honor of Prof. C. F. Baker,
of Pomona College, who has aided me more in my entomological work than
has any one else. It was he who first gave me a start on the genus Pseudococcus
and I take great pleasure in dedicating this well defined and distinct species
to him.
A NEW MEALY BUG 341
Description of Pseudococcus bakeri, n. sp.
Adult Female. (Fig. 126.) The general shape of the adult female
is rounded oval. Length of body 4 to 6 mm., width 2 to 3 mm. The
covering consists of a rather thick white, powdery way which hides the dark
body, but which is not thick enough to conceal the distinct body segmentation.
The lateral wax appendages are from 1 to 2 mm. long and very slender—
much narrower than the width of the supporting body segment. The anal
wax appendages are from one-half to two-thirds the length of the insect body.
When boiled in KOH the contents of the body become cardinal, but,
when all of the excreta is removed, the internal organs become light yellow
or amber in color, while the body wall appears perfectly transparent and color-
less.
Figure 126. Pseudococcus bakeri and obscurus. A, B, C, E, bakeri; D, obscurus.
The antennz are normally long and hairy; 8-articled in all forms. The
following are the formule of 12 individuals (Fig. 126):
bo
No
ae
nt
Wo WwW
NAS
00 6» C0 60 00 00 00 00 CO C0 COW
WD Ww
bo bo
——s
342 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
While the comparative lengths of the antennal articles are variable, sev-
eral important predominating characteristics are valuable in determining the
species. It is noticeable that articles 8 and 3 are usually the longest and that
article 8 is, with only two exceptions, always longer than 3; in only a few in-
stances do we find any of the remaining articles longer or as long as 3.
Articles 1 and 5 are nearly equal in length, while both are longer than 4, 6 and
7. At times an article may appear short in some mounted specimens due to
the angle of the antennz on the slide, rather than due to any variation in
the species. Little can be relied upon when we come to consider the com-
parative lengths of 4, 6 and 7 in the determination of this species, but these
articles may be very important in another species. In comparative work
great care must be exercised to procure a large number of normal specimens
which are carefully treated and mounted or abnormal variations are sure to
appear, and even then the resultant formula can only be approximate. In
summing up the above comparisons, we may approximate the antennal for-
mula as follows:
ho 5 Wess CGE 7 re Ch oh, 25 IG, Sy (GB OH).
It is noticeable that individual characteristics hold true in both antennz of
each individual. (Fig. 126).
The mouth-parts are stout; the rostral loop is about half as long as the
body.
The legs (Fig. 126) are rather long, slender and normally haired.
The comparative lengths of the articles are as follows: Covrae usually longer
than broad. Tvrochanter narrow and one-half the length of the cox. With
one very long spine. Tibia longer than femur and much narrower. Tarsi
one-third to four-ninths the length of the tibia. Claw usually extends straight
out from tarsus and is not well curved.
The spines of the anal lobes (Fig. 126) are as long as the circumanal
spines. The inner anal lobes have two stout spines and several hairs on each.
There is a continuation of these small spine areas around the lateral margins
of the insect body and these mark the lateral way appendages. Beginning
with the inner anal lobe and extending around the lateral margin to the
middle of the anterior end of the body, the spine areas are:
13 areas of two short, stout spines and several hairs each.
3 areas of many short, stout spines and several hairs each.
In summing up we may say that there are 26 areas of two short spines and
several hairs each; four areas of many short, stout spines and several hairs
each posteriorly from the antennz; and two areas of many short, stout spines
and several hairs each between the antenne. These spine areas mark, then,
32 lateral posterior, and anterior wax appendages for each insect.
Eggs. Oval in shape, smooth, lemon yellow to amber in color. Length,
5 mm., diameter about one-half the length.
They are deposited in masses similar to those of the citrus mealy bug,
and are located in cracks, and wounds of the tree where they may be hidden
under the rough outer bark. (Fig. 127.)
A NEW MEALY BUG 343
Male. ‘This article has been delayed four months in order to include
the description of the male, but after diligent searching not a single specimen
has been found. Undoubtedly some individuals shall be secured in the near
future and shall be described later. Demands for information concerning
this new species makes it impossible to withhold this matter longer.
HOSTS PLANTS.
Elder (Sambucus glauca Nutt). This mealy bug was first observed upon
the elder trees growing in the “washes” near Santa Paula, Cal. Its presence
was first discovered by the aid of ants, which appeared in large numbers in
the cracks and wounds of the trees. When the rough exterior bark was re-
moved around these cracks and wounds, the mealy bugs were exposed in
rather limited numbers, but scattered over quite a large area of the tree.
Figure 127. Pseudococcus bakeri on bark of walnut.
In all cases they appeared to be feeding only upon the new formed bark,
or cambium layer, around the cracks and wounds, and were more or less con-
cealed from view by the rough outer bark. A few were observed crawling
on the outer bark, as if in search of a suitable resting place, but none were
found upon the foliage of the elder trees. It is very probable that this is
the native host plant, and it migrated from this to the deciduous fruit and
walnut trees in the surrounding neighborhood.
Walnut (Juglans regia). This pest (if it may be called a pest) has been
found more extensively distributed upon the walnut trees than upon any other
host plant. Its work is the same upon the walnut as on the elder, but during
the months of August and September, it was also found feeding upon the
stems of the growing nuts, but never in any alarming numbers. It is more
readily found by watching the ants than by any damage which it does to
the tree, or by its numbers as is the case with most of the mealy bugs.
344 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The inspection which was made generally over the County of Ventura,
showed this mealy bug on the walnut trees at Ventura, Saticoy, and the entire
district around Santa Paula on both sides of the Santa Clara River. It ap-
peared in the greatest numbers in a small orchard near Santa Paula, but
here it existed in very limited numbers. Apparently it exists only upon old
trees in the older orchards, which might have been set out when much of
the surrounding territory was still growing elder trees and the orchards
became infested years ago. This would seem to indicate that the insect is
slow to breed and not very destructive, or that it is held down by native
insects.
Apple (Pyrus malus). On apple trees badly infested with Woolly Aphis
(Schizoneura lanigera) were found mealy bugs in considerable numbers as-
sociated with this plant louse. The Woolly Aphis had caused many of the
burls or knots on the limbs and suckers, as well as the crown roots of the
tree. The new bark which endeavored to heal over these wounds afforded the
desirable conditions for this mealy bug and in every case it was found feeding
upon the new bark so exposed. It was especially abundant upon the suckers
which were allowed to grow undisturbed at the base of the tree trunk and
was found also upon the crown roots of the tree. The apple trees which
were worst infested grew in a citrus orchard near the house. An orange
tree and several lemon trees were less than 20 feet from the three infected
apple trees, and not a single mealy bug could be found on any of the citrus
trees. Fearing that they might take to the citrus trees, the owner of the prop-
erty promptly grubbed up the apple trees and burned them, thereby eliminating
any possible chances of infection. In a number of yards other apple trees
were found likewise infested with this insect.
Pear (Pyrus communis). Were as generally infested as were the apple
trees and in the same manner.
REMEDIES.
This mealy bug has not been a pest yet in any locality. In case they
infested the walnut trees as badly as the citrus mealy bug infests the citrus
trees, it would be almost hopeless to combat it with anything but parasites.
That it has never become a pest during past years is no positive proof
that it will not become so in the future, so it is with care that we are keeping
watch of this insect.
On deciduous fruit trees some active steps have been taken to destroy
all infestations, so I may include in this article the most practical means of
extermination or eradication of this pest on such trees. It is a fact that
such deciduous, or other fruit trees, as are allowed to grow in the yards, around
the houses or barns, and in pastures, are more liable to be infested with in-
jurious insects than trees in a well cared orchard. If you have such trees
it is necessary to either take care of them or to cut them out for your own
safety, if you are an orchardist, even though you have a few deciduous trees
in a citrus region. If your trees are infested with this mealy bug it may be
well to heed these suggestions:
bo
A NEW MEALY BUG 345
Cut down the trees, grub out the roots, and burn all over the hole,
if your fruit trees are of secondary value to citrus growing.
If trees are valuable keep down all suckers and destroy the Woolly
Aphis by spraying with the Carbolic Acid Emulsion. It will also
kill the mealy bugs. Pour a weak solution of this emulsion around
the crown of the tree at repeated intervals of two weeks.
Spray when the tree is dormant, using ten gallons of the emulsion
per tree.
Be sure that the spray is applied to every crack and crevice at not
less than 180 pounds of pressure. Repeat the application three times
at intervals of one month.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CICADID
BY W. L. DISTANT.
LONDON, ENGLAND.
The species of Rihana on which this description is based was collected
near the city of Belize, in British Honduras, by Mr. James D. Johnson. It is
a very well marked and beautiful form belonging to a section of the genus
of which we have, more than probably, not seen the whole of its representa-
tives in Central America. Specimens of this new species are to be found
in my collection and in that of Pomona College.
Family CICADID/E.
Subfamily crcapINa.
Genus Rihana Distant.
Rihana Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Dist. (7) XIV p. 426 (1904).
Type R. ochracea Walk.
Rihana belizensis sp. nov.
Body above pale olivaceous-green, vertex with four large longitudinal
black spots, one at inner margin of each eye and two central and contiguous
enclosing the ocelli, front with transverse black lines on each lateral area;
pronotum with two central black lines united at base, widened anteriorly
and not quite reaching anterior margin, on each side of these a discal curved
black line and the incisures black; mesonotum with two obconical black spots
outwardly margined with castaneous at anterior margin, a larger obconical
spot on each lateral area of broken and suffused coloration, castaneous with
irregular black macular markings, a cruciform black spot near base, with a
small rounded black spot on each side and a black spot on the anterior angles
of the basal cruciform elevation; abdomen above with two black spots at base
and a transverse black fascia on each of the abdominal segments ; body beneath
and legs ochraceous, more or less cretaceously tomentose, the sternum more
densely so, the abdomen beneath with the posterior margins of the ventral
segments pale olivaceous-green, their basal and lateral margins cretaceously
tomentose; apex of rostrum and the tarsi black; tegmina and wings hyaline,
the veins mostly brownish ochraceous; tegmina with the costal membrane
olivaceous-green, the apices of the three upper ulnar areas, the apex of the
postcostal membrane, and three apical longitudinal spots, fuscous-brown ; wings
with the margins of the abdominal area narrowly fuscous brown.
Female. Yegmina long and slender, about three times longer than their
greatest breadth, length of head more than half the breadth of space between
eyes; opercula oblique, their inner angles distinctly separated, their posterior
margins scarcely extending beyond the base of the abdomen; rostrum reach-
ing the posterior cox; anterior femora with two strong black spines be-
neath, one near base, the other near apex.
Length exclusive of tegmina, female, 23 mm. Expanse of tegmina 73 mm
Habitat: British Honduras; Belize (Johnson).
Somewhat allied to the Mexican species R. virgulata Dist.
AMERICAN PSYLLID& II (Triozinz)
BY D. L. CRAWFORD.
In studying a group which has been only locally systematized, one is
apt to find that the anatomy of the species of the group is quite inadequately
known. Dr. Franz Low has published an article on the anatomy of the
Psyllide in which the nomenclature of most of the external anatomy is given.
The thoracic and ventral anatomy, however, is not very thoroughly known
and, therefore, not used in diagnosis. In order to bring out more clearly
some of these little known characters and make them available for diagnostic
use, another paper is being prepared on the external anatomy of the Triozine.
Several structures have been noted in the course of this study which have
hitherto been scarcely mentioned or figured in specific descriptions. Chief
among these is a remarkable horn-like spur on each meta-coxa, and sometimes
another pair distinct from these and extending in the opposite direction,
(Fig. 128 i). These are present in both sexes and will perhaps offer a
good character for separation of minor groups of species, at least.
In this paper the specific descriptions begun in the first article are continued.
It is quite possible that a further anatomical study will reveal characters which
will have to be added to these mentioned in this paper.
Trioza collaris n. sp.
(Figs. 128 A, B; 129 A; 130 A.)
Length of body with ovipositor, 2.5 mm.; without ovipositor, 2.3 mm.;
iength of forewing, 3.8 mm.; greatest width of forewing, 1.6 mm.; width of
vertex between eyes, .44 mm.; with eyes, .72 mm. General color, greenish
yellow.
Head moderately deflexed; with eyes not quite as broad as thorax;
finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, narrowly elevated over
middle half; discal area of frontal plates with a distinct fovea midway between
median suture and posterior ocellus on each side, with a diverging depression
extending down toward face; frontal plates not raised plate-like, scarcely
emarginate anteriorly at median suture. Anterior ocellus at angle of facial
cones and under the slightly overhanging vertex, not visible from above.
Facial cones short, scarcely divergent, acute at tip, subhorizontal but not visible
from above, sparsely pubescent. Antenne inserted at base of facial cones,
without, beneath eyes; two basal segments large, subglobose; remaining seg-
ments destroyed.
Thorax arched, finely punctate; pronotum long, not depressed below
dorsulum and head. Dorsulum strongly ascending, about as long as scutum,
with a light brownish stripe on each side; scutum with a double stripe on
each side a little darker than ground color. Wings hyaline, about two and
one-half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, rounded
apically; radius longer than second cubital; marginal cells subequal; apex
Figure 128, Head and Other Details of Triozinae.
A, B, collaris; C, D, maculata; EB, acutipennis; F, collaris; G, H, viridis; I, J,
diospyri; L, nigrifrons; M, similis; N, diospyri; O, frontalis; P, marginata; R, fulvida;
S, nigra; T, albifrons; U, longicornis; V, varians; W, aurantiaea.
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 349
of wing at termination of fourth furcal; venation very slightly darker than
wing membrane, not conspicuous.
Female—Genital segment large, fully two-thirds as long as rest of abdo-
men; both plates about equal in length, moderately pubescent; ovipositor ex-
serted, almost as long as genital segment, slender, acute at tip, much darker
than abdomen.
Described from one female, taken by Prof. C. F. Baker at Claremont,
California (mountains).
Trioza maculata n. sp.
Ghigs128eC) D129) Bee130) 5)
Length of body, 2.3 mm.; length of forewing, 3.1 mm.; greatest width of
forewing, 1.05 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .39 mm.; with eyes, .62
mm. General color greenish white, abdomen dorsally dark brown.
Head not deflexed; with eyes almost as broad as thorax; very finely
punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, emarginate at median suture,
distinctly elevated; with a fovea midway between median suture and posterior
ocellus in each side and a diverging depression extending downward toward
face, a sharp line of depression extending from fovea to near the front
margin of eye and to center of median suture on each side; frontal plates
not raised plate-like, emarginate anteriorly at median suture. Anterior ocellus
imbedded at angle of facial cones and under the slightly overhanging vertex,
scarcely visible from above. Facial cones moderately long, horizontal, visible
from above, thick and scarcely divergent in basal half, smaller and more
divergent in distal half, rounded apically, slightly angled outwardly at center;
pubescence rather long and sparse. Antenne inserted at base of cones without,
insertion extending downward almost to center of cone; two basal segments
large, subglobose, remaining eight segments filiform, dark brown at tip of
each segment, the rest light brown.
Thorax only slightly arched, more coarsely punctate than head. Pro-
notum long, arcuate, not depressed below dorsulum and head; with a small
acute projection midway on anterior margin; dorsulum horizontal; scutum
slightly descending, indistinctly marked with three brownish stripes. Wings
hyaline, three times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal; with a
large brown macula covering most of both marginal cells and distal half
of cubital cell, and another less distinct covering most of inner basal cell;
radius shorter than second cubital; first marginal cell somewhat longer than
second; moderately rounded at tip, with fourth furcal terminating at apex.
Female—Abdomen dark brown dorsally, ventrally mottled brown and
greenish-white. Genital segment almost one-half as long as rest of abdomen,
moderately acute at tip, quite densely pubescent; dorsal plate slightly longer
than ventral plate and less acute; ovipositor not exserted.
Described from one female from Arizona, in the C. F. Baker collection.
Type specimen in the National Museum.
350 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Trioza acutipennis np. sp.
(Figs. 128 E; 129 D.)
Length of body, 2.7 mm.; length of forewing, 3.5 mm.; greatest width of
wing, 1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, 44 mm.; with eyes, .66 mm.
General color, yellowish brown, scutum with brown stripes.
Head scarcely deflexed; with eyes about as broad as thorax; finely
rugoso-punctate. Posterior margin of vertex broadly emarginate; discal por-
tion of frontal plates with a fovea near center, slightly nearer to posterior
margin and median suture; frontal plates not raised plate-like, cmarginate
anteriorly at median suture. Anterior ocellus at angle of facial cones, slightly
visible from above. Facial cones moderately long, stout, quite divergent,
rounded apically, subvertical but barely visible from above, very sparsely
pubescent. Antenne inserted on basal portion of cones without and above;
basal segment subglobose, the remaining segments destroyed.
Thorax slightly arched, ascending from pronotum to middle of dorsulum ;
more coarsely rugulose than head. Pronotum very long, not depressed below
dorsulum and head; with the posterior margin arcuate, emarginate at center of
receive a small projection of dorsulum; anterior margin with an acute pro-
jection at center smaller than that on dorsulum; with a fovea on each side
just above the episternum. Dorsulum ascending in anterior half, the rest
horizontal; scutum descending posteriorly, with five brown stripes somewhat
darker than ground color. Wings hyaline, about two and four-fifths times as
long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, acute apically; with several
very light brown and indistinct macula, one in inner basal cell beside the
first furcal, another extending through first marginal cell to second cubital,
a third at tip of wing in second marginal cell; radius longer than second cu-
bital; fourth furcal terminating very near to apex of wing; venation brown,
quite distinct.
Male—Abdomen slender, larger basally; genital segment one-fourth as
long as rest of abdomen.
Claspers attached to tip of genital segment, bilobate, with a projecting
lobe extending posteriorly; anal segment produced dorsally into an arched
process; penis between anal arch and claspers; claspers and anal arch quite
thickly pubescent.
Described from one male, taken by C. F. Baker at Chinandega,
Nicaragua.
Trioza viridis n. sp.
(igs. 1288G, Hi3129°@; 13058; Cy)
Length of body, 2.2 mm.; length of forewing, 2.7 mm.; greatest width,
1.2 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .47 mm.; with eyes, .62 mm. General
color light yellowish green.
Head somewhat deflexed; with eyes not as broad as thorax; finely
punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, not emarginate at median
suture; discal area of frontal plates with large longitudinal depression in
center leaving elevated margin posteriorly and along median suture; frontal
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 351
plates not raised plate-like, emarginate anteriorly. Anterior ocellus below
emargination of frontal plates in angle of facial cones, slightly visible from
above. Facial cones short, quite strongly divergent, rounded apically, almost
horizontal, visible from above, pubescence sparce, fine and short. Antenne
inserted at base of cones without and slightly above; two basal segments
large, the rest filiform, darker than two basal ones.
Thorax scarcely arched, finely punctate; pronotum somewhat longer than
usual but depressed below head, ascending to dorsulum; dorsulum scarcely
ascending, subequal in length with scutum. Wings hyaline, about two and
one-third times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, rather
acute at tip; without macule; radial cell unusually short; first marginal cell
distinctly larger than second; apex of wing distinctly within second marginal
cell; venation light colored, not conspicuous.
Female.
Genital segment large and heavy, almost as long as rest cf
abdomen, broadly rounded apically; pubescence sparse, moderately long; style
exserted, about half as long as genital segment, acute, dorsal blade over-
reaching ventral. Male—Abdomen slender. Genital segment short, about
one-fourth as long as rest of abdomen; claspers triangular in shape, broad at
base, quite acute at tip; anal segment produced dorsally into a broad process,
concave toward claspers, subacute at tip; pubescence moderately sparse, rather
short.
Described from one female and two males, taken by C. F. Baker at
Claremont, California (mountains).
Trioza nigrifrons n. sp.
(Hise 28s I Z9RT a SO0E 5)
Length of body, 2.2 mm.; length of forewing, 3.6 mm.; greatest width of
wing, 1.4 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .49 mm.; with eyes, .71 mm.
General color, orange yellow, abdomen whitish ventrally, face and facial cones
black.
Head not deflexed, very finely punctate; with eyes almost as broad as
thorax. Posterior margin of vertex slightly arcuate, narrowly elevated; dis-
cal area of frontal plates with a shallow depression triangular in shape, the
apex near posterior margin of vertex; median suture arcuately elevated,
emarginate anteriorly; frontal plates raised somewhat plate-like. Anterior
ocellus imbedded at angle of facial cones under the slightly overhanging
vertex, not visible from above. Facial cones black, moderately long, con-
tiguous in basal two-thirds, distal third slightly divergent, subacute at tip,
subvertical and slightly visible from above, scarcely pubescent, more coarsely
punctate than head. Antennz inserted on frons slightly without and partially
on base of cones; two basal segments large, remaining segments destroyed.
Thorax slightly arched, more coarsely punctate than head. Pronotum
very short, depressed below dorsulum and head, barely visible from above.
Dorsulum triangular, roundly pointed anteriorly, slightly ascending, almost
as long as scutum. Wings hyaline, about two and two-thirds times as long
as broad, broadest across first furcal vein, subacute apically; radius fully as
long as second cubital; fourth furcal terminating at apex of wing.
352 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Female—Abdomen somewhat dilated in center; dorsal segments dark
brown, except posterior borders brownish yellow; ventral segments greenish
white. Genital segment short, about as long as anal segment; dorsal plate
longer than ventral; both plates with a short, acute projection apically; style
slightly exserted; pubescence very short and sparse.
Described from one female, taken in Gunnison, Colorado, by C. F. Baker.
Trioza similis n. sp.
(Figs. 128 M; 129 J; 130 F.)
Length of body, 2.6 mm.; length of forewing, 3.5 mm.; greatest width
1.6 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .42 mm.; with eyes, .66 mm.; general
color, light brownish yellow.
Head slightly deflexed, finely punctate; with eyes not as broad as thorax.
Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, narrowly elevated in center; discal area
with a fovea on each side near posterior margin and nearer to median suture
than to posterior ocelli; with a narrow sulcus connecting the two fovea and an
oblique depression extending from each fovea to insertion of antenne; frontal
plates not raised plate-like. Eyes not as prominent as usual; anterior ocellus
at angle of facial cones, slightly visible from above. Facial cones quite long,
strongly divergent, acute at tip, subhorizontal and distinctly visible from above,
pubescence mostly basal, very sparse on distal half. Antenne inserted on
vertical frons above base of cones; two basal segments large, remaining
segments filiform, black on apical half.
Thorax moderately arched, ascending somewhat beyond anterior margin
of scutum; finely punctate. Pronotum short, depressed below dorsulum and
head and scarcely visible from above. Dorsulum quite strongly ascending,
roundly pointed anteriorly; both dorsulum and scutum faintly marked with
light brown. Wings hyaline, about two and one-third times as long as
broad, broadest across first marginal cell; rounded apically; radius longer than
second cubital; fourth furcal terminating at apex of wing; venation light
brown, not conspicuous.
Female.—Genital segment as long as two preceding segments, slightly
deflexed; dorsal plate a trifle longer than ventral and less acute; pubescence
sparse and very short.
Described from three females in the C. F. Baker collection, taken in
Colorado. Type specimen in National Museum.
TRIOZA DIOSPyRI Ashmead.
Synonyms: Psylla diospyri Ashm.
Trioza latipennis Crawford.
(Figs. 128 I, J; 129 K; 130 L.)
Length of body, 2.5 mm.; length of forewing, 4.4 mm.; greatest width,
1.8 mm.: width of vertex between eyes, .47 mm.; with eyes, .79 mm. General
color, shining black, legs partially yellow. Pubescence conspicuous.
Head moderately deflexed, very finely punctate on frons, with eyes almost
as broad as thorax; pubescence moderately long and dense and covering most
of head. Posterior margin of vertex sharply elevated, slightly arcuate, and
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 353
emarginate at median suture; discal area with a shallow transverse de-
pression about midway; not raised plate-like; vertex quite deeply
emarginate anteriorly at median suture; anterior ocellus in emargination at
angle of facial cones, visible from above. Facial cones short, broadly rounded
at tip, moderately divergent, subhorizontal and visible from above, quite
densely pubescent. Antennz inserted on frons and base of facial cones, above
and without; two basal segments large, remaining segments filiform, yel-
lowish except apical segment black. Labrum very prominent, with a seta on
ventral surface.
Thorax arched, slightly saddle-shaped, finely punctate, moderately pu-
bescent. Pronotum short, depressed below dorsulum and head; dorsulum
strongly ascending in anterior half, posterior half and part of scutum de-
pressed, posterior portion of scutum again ascending somewhat; entire dorsal
surface pubescent. Wings hyaline, about two and one-half times as long
as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, acute apically; second marginal
cell very much longer than first; fourth furcal almost as long as second
cubital; radius slightly longer than second cubital; fourth furcal terminating
at apex of wing or slightly below it.
Female—Abdomen quite stout. Genital segment fully half as long as
abdomen, acute apically, quite densely pubescent; dorsal plate slightly longer
than ventral, less acute; genital pore elliptical, entirely exposed, almost one-
fourth as long as dorsal plate. Male——Genital segment short, distinctly
deflexed; claspers arched, laterally opposed, simple; anal segment produced
dorsally into a short projection, concave toward claspers, broadest at distal
end, appearing from above bicornate.
Redescribed from thirty males and females, collected by G. R. Pilate
in Louisiana, and three females collected by Nathan Banks at West Falls
Church, Virginia.
This species was first described by Ashmead in 1881 from specimens taken
in Jacksonville, Florida. His description as published in the Canadian En-
tomologist, Vol. XIII, page 222, was wholly inadequate to distinguish it from
any other species. I was obliged, therefore, to omit that from the synopsis of
Triozinz. Since the publication of the synopsis I have received three deter-
mined specimens of this species from Mr. Nathan Banks. Careful compari-
son of these specimens with the type specimen of 7. latipennis Crawford proves
that they are identical. The name Trioza latipennis, therefore, must drop
into synonymy.
Trioza frontalis n. sp.
(Figs. 128 O; 129 E; 130 N.)
Length of body, 2.1 mm.; length of forewing, 3.2 mm.; greatest width,
1.2 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .41 mm.; with eyes, .71 mm. General
color, brownish red, abdomen brownish.
Head slightly deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, finely punctate.
Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, ridged narrowly and not emarginate at
median suture; discal area with an oblique sulcate depression extending
H 0
Figure 129. Wings of Triozinae.
A, collaris; B, maculata; C, viridis; D, acutipennis; E, frontalis; F, albifrons;
G, marginata; H, nigra; I, nigrifrons; J, similis; K, diospyri; L, fulvida; M, longicornis;
N, aurantiaca; O, varians.
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 355
from near posterior margin and closer to median suture than to posterior
ocelli toward lower margin of eyes; sulcz connected posteriorly by a shal-
lower transverse sulcus; frontal plates not raised plate-like; vertex distinctly
emarginate anteriorly at median suture, making anterior ocellus visible from
above. Facial cones moderately long scarcely divergent, acute at tips, sub-
horizontal and visible from above, slightly pubescent. Antennz inserted on
frons between lower margin of eye and base of facial cone on each side;
two basal segments large, not globose, the remaining segments filiform.
Thorax somewhat arched, slightly punctate. Pronotum very short, de-
pressed below dorsulum and head, ascending toward dorsulum, with a fovea
on each side just above episternum. Dorsulum ascending strongly, triangular,
roundly pointed anteriorly. Wings hyaline, moderately slender, about two
and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, quite
acute apically; radius distinctly shorter than second cubital; second marginal
cell smaller than first; second cubital terminating at apex of wing.
Female-—Abdomen darker in color than thorax. Genital segment long,
almost as long as rest of abdomen, distinctly deflexed; dorsal plate slender,
quite acute, overreaching ventral plate and receding farther back basally ;
genital pore large, elliptical, conspicuous; pubescence very light and sparse.
Male.—Abdomen more slender than in female. Genital segment longer than
two preceding, quite stout, tapering toward tip; claspers simple, curved in-
ward and slightly serrated apically; anal segment produced dorsally into a
iarge, broad double projection, bilobate when viewed from the side, with a
more or less distinct ridge extending from the base into each lobe; posterior
lobe, viewed from behind, with two recurved flaps; upper rim of projection
bordered with a fringe of about twenty-four long hairs; pubescence sparse but
moderately conspicuous. (In the accompanying illustrations the claspers are
shown as partially enclosed and held by anal projection, which may or not
be the natural position for them in all specimens.)
Described from two females and three males in the C. F. Baker collection,
taken in Colorado. ‘Type specimen in National Museum.
Trioza albifrons n. sp.
(Figs. 128 T; 129 F; 130 M.)
Length of body, 2.0 mm.; length of forewing, 3.0 mm.; greatest width,
1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .38 mm.; with eyes, .60 mm. General
color, yellowish green to greenish white, abdomen ventrally darker, apical
half of antennz and middle tarsi black.
Head slightly deflexed, with eyes fully as broad as thorax, coarsely
punctate ; posterior margin of vertex arcuate, not emarginate at median suture,
scarcely elevated; discal area with fovea on each side between median suture
and posterior ocelli near posterior margin; depression scarcely sulcate; vertex
roundly emarginate anteriorly at median suture; anterior ocellus barely visible
from above. Facial cones rather short, stout at base, acute, quite divergent,
subvertical but slightly upcurved and partially visible from above, sparsely
356 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
and inconspicuously pubescent. Antennz inserted above base of cones, slightly
without.
Thorax arched, punctate. Pronotum quite short, depressed below dor-
sulum and head; dorsulum quite strongly ascending, with a brownish spot
on each side of median line anteriorly; roundly pointed at anterior margin.
Wings hyaline, about two and one-third times as long as broad, broadest
across first marginal cell, round and very slightly angulated apically; radius
somewhat flexed midway, fully as long as second cubital; first furcal very
short; venation inconspicuous.
Male—Abdomen slender; dorsal segmental plates very short, reaching
about to middle of third ventral segment; anal end of abdomen dorsally con-
cave. Genital segment moderately large, semi-erect; claspers quite long,
simple, laterally opposed, recurved at tips; anal projection long, spatulate when
viewed from the side, anterior margin longer than posterior; upper margin
with several conspicuous hairs; pubescence sparse.
Described from three males taken by C. F. Baker at Claremont, Cali-
fornia (mountains).
Trioza marginata n. sp.
(Figs. 128 P; 129 G; 130 O.)
Length of body, 2.2 mm.; length of forewing, 3.3 mm.; greatest width,
1.2 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .44 mm.; with eyes, .71 mm. General
color, orange yellow, abdomen whitish ventrally, antenne and legs light
colored. :
Head somewhat deflexed, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, very
finely punctate; posterior margin of vertex arcuate, narrowly elevated, not
emarginate at median suture; discal area with an oblique and diverging de-
pression on each side extending from near median suture posteriorly toward
insertion of antennz; vertex scarcely emarginate anteriorly at median suture,
distinctly overhanging and concealing anterior ocellus when viewed from
above. Facial cones rather short, subacute, only slightly divergent, sub-
vertical and not visible from above, darker than vertex, very sparsely pube-
scent. Antennze inserted between lower margin of eye and base of facial
cone, a trifle within; two basal segments large as usual in genus, the re-
maining segments slender, filiform.
Thorax arched, finely punctate. Pronotum moderately short, depressed
below dorsulum and head; dorsulum quite heavy, ascending to scutum, about
equal to scutum in length, roundly pointed anteriorly. Wings hyaline, except
lower margin bordered with brown stripe extending through marginal cells
and from anal angle to apex of wing; a little less than three times as long as
broad, broadest across first furcal; somewhat angulate on radial margin
apically, quite acute; radius distinctly shorter than second cubital.
Female—Abdomen quite stout. Genital segment very short, scarcely
longer than anal segment; dorsal plate slightly overreaching ventral, arched
dorsally ; both plates with short, acute, beak-like projection apically ; posterior
dorsal surface of anal segment concave, with genital pore partially concealed
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 357
Figure 130. Genitalia of Triozinae.
A, collaria; B, C, viridis; D, maculata; E, nigrifrons; F, similis; G, diospyri;
H, marginata; I, J, frontalis; L, diospyri; M, albifrons; N, frontalis; O, marginata;
P, nigra; R, S, fulvida; T, longicornis; U, V, varians; W, X, Y, aurantiaca.
358 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
therein; pubescence very sparse. Male—Abdomen more slender. Genital
segment shorter than anal segment, subcylindrical, concave dorsally; claspers
short, simple, acute and slightly toothed on inner margin apically; penis ex-
serted between and behind claspers; anal segment concave as in female,
produced dorsally into a short erect projection with two recurved flaps
extending horizontally toward claspers; pubescence very sparse and incon-
spicuous.
Described from three females and one male in the C. F. Baker collection,
taken in Arizona. Type specimen in National Museum.
Trioza nigra n. sp.
(Bigs. 128 $5 129) Hi; 130) PB)
Length of body, 2.1 mm.; length of forewing, 3.5 mm.; greatest width,
1.4 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .46 mm.; with eyes, .74 mm. General
color, dark reddish brown to black, abdomen lighter ventrally, head quite black.
Head more or less deflexed, finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex
arcuate, narrowly elevated between posterior ocelli over inner half of each
frontal plate, not emarginate at median suture; discal area of frontal plates
with a shallow depression over posterior half; anterior portion roundly lobate,
and distinctly projecting, emarginate at median suture. Anterior ocellus not
visible from above. Facial cones rather short, moderately acute apically, di-
vergent but not strongly so, subvertical and not visible from above, somewhat
rugulose transversely, almost glabrous, slightly pubescent. Antennz inserted
at base of cones below eyes, without.
Thorax arched, very finely punctate dorsally. Pronotum very short, de-
pressed below dorsulum and head, descending strongly toward head; dor-
sulum ascending to scutum, roundly pointed anteriorly and slightly over-
hanging pronotum; scutum broader than head, with eyes. Wings, hyaline,
about two and one-third times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal
cell, roundly pointed apically; radius scarcely as long as second cubital; mar-
ginal cells subequal.
Female——Genital segment very short, scarcely as long as anal ventral
segmental plate; dorsal and ventral plates of equal length, the former more
acute; pubescence sparse and apical. Male—Genital segment medium in size,
rather upcurved; claspers simple, moderately long, slender, acute, arcuate,
briefly pubescent; anal projection long, bilobate when viewed laterally, pos-
terior lobe at right angles to anterior and erect lobe; posterior lobe, when
viewed from above, composed of two recurved flaps; pubescence sparse.
Described from five males collected in Colorado by C. F. Baker; two
females, apparently belonging to this species, were collected in Louisiana
by G. R. Pilate, and two other males at Algonquin, Illinois, by Dr. Nason.
Type specimen (male) in National Museum.
Trioza fulvida n. sp.
(iiss IZ8eR e129 SOM as.)
Length of body, 2.2 mm.; length of forewing, 3.4 mm.; greatest width,
1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .47 mm.; with eyes, .75 mm. General
color, fulvous brown, abdomen lighter ventrally.
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 359
Head deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, finely punctate.
Posterior margin of vertex very narrowly elevated over middle half, arcuate,
not emarginate at median suture; discal area with a small fovea midway be-
tween median suture and each posterior ocellus, and a shallow divergent de-
pression extending about to anterior margin of eyes, frontal plates raised
plate-like, emarginate at median suture anteriorly and sutural angle of each
plate deflexed making double emargination. Anterior ocellus not visible
from above. Facial cones rather long, strong divergent, acute, subvertical and
not visible from above, sparsely pubescent. Antennz inserted between base
of cones and eyes; insertion cone-shaped, converging to point on each side
of anterior ocellus.
Thorax strongly arched, punctate. Pronotum short, depressed below
dorsulum and head, with a small fovea on each side just above pleurites.
Dorsulum strongly ascending, narrowly rounded anteriorly, quite coarsely
punctate. Wings subhyaline, fulvous, about two and one-half times as long
as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, rounded apically but not broadly
so; radius fully as long as second cubital, flexed midway; marginal cells
subequal; venation brownish, anal angle black or dark brown.
Female.—Genital segment short, a little longer than anal ventral segmental
plate ; dorsal plate overreaching ventral, and less acute; genital pore contiguous
to and about as long as anal dorsal segmental plate; ventral plate with an up-
curved acute prolongation; pubescence inconspicuous. Male—Abdomen re-
“curved caudad, much slenderer than in females; dorsal segmental plates de-
pressed beyond third and scarcely visible from side. Genital segment as
long as two preceding, semierect; claspers very small and short, triangular
when viewed laterally; anal projection small, simple erect, about twice as
jong as broad and slightly broader than base of claspers; pubescence short,
sparse and inconspicuous.
Described from numerous males and females collected in Colorado by
C. F. Baker. Type in National Museum.
This species is apparently closely related to T. aurantiaca.
Trioza fulvida var similis n. var.
Although this species presents more or less gradual variations, still there
seems to be a quite distinct varietal group which has the forewings hyaline and
not fulvous as in the species. The structural characters are the same in both
groups.
Described from several males and females taken in Colorado by C. F.
Baker. Type in National Museum.
Trioza longicornis n. sp.
Figs. 128 U; 129 M; 130 T.)
Length of body, 2.4 mm.; length of forewing, 3.6 mm.; greatest width,
1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .45 mm.; with eyes, .72 mm. General
color greenish yellow, notum slightly darker.
Head scarcely deflexed, conspicuously lower than dorsal margin of
dorsulum, very finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, narrowly
360 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
elevated over middle half of line between posterior ocelli; discal area with a
shallow depression on each side in the shape of a spherical triangle with the
bases coincident and raised slightly at median suture, and apeces near an-
terior margin of eyes; frontal plates raised plate-like, deflexed and emarginate
at median suture anteriorly. Anterior ocellus not visible from above, im-
bedded between frontal emargination, angle of facial cones, and the inter-
mediate converging antennal insertions, as in T. fulvida. Facial cones long,
divergent, acute, subvertical but very slightly visible from above, moderately
pubescent.
Thorax strongly arched, finely punctate. Pronotum short, depressed be-
low head and dorsulum; dorsulum strongly ascending to scutum, narrowly
rounded anteriorly, not quite as long as scutum. Wings hyaline, about two
and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, broadly
rounded apically; radius flexed midway, fully as long as second cubital ;
marginal cells rather small, subequal; venation yellowish.
Female-—Abdomen dorsally brownish gray, ventrally greenish white.
Genital segment rather short, about as long as anal ventral segmental plate;
dorsal plate longer and more acute than ventral; genital pore about one-fourth
as long as dorsal plate, inclined toward anal segment.
Described from one female in the C. F. Baker collection, taken in Van-
couver. Type specimen in National Museum.
Trioza aurantiaca n. sp.
(Figs. 128 W; 129 N; 130 W, X, Y.)
Length of body, 2.3 mm.; length of forewing, 3.4 mm.; greatest width,
1.35 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .44 mm.; with eyes, 72mm. General
color orange, varying from light yellowish brown in some specimens to deep
orange in others; abdomen ventrally and anally greenish white.
Head moderately deflexed, very finely punctate, with eyes not as broad
as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, not emarginate at median
suture, slightly and narrowly elevated over middle three-fifths of line between
posterior ocelli; discal area with a small shallow fovee midway near posterior
ridge, and a diverging depression extending obliquely toward front and lower
margin of eyes; frontal plates slightly raised plate-like, deeply emarginate at
median suture. Anterior ocellus not visible from above. Facial cones quite
long, acute, only slightly divergent, subvertical and not visible from above,
sparsely pubescent. Antenne inserted at base of cones, mostly in front.
Thorax arched, finely punctate. Pronotum short, depressed below dor-
sulum and head; dorsal portion almost vertical, ascending to lower margin
of slightly overhanging dorsulum. Dorsulum strongly ascending, acutely
rounded anteriorly. Wings hyaline, about two and a half times as long as
broad, broadest across base of first marginal cell, subacute apically; marginal
cells subequl; venation yellowish.
Female.—Genital segment short, scarcely as long as ventral segmental
plate preceding it; dorsal plate longer and lecc acute than ventral; genital pore
about one-fourth as long as dorsal plate, declinate toward anal segment;
AMERICAN PSYLLIDAE II 361
ventral segment short, produced apically into a short and acute point. Male.—
Abdomen slender, arched dorsally, broadest across third dorsal segmental
plate, the anal dorsal plate scarcely visible above ventral segmental plate.
Genital segment about as long as two preceding, somewhat reflexed, with
apical margin horizontal; claspers rather short, simple, slender and acute in
distal half, arcuate and briefly pubescent. Anal projection bilobate when
viewed laterally; the longest lobe horizontal and at right angles to the other,
reaching fully to base of claspers; pubescence short, whitish.
Described from numerous females and several males taken in Ormsby
County, Nevada, and Santa Clara County, California, by C. F. Baker.
This species is more or less variable in some respects and it is therefore,
quite difficult to determine the line of separation between this and closely
related species. Wherever a large number of specimens belonging to some
common species is studied this difficulty of gradual variation is nearly al-
ways encountered. It is quite possible that these variations are slowly giving
rise to new species, but while the variations are slight and grade into each
other the only course possible is to class the entire group of slightly varying
forms into one species. In this specific group the genital characters are the
most constant and reliable for diagnosis.
Trioza varians nu.sp.
(Figs. 128 V; 129 O; 130 U, V.)
Length of body, 2.1 mm.; length of forewing 3.3 mm.; greatest width of
wing, 1.4 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, .41 mm.; with eyes, .70 mm.
General color, dark brown to black with conspicuous stripes and bands of
yellowish white; frontal plates bordered with light band; whitish band on
pedicle of eye; on posterior margin of dorsulum and several stripes on dorsal
surface of scutum and dorsulum; upper margin of ventral abdominal plates
whitish.
Head somewhat deflexed, finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex
narrowly and sharply elevated into a ridge over three-fifths of the line between
posterior ocelli; discal area with a sulcus extending parallel with median
suture; margin of frontal plates elevated arcuately; when viewed from side
raised plate-like; deeply emarginate anteriorly. Anterior ocellus not visible
from above. Facial cones medium in length, divergent, subacute, subvertical
and not visible from above, slightly rugulose, sparsely pubescent. Antenne
inserted below frontal plates, in front.
Thorax strongly arched, finely punctate. Pronotum short, depressed
below dorsulum and head; with a fova: on each side above pleurites; lighter
in color than dorsulum. Dorsulum quite strongly ascending, roundly pointed
anteriorly ; with a stripe of lighter brown on dorsal surface. Wings hyaline,
about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across middle of first
marginal cell, quite broadly rounded apically ; radius as long as second cubital ;
first marginal cell smaller than second.
Female-——Abdomen arched dorsally; borders of ventral segmental plates
lighter colored. Genital segment about as long as anal segment; concolorous
362 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
with rest of abdomen except a yellow band around middle of dorsal plate;
dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral; genital pore about one-third
as long as dorsal plate. Male—Abdomen more slender than in female.
Genital segment longer than anal ventral plate; claspers of medium length,
simple, tapering, acute and recurved apically; anal projection bilobate, the
posterior lobe horizontal to other lobe and composed of two lateral flaps,
reaching to middle of genital segment; pubescence very short and sparse.
Described from five males and two females collected in Colorado by C.
F. Baker.
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA I
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN,
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, PROVO, UTAH.
For many years it has been clear to specialists that centipedes, millipedes,
Scolopendrella, and Pauropus with its relatives must be regarded -as consti-
tuting four distinct classes rather than one as covered by the term Myriopoda as
prevailingly used. Since the Chilopoda are closer to the Insecta, according to
present evidence, than to the other three classes, there seems much justice in
the proposal to place the Insecta and Chilopoda in a larger group coordinate
with one composed of the Symphyla, Pauropoda and Diplopoda. It has been
proposed to call the former group the Etymochyla, the latter the Myriopoda
sens. str. More recently Pocock has designated these two divisions (super-
classes) as the Opisthogoneata and Progoneata, names referring to the fact
that in insects and centipedes the reproductive organs open through a single
duct near the caudal extremity of the body, whereas in Scolopendrella, Pauro-
pus, and the millipedes proper, the paired genital ducts open on the anterior
region of the body (mostly the second segment). In accordance with these
findings the Chilopoda and Diplopoda with be treated quite apart in the
present series of synopses.
The first work published upon the centipedes and millipedes of California,
consists of the papers of Dr. Horatio Wood. Before his time, however, species
now known to occur within the state had been described from other localities
by Say (1821), Brandt (1841), Newport (1844), and de Saussure (1860).
In a number of papers published from 1861 to 1867, Dr. Wood described from
the Pacific coast region something over a score of species, most of these
being from California. In 1869 and 1872 Humbert and Saussure published
their ‘“Myriopoda Nova Americana” and “‘I‘tudes sur les Myriopodes”’ in which
several species occurring in California were described. In 1875 Dr. Anton
Stuxburg issued a paper on North American Lithobii in which he named six
new species from this state, two of them subsequently being made types of
subgenera. Dr. Karsch added several species to the known fauna in 1881;
and during the same year Kohlrausch published a synopsis of the known
Scolopendride of the world in which a number of records for California
are given.
By 1885, 27 species had become known from California, this being more
than was listed from any other of the states at that time. Since that time
further contributions touching the chilopods and diplopods of the state have
been made by Bollman (1887-1889), Daday (1889-1891), Cook and Collins
(1895), Cook (1899 and 1904) and the present author (1902-1910). The
known fauna now includes seventy or more species; yet, considering the ter-
ritory embraced, it must be said that this list represents the actual fauna very
imperfectly. Attention and cooperation on the part of collectors would un-
364 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Figure 131.
A, Ventral view of caudal portion of a male of Lithobius utahensis. The figure
shows the modification of the anal legs, the ventral spines of the latter, and most of
those of the penultimate pair, the coxal pores of the last two pairs of coxae, and the
genital appendages. B, Ventral view of head and first segment of L. utahensis, show-
ing the prehensorial feet, prosternum with prosternal teeth overlying the mouth parts
the first legs with their ventral spines, ete. C, Cephalic aspect of leg of eleventh pair
of Lithobius obesus showing biarticulate tarsi, etc. D, Eye patch of L. obesus showing
ocelli in four series, the large single ocellus at the right (caudal end), and at the left
and below the peculiar Organ of Tomosvary. KE, Gonopods of female L. obesus, showing
the undivided claw, the basal spines, ete.
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA I 365
doubtedly bring to light many important and interesting forms. Our knowledge
of the Diplopoda is especially unsatisfactory; while of the Symphyla and
Pauropoda,—undoubtedly represented in the state—so far as known to the
author, there have been published no records at all. The promising bionomuc
problems presented by these much neglected arthropods in the extensive and
diversified Californian region remain essentially untouched.
THE CLASS CHILOPODA.
The chilopods are all terrestrial forms in which the body presents two
main divisions, the head and the trunk or body proper. The body, enclosed
in a chitinous exo-skeleton free from lime salts, is relatively long and ribbon-
like, being compressed dorso-ventrally.. It is divided into numerous segments
Figure 132.
A, Left anal leg of a specimen of Lamyctes fulvicornis from Naugen, Wisconsin.
The specimen is 9.6 mm long. B, Left anal leg of a specimen of Lamyctes pinampus
sp. nov. from Claremont, Cal. The specimen is 8.6 mm long. The figure is drawn by
camera lucida on the same seale of magnification as A.
nearly all of which bear each a single pair of six or seven jointed legs. The
legs are inserted at the sides of the body, being widely separated by the large
sternal plates. The first pair of post-cephalic appendages are modified into
“poison-jaws,’ commonly referred to in literature as the prehensorial feet.
The coxz of the prehensorial feet fuse in the middle line into a plate termed
366 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
the prosternum, which, together with the feet proper, extends forward beneath
the head. Eyes either absent or present; when present consisting of a single
or of several to numerous simple ocelli, these rarely agglomerated or pseudo-
tacetted. Antenne mostly long and thread-like or cylindrical, rarely club-
shaped or flattened, composed of 14 (rarely 12 or 13) or more segments.
The length of the antennz like that of the legs, is mostly inversely propor-
tionate to that of the body. The head bears one pair of mandibles and two
pair of maxille, of which maxillz the second constitute a labium comparable
to that of insects. Stigmata always or nearly always with a closing apparatus.
Tracheal system presenting anastomoses excepting in Scutigera. Genital duct
unpaired, opening on the preanal segment. Anal segment enclosed in three
sclerites, one dorsal and two pleuro-ventral.
Most chilopods are very sensitive to conditions of moisture; and as a
result in regions like California, many forms burrow into the ground during
the dry season and are to be secured only by digging down in suitable places
until damp earth is reached. They abound both in inter-tropical and in tem-
perate regions, while fewer forms exist even in sub-artic and artic territory.
Key to the Orders of Chilopoda.
a. ‘Tracheee opening through seven unpaired spiracles arranged along the
median dorsal line; antennz very long and many jointed; legs likewise
extremely long, the tarsi composed of many segments; agglomerated or
falsely facetted. Order Schizotarsia.
aa. Trachee opening through paired spiracles situated in the pleural region
between tergite and coxe of a variable number of the body segments ;
antennz and legs moderate or short; ocelli of eyes not agglomerated or
falsely facetted.
b. Trunk with fifteen leg-bearing segments. among which the tergites
of the 2nd, 4th, 9th, 11th and 13th are shortened or reduced ; young
born with seven pairs of legs, subsequently acquiring the full num-
ber through several distinct steps or stages. Order Anamorpha.
bb. Trunk with twenty-one or more leg-bearing segments among which
the tergites of none are relatively reduced or shortened; young
hatched with the full number of legs. Order Epimorpha.
Order SCHIZOTARSIA.
This order includes the single family Scutigeride of which one genus,
Scutiger, is known to occur in the United States.
Genus Scutigera Lamarck.
Of this genus the following species occurs in California. Most of its
relatives are tropical or subtropical.
Scutigera forceps (Rafinesque. )
This form is very common in the southeastern states where it has long
been known. It is widely called the house-centipede because of its frequenting
houses and outbuildings where it lives upon flies and other insects which it
captures with its long, lash-like tarsi. In buildings kept continuously warm
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA I 367
it has also been found in New York and other northern states. The author
took an adult of the species in Elysian Park, Los Angeles, in June 1909, This
appears to be the only record from California.
Order ANAMORPHA.
One sub-order of this order is known to be represented in North America.
This is the Lithobiomorpha.
Sub-order LITHOBIOMORPHA.
The members of the Lithobiomorpha are all very active and swiftly
running forms quite readily recognized. The body is only moderately elongate,
bearing but fifteen pairs of ambulatory legs which are all short or medium in
length excepting the ultimate and penultimate, these being commonly more
elongate and strengthened for use in defense against attack from the rear.
The antenne are relatively long and distinctly segmented. The anterior margin
of the prosternum usually bears two or more pairs of teeth (prosternal teeth).
Ocelli may be absent, may be one on each side, or may exist in a group of
several to many. In our representatives a pair of spiracles always opens
on each of the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th, 12th and 14th segments, while a pair may
or may not open on the first. The coxz of the last four (rarely five) pairs
of legs in our forms bear a number of glands which open through pores
arranged either in a single series or in several more or less irregular series.
The genital segment of the female supports a pair of gonopods or genital
forceps each of which ends in a claw which may be single or two or three lobed
and bears at the base two or three pairs of conspicuous spines.
Key to Families of the LITHOBIOMORPHA.
a. Legs bearing only bristles, no true spines being present; a single ocellus
on each side of the head; anal segment both in young and in adults
with a pair of pores, the openings of the anal glands (anal pores) ; no
males. Family Henicopidae.
aa. Legs bearing both bristles and stout spines; ocelli either absent or in a
group of several to many on each side; no anal pores in adults; both
males and females occurring. Family Lithobiidae.
Family Henicopidae.
Two genera of this family are represented in California. They are
interesting, among other reasons, because, so far as known, their reproduction
is exclusively parthenogenetic, no males ever having been recorded.
Key to Genera and Sub-families of the Henicopidae.
a. Tarsi of legs 1 to 13 undivided, those of the 14th and 15th pairs biarticu-
late; a pair of spiracles present on the first segment.
Genus Lamyctes (sub. family Henicopinz).
aa. ‘Tarsi of all legs two-jointed; no spiracles present on the first segment.
Genus Zygethobius (sub-family Zygetobine, new).
Genus Lamyctes Meinert.
Two species of this genus are known from the United States, one
being recorded here for the first time, the other being common in the eastern
part of the country and in Europe and being the type of the genus.
368 : POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Lamyctes fulvicornis Meinert.
This is a small, slender, parallel-sided species from 7 to 10 pr., 11 mm.
in length. The dorsum is yellowish brown in color; the head and prehensorial
feet are darker, reddish, the head usually deeper in color anteriorly; the
antennee are yellowish red and darker at base than distally. The caudal
margins of all the dorsal plates are straight or rounded, the angles of none
being produced. The antenne have from 24 to 29 (mostly 25) articles.
The author has taken this species in Oregon not far from the California
border within which it doubtless occurs.
Lamyctes pinampus, sp. nov.
Very close to the preceding species; but manifestly more slender through-
out. Among various points of difference the most conspicuous are in the
anal legs which are decidedly more slender and relatively much longer. This
may be seen in the accompanying figures, both of which were drawn by means
of the camera lucida on the same scale of magnification.
This species was first taken by the author at Las Vegas, Nevada. In
California it seems to be common at Claremont from which place specimens
collected by C. H. Chen and A. Sugg have been studied.
Genus Zygethobius Chamberlin.
One species of this genus is thus far known.
Zygethobius dolichopus Chamberlin.
This species is considerably larger than the species of Lamyctes, meas-
uring from 11.4 to 12.6 mm. in length. The body is manifestly attenuated
trom the 10th segment cephalad. It is mostly brown in color with the head
distinctly darker, reddish to almost black; legs yellow, darkest distally; an-
tennz yellow to brown, darker proximally. The posterior angles of the 9th,
11th, and 13th dorsal plates are strongly produced. Antenne with 39 or 40
articles.
Occurring widely in cool moist places in the Wahsatch and Uintah Mts.
of Utah at elevations above 8,000 feet. In California it has been taken in
the Sierras near Truckee (author).
Family Lithobiidae.
The spines borne upon the legs of the members of this family are im-
portant in the diagnosis of species. It is customary to enumerate those oc-
curring on the ventral aspect of the first, penult and ultimate pairs, those
found at the distal ends of the joints from trochanter to tibia inclusive being
listed in order; thus, 1, 3, 3, 1, where trochanter bears one, prefemur 3, femur
3, and tibia 1. The number and arrangement of the ocelli is also of importance
in the discrimination of species. It is advantageous to give the number of
horizontal series in which the ocelli fall and to enumerate the number of
ocelli in these series in order from above ventrad. There is commonly a large
single ocellus a little caudad of the main group which is separately reckoned ;
e. g., 1 and 5, 5, 3, 2. The number of prosternal teeth on the two halves
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA I 369
of the prosternum is indicated by the appropriate figures separated by a dash;
e. g., 33, where the number of teeth on each side is three.
In making use of the keys in the present paper care must be taken to
make sure that specimens are fully adult. Even the genera cannot always be
ascertained from a study of immature specimens in the present state of our
knowledge.
Four genera of this family are represented in California.
Key to Genera of the Lithobiidae.
a. Coxal pores in several series are scattered. Genus Bothropolys.
aa. Coxal pores in a single series.
b. Coxal pores borne upon the last four pairs of coxe. Genus Lithobius
bb. Coxal pores borne upon the last five pairs of coxe.
; Genus Pseudolithobius.
Genus Bothropolys Wood.
The species of this genus known to occur in California may readily be
separated by means of the following key:
Key to Species of Bothropolys.
a. Angles of the 9th, 11th and 13th dorsal plates produced (subgenus
Allobothropolys Ver.). B. xanti Wood.
aa. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced (subgenus Archilithobius
Stuxberg). B. monticola Stuxberg.
Bothropolys xanti Wood.
This species is commonly 20 mm. and above in length, being one of
the larger members of the Lithobiide of California. It is brown in general
color above, the ultimate segments, head with prehensorial feet, and the legs
commonly darker. There are 20 articles to the antenne. ‘The anal legs are
long and slender. The claw of the female gonopoda is tripartite, the basal
spines numbering 3—3.
B. xanti is common in southern California and along the coast and in the
Coast Mts. north to San Francisco and possibly beyond. ‘The author has
specimens from San Bernardino County, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Clare-
mont (Pomona Coll. Collection), Santa Barbara and other southern points,
and from Stanford, Monterey Co., etc.
Bothropolys monticola (Stuxberg).
Syn. Lithobius californicus Daday, 1889.
Cf. also sub Lithobius pusio Stuxberg in present paper.
B. monticola is on the average larger than the preceding species. It is
darker in color. The dorsum commonly dark brown or mahogany; the head
more reddish; legs yellowish the posterior pairs darker. Antenne with
mostly 20 articles but in some the number may be as large as 27 (variety).
Gonopols as in the preceding form.
After examining material from many different localities, the author is
convinced that Stuxberg based his description upon an individual only partly
grown and that in enumerating the spines of the anal legs he included some
370 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
more properly belonging to the dorsal side as would be natural in some in-
dividuals that have been studied, giving the formula 1, 4, 3, 1—1, 4, 3, 2 instead
of 1, 3, 2, 1. The species in some features is variable and shows a tendency
to dimorphism.
While B. vxanti, as above indicated, prevails in Southern California and
along the coast and in the Coast Mt., the present species replaces it in the
Sierras and ranges northward into Oregon and Washington, where it is
abundant.
Genus Lithobius Leach.
Two subgenera of this large genus, when considered in the prevalent
manner, are known to occur in California. The following key will aid in
the sparation of these subgenera and of the species known under each.
KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SPECIES OF Lithobius.
a. Angles of the 9th, 11th, and 13th dorsal plates produced (Subgenus
Lithobius sens str).
b. Prosternal teeth 2—2; coxal pores circular.
c. None of the last pairs of coxe armed laterally. Spines of anal
legs 1—3—2—1, length 14—15 mm. L. angelus Chamberl.
ce. Last four pairs of coxe armed both laterally and dorsally.
Spines of anal legs 1—3—3—2; length up to 24 mm.
L. paucidens Wood.
bb. Prosternal teeth 4—4 or more; coxal pores transverse.
c. Articles of antennze 28—31; ocelli on each side about 30.
L. agtecus H. S.
ec. Articles of antennz 40 or more; ocelli on each side 16—21.
I. chumasanus Chamberl.
aa. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced (Subgenus Metalithobius
nom. nov.)
b. Prosternal teeth 5—5; last coxze ventrally armed. Coxal pores
2—3—3—2; spines of the first legs 1, 1, 1; length 12 mm.
L. pusio Stuxberg.
bb. Prosternal teeth 2—2; none of the coxee ventrally armed.
c. None of the posterior coxz armed either laterally or dorsally.
d. Spines of anal legs 1, 2, 1, 0; coxal pores 1, 2, 2, 2; length
11 mm. L. paradoxus Stuxberg.
dd. Spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 0; coxal pores 3, 4, 4, 3; length
8 mm. L. remex Chamberl.
cc. Some of the posterior coxze armed at least dorsally.
d. Length of body 15 mm.; width of body 2.5 mm.; 3rd and
4th joints of anal legs in male deeply furrowed above, the
third with a rounded carina at distal end.
L. carinipes Daday.
dd. Length of body 13 mm. or less; width well under 2 mm.;
anal legs of male not modified as described under d.
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA | 371
e. None of coxe laterally armed; claw of anal legs armed
with one spine; claw of penultimate legs armed with
two spines; claw of female gonopods bipartite.
L. Kochii Stuxberg.
ee. Only the last two pairs of coxe laterally armed.
f. Claw of gonopods of female entire. Anal legs of
male not conspicuously modified; spines of anal
sell Sly Bille L,. obesus Stuxberg.
ff. Claw of female gonopods tripartite.
g. Claw of penultimate legs armed with but one
spine or accessory claw.
h. Spines of anal legs 1, 3, 3, 1; spines of
first legs 1, 2, 1; anal legs of male not
specially modified.
L. sastianus Chamberl.
hh. Spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, O—1, 3, 2.
i. All tarsi distinctly biarticulate; fourth
joint of anal legs in male produced
into a conspicuous lobe at the dorso-
mesal angle of proximal end.
L,. clavigerens Chamber.
ii. Tarsi of legs 1—13 undivided (Mono-
tarsobius) ; anal legs in male not
modified as under i.
j. Anal legs of male with the prefe-
mur at distal end produced
mesad as a lobe, above which
the femur is excavated.
L. utahensis Chamberl.
jj. Anal legs of male not thus modi-
fied. L. utahensis var. tiganus
var nov.
gg. Claw of penultimate legs armed with two
spines.
h. Last three pairs of cox armed above; anal
legs in male strongly modified. Spines
of penultimate legs 1, 3, 3, 1; ocelli 12.
L.. castellopes Chamberl.
hh. Last four pairs of coxz armed above anal
legs in male not conspicuously modified ;
spines of penultimate leg 1, 3, 3, 2;
ocelli about 16.
i. Spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 1; articles
of antenne 20. JL. manni sp. nov.
372 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
ii. Spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 0; articles
of antenne 21—23. L. manni var.
pla var. nov.
eee. Last three pairs of coxe laterally armed. Claw of
penultimate legs armed with two spines; coxal pores
4, 5, 5, 44, 5, 5, 5. L.. pitophilus Chamberl.
Lithobius paucidens Wood.
This is a large species quite readily recognized by the characters given
in the key. Spines of Ist legs 2, 3, 2; of penult, 1, 3, 3, 2. Claw of the penult
legs armed with two spines. Coxal pores 4, 3, 3, 3, to 6, 5, 5, 5. Articles of
antenne 29—34. Ocelli about 16 in four series (1—4, 4, 4, 4). Claw of
gonopods of femal entire; basal spines 2—2 to 3—3. ‘The femur in anal legs
of male generally flattened dorsally and laterally extended for part of its
length.
L. paucidens is evidently common in the southern part of the state, the
author having collected numerous specimens at Los Angeles, Santa Monica,
Laurel Canyon, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, etc.
Lithobius angelus Chamberlin.
A species of medium size. General color reddish brown. Antenne with
26—28 articles. Spines of Ist legs 1, 3, 1—1, 3, 2; of penult 1, 3, 3, 1, the claw
armed with but one spine. Coxal pores 5, 5, 5 (6), 5. Claw of female
gonopods tripartite.
Known only from Los Angeles (author).
Lithobius aztecus Humbert and Saussure.
Ferruginous. Length ad 23 mm. Prosternal teeth 6—6 to 7—7. Posterior
legs longer than antennz (ad 10 mm. and 8 mm. respectively).
A common Mexican species reported by Bollman from the state but not
found by the author in any collections from the region. It is quite likely,
however, that it occurs in the southern parts.
Lithobius chumasanus Chamberlin.
Adults are deep brown to mahogany in color, the legs being paler distally.
Articles of antenne 42—46. Coxal pores 7, 8, 8, 6—8, 8, 8, 7. Anal and
penult legs each with spines 1, 3, 3, 1. Claw of penult legs armed with
one spine. Claw of female gonopods bipartite or with a very small 3rd lobe
on the inner side.
Santa Barbara (author).
Lithobius carinipes Daday.
Brown, the dorsum with a longitudinal fuscous stripe. Antenne rather
long, consisting of 22 articles. Ocelli 15 on each side. Prosternal teeth 2—2.
Coxal pores 2, 3, 4, 3. Coxz of ultimate legs laterally armed. Anal legs in male
crassate, the third and fourth joints sulcate above, the sulcation of the third
deeper and at end bearing a rounded carina. Claw of anal legs unarmed;
spines 1,.3, 2, 0:
Female unknown.
Northern California (D. J. Vadona).
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA I 373
Lithobius pusio Stuxberg.
Head chestnut. Antenne dark on mesal side. Feet and venter gray.
Coxe of last pairs of legs armed ventrally and also laterally. Antennz short,
the articles short and stout, the ultimate equalling the four preceding taken
together. Ocelli on each side six in two series.
Various points in Stuxberg’s description of this species indicate that his
specimen was immature. Its validity is very doubtful. The description fits
immature specimens of B. monticola in certain stages; and the author is
convinced that it was such that Stuxberg had before him. However pusio is
kept apart for the present in order that any vestige of doubt as to its standing
may be removed.
The type was collected by Eisen near San Francisco.
Lithobius pitophilus Chamberlin.
Dorsum brown or chestnut. Antennz rufous at tips. Spines of first legs
2, 3, 2; of penult 1, 3, 3, 2; of anal 1, 3, 2,0. Prefemur of anal legs of male
enlarged distad and the more distal joints inflated.
Truckee (author).
Lithobius obesus Stuxberg.
Antenne short, consisting of 20 articles. Ocelli 10 or thereabouts in three
series. Coxal pores 2, 3, 3, 3—3, 4, 4, 4. Spines of Ist legs 1, 2, 1; of anal
1, 3, 2, 1. Antenne rather longer than anal legs Anal legs a little crassate
in both sexes.
Sausalito (G. Eisen), Claremont and Catalina Is. (Baker), Stanford
(Mann), Monterey, Los Angeles, Laurel Canyon, San Bernardino (author).
Lithobius clavigerens Chamberlin.
Body, antennz and last pairs of legs brown; other legs yellow. Spines of
first leg 1, 3, 2; of penult 1, 3, 3, 1, the claw armed with one spine; of anal
legs 1, 3, 2, 0, the claw unarmed.
Pacific Grove and Laurel Canyon (Los Angeles Co.), (author); Clare-
mont and Catalina Is. (Baker).
Lithobius castellopes Chamberlin.
Brown, the legs and antennz yellowish. Spines of Ist legs 1, 3, 2—2,
3, 2; of penult 1, 3, 3, 1, the claw with two accessory spines; of anal 1, 3, 2, 0,
the claw unarmed.
Shasta Springs (author).
Lithobius manni, sp. nov.
Greyish brown, the caudal margins of dorsal plates darkened ; head brown,
paler over frontal region; legs yellow or whitish, the last pairs darker. Ocelli
mostly about sixteen, arranged in four series 1—5, 5, 3, 2. Spines of first
legs 1, 3, 1; of penult 1, 3, 3, 2; the claw armed with two spines; of anal
1, 3, 2, 1, the claw unarmed. Antenne short, the articles 20. Last two coxe
armed laterally with a minute spine. Coxal pores 2, 3, 3, 2. Claw of gonopods
bipartite, or a third lobe minute.
Stanford. (W. M. Mann).
374 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Lithobius manni var. pia var. nov.
Similar to the preceding in general; but all specimens examined from
the type locality differ in having several more articles to the antenne (21—23),
in having the spining of the anal legs uniformly 1, 3, 2, 0, and in a few minor
points. The ocelli in one specimen ranged thus, 1—4, 5, 4, 2. Coxal pores 3,
4,4, 3. Wateral spines of 14th coxze much smaller than those of the 15th.
Monterey (author).
Lithobius paradoxus Stuxberg.
Brown, head and antenne darker; ventral plates and legs, especially the
caudal ones paler. Spines of first legs 1, 2, 1. Claw of penult legs with one
accessory spine. Claw of anal legs unarmed. Antennz about half the length
of the body. Ocelli 8 in two series. Anal legs of male crassate.
San Pedro (G. Eisen). Probably based on a young specimen.
Lithobius remex Chamberlin.
Brown; legs paler. Ocelli on each side 6 in two series, deeply pigmented.
Spines of first legs 1, 2, 1; of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 0, the claw unarmed. Anal
legs in male flattened sublaterally, the plane of compression becoming nearly
horizontal distad.
Shasta Springs (author).
Lithobius kochu Stuxberg.
Testaceous brown. Antennz short, but little more than one-third the length
of the body. Ocelli about 9, arranged in three series. Coxal pores 2, 3, 3, 3.
Spines of first legs 9, 1, 1. Anal legs short, about equalling the antenne in
length, in male not crassate. Claw of anal legs armed with a single claw.
Sausalito (G. Eisen) ; Pacific Grove (author) ; Claremont (Baker ; Pomona
Coll.).
Lithobius sastianus Chamberlin.
Dorsally brown, the major scuta darker along the caudal margins ; antennz
paler distad. Ocelli 12 in three series. Spines of first legs 1, 2, 1; of penuit
1, 3, 3, 1, the claw with one spine. Coxal pores very small, 2, 2, 3, 3—3, 3, 4, 3.
Lithobius utahensis Chamberlin.
Yellow to brown, the legs and antenne paler. Antennz and anal legs
about equal in length (2.5 to 3 mm.). Spines of first legs 1, 2, 1—2, 3, 2;
of penult 1, 3, 3, 1—1, 3, 3, 2. Coxal pores 2, 2, 2, 2—2, 3, 3, 3. Length
7.5—11 mm. Rarely the anal legs of male lack the excavation on femur indi-
cated in the key.
Abundant in Utah and among the author’s notes recorded from Cal. In.
Cal., however, it occurs chiefly as the following variety.
Lithobius utahensis var. tiganus var. nov.
Differing from the species apparently in never having the anal legs of
male modified as described for that form. Specimens from Pacific Grove,
etc., agree as follows: Last two coxe laterally armed. Spines of first legs
1, 3, 2; of penult 1, 3, 3, 2, the claw armed with a single spine; of anal 1, 3, 2,
9, the claw unarmed. Ocelli 5—7 in two series. Coxal pores 3, 4, 3, 3—3, 4,
4, 3, small.
Pacific Grove; Santa Barbara, etc. (author).
SOME MOTHS ‘FROM CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA
WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN ALLIED SPECIES
BY HARRISON G. DYAR.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Among a collection of “Micros” made by Mr. C. W. Metz at Claremont,
for the purposes of a faunal synopsis, were certain smaller moths of higher
families. ‘The material was sent to Mr. August Busck by Prof. C. F. Baker,
and those not belonging to the Tineid families were turned over to me. I make
mention also in this connection of specimens from Claremont, formerly sent
to me by Prof. Baker, as well as certain species from other localities that are
allied to these.
Family NOCTUIDAE.
Pleonectyptera cumulalis, new species.
Ground color of wings dull ocherous, powdered with brown; lines marked
at their inceptions on costa by dark spots, pale, the inner line straight, edged
outwardly by dark shading; reniform dark filled, contrasted, yet not strongly
so; outer line incurved below cell, pale, defined by the powderings; sub-
terminal line flexuous, pale, marked with a dark submaculate border within.
Hind wings brown-powdered, showing an outer dark shaded line. Expanse,
Z1—24 mm.
Three specimens, Claremont, Cal., (C. F. Baker, No. 3102); Argus Mts.,
Cal., (Koebele).
Type, No. 13447, U. S. National Museum.
This appears to be the species misidentified by Smith as P. finitima Smith
(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxxili, 377, 1907), which therefore requires a new
name. The types of fiitima are identical with tonalis Smith of the paper cited,
the name finitima having precedence.
Family GEOMETRIDAE.
Eois microphysa Hulst.
A single specimen collected by Mr. Metz appears to belong to this rare
species, described from the Panamint Valley. The specimen is much rubbed,
so that a positive identification cannot be made.
Family pyRALIDAE.
Subfamily PyRAUSTINAE.
Loxostege similalis Guenée.
Two specimens. These are unusually dark in color.
Evergestis napacalis Hulst.
Seven specimens. Also several other specimens from Prof. Baker.
Nomophila noctuella Den. and Schiff.
One specimen of this world-wide species.
376 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Metasia argalis Fernald.
One specimen, agreeing well with Fernald’s type from the Argus Mts.
Both are females. The species strongly resembles Diasemia elegantalis Warren,
of which I have three males. In elegantalis the hind wings are nearly im-
maculate, in argalis they are marked with two wavy brown lines, but these
may be sexual differences. I do not perceive any other specific characters
between them. Warren’s name has precedence in case the species prove to
be identical.
Pyrausta cinerosa Grt. and Rob.
Ninteen specimens. All are of the dark cinerosa form, no true laticlavia
being present. I have, however, some of the true Jaticlavia from Claremont,
formerly received from Prof. Baker.
Cornifrons thalialis Walk.
One specimen.
Lineodes integra Zeller.
Fourteen specimens. ‘This species would seem to be remarkably common
in Claremont; but as it feeds upon potatoes (among other plants) its abund-
ance may be due to the proximity of gardens.
Subfamily CHRYSAUGINAE.
Acallis griphahs Hulst.
One female specimen. ‘This female is like males before me, and proves
that the specimen referred here by me as the female (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash..
x, 96, 1908) is really specifically distinct. I therefore describe it as follows:
Acallis centralis, new species.
Dull purplish red; forewings with two illy defined orchraceous lines, the
inner curved from before middle of costa to basal third of inner margin, the
outer from beyond middle of costa to outer third of inner margin, slightly
angled downward in its lower third. Hind wings silky whitish, shading to
purplish at apex and in a narrow line along outer margin. Expanse, 26 mm.
One female, Williams, Arizona, July 10 (H. S. Barber).
Type, No. 13445, U. S. National Museum.
The species of Acallis have veins 4 and 5 of forewings stalked. A
single specimen before me, apparently of A. griphalis Hulst, has these veins
completely coincident. It might, therefore, be placed in another genus, but it
resembles griphalis so closely, that I consider it for the present as an instance
of. variation in venation. ‘The specimen is from Mesilla, New Mexico, (C. N.
Ainslie).
Another closely allied species is before me, which presents a somewhat
similar peculiarity of venation, but in this case I think it is indicative of
generic separation. It differs from Acallis in that veins 7 and 8 of hind wings
are coincident. 1 separate it under the new name Polloccia, as the character
seems constant and the species is superficially distinct from any of our Chry-
sauginz.
CLAREMONT MOTHS 377
Polloccia alticolalis, new species.
Straw color, irrorated with purplish; lines of the pale ground, defined by
borders of dark purplish, placed mesially of the lines; a basal costal patch of
dark purplish; inner line slightly projected, almost dislocated subcostally ;
outer line sharply angled subcostally, then roundedly excurved, becoming
below parallel to inner line. Hind wings silky pale ochraceous. Expanse,
13 mm.
Two males, Skyland, Page Co., Virginia, July 31, 1900 (H. G. Dyar),
Dublin, New Hampshire, June, 1909 (A. Busck).
Type, No. 13446, U. S. National Museum.
Subfamily CRAMBINAE.
Crambus leachellus Zinck.
Five specimens.
Ommatopteryx ocellea Haw.
One _ specimen.
Subfamily PHYCITINAE.
Epischnia boisduvaliella Guen.
One specimen.
Etiella schisticolor Zeller.
One specimen; also another formerly sent by Prof. Baker. Neither
specimen is good enough in condition to show the presence of the discal dots,
the character separating this form from the Eastern and European zinckenella
Treits.; but I have others from California that do show them. ‘This form
occurs in California, Washington and Idaho. In specimens from Utah the
discal dots are faint, while specimens from Colorado are unequivocally of the
sinckenella form. The species has been bred from pods of Astragalus, and
may prove injurious to beans or peas.
Vitula serratilineella Rag.
Two specimens.
Honora dotella, new species.
Costa broadly whitish-shaded to beyond cell; rest of forewing dark gray
with vinous tint; a diffuse reddish ocher patch at base, a stain of the same
color on lower edge of cell; inner line narrow, whitish, angled, followed
by black; one discal dot only (the lower) ; outer line lost. Hind wing whitish,
gray only on the fringe on upper part of wing. Expanse, 25 mm.
Two specimens, collected by Mr. Metz.
Type, No. 13448, U. S. National Museum.
Allied to H. mellinella Grt., but larger, the costal pale edge much wider,
the orange beyond the inner line diffused. Differs from subsciurella Ragonot
in the obsolescence of the outer line.
The following species is not from Claremont, but from a neighboring
region and may appropriately be described here:
378 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Zophodia stigmella, new species.
Reddish gray, lightened to nearly white at end of cell and outwardly
along both sides of the veins; except on lower half of wing lined in black;
a double black patch covering most of basal third of inner margin; costa
shaded with black along the middle; a patch on lower edge of cell near middle;
a black discal mark on lower angle of cell; no lines. Hind wing whitish,
shading to gray at costa and narrowly along termen. Expanse, 28 mm.
One specimen, San Diego, California, May 8, 1909 (G. H. Field).
Type, No. 13449, U. S. National Museum.
Homoeosoma mucidellum Rag.
Twelve specimens. Only three of these are of the usual light-colored
form. Most are dark, some nearly uniformly dark gray, with the markings
nearly lost.
Ephestiodes gilvescentella Rag.
Thirty-one specimens of this common little species.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
[In this department we hope to give in most numbers of the Journal
some idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of
publications of interest to western students, notices of entomological meet-
ings, etc. To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all
items of entomological interest about themselves or others. Address: Mr.
Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Calif. ]
Dr. A. Fenyes, of Pasadena, has been elected a Fellow of the Entomo-
logical Society of London.
Dr. William Morton Wheeler, of Harvard University, the chief authority
on ants in this country, is planning to spend a part of the winter in Southern
California.
Prof. R. W. Doane, of Stanford University, is the author of a recent publi-
cation of Henry Holt & Co., called ‘Insects and Disease.”
Dr. A. Fenyes is working on a Catalogue of the Aleocharinae of the
World.
According to an interesting editorial in The Argonaut, San Francisco, of
October 29, Prof. Woodworth of the University of California, has a book in
press on eugenics, based on the life organization of the bee.
Messrs. Clemence and Coolidge, of Pasadena, have described a new
Hesperid, a Rhabdoides, from Southern Arizona, related to cellus, Bdv.-Lec.
Mr. W. M. Davidson, a graduate of Stanford University, has been spend-
ing the fall months in Pasadena. Mr. Davidson has done considerable work
on Californian Ap/ididae, and is now beginning the study and collection of the
Syrphidae. ;
The late Alexander Agassiz did considerable entomological work in his
younger years; he collected a lot of Lepidoptera in central and northern Cali-
fornia, and his very first scientific paper was on the flight of Lepidoptera. An
excellent sketch of his life is found in Popular Science Monthly for November.
Mr. J. R. Haskins has returned from a week’s vacation at Gold Run,
Arizona, where he turned up some interesting Lepidoptera. During the early
summer he made an extended trip to the east, doing some collcting in Arizona
and Mexico on the way.
Messrs. J. A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard were in Pasadena on Sep-
tember 25 and 26, taking a trip up Mt. Lowe. They collected about 10,000
Orthoptera during a two months’ collecting trip along the coast.
Mr. KE. A. McGregor, of Stanford University, stopped in Pasadena, the
early part of September, on his way to Texas to help fight the Cotton-boll
Weevil.
Mr. D. T. Fullaway, entomologist in the Hawaiian Experiment Station,
has been spending the present semester in study at Stanford University, and
also assisting in Course I, in Entomology.
380 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
The Southern California Academy of Sciences has received, by gift, the
collection and library of the late Max Albright, of Soldiers’ Home. The in-
sects, mostly Coleoptera, are contained in about 70 boxes, and include some
good Californian species.
A new experimental station is being established at Santa Ana, Orange
County, under the direction of Prof. C. W. Woodworth.
Dr. L. O. Howard, U. S. Entomologist, visited various sections of South-
ern California during the last of September, stopping off at Pomona College.
“The United States government says that toads are worth $20 apiece
to the farmer as they eat up flies, bugs and worms which destroy fruits and
other farmers’ crops. One toad is known to have caught 86 flies in ten
minutes.’ —Pacific Rural Press, Oct. 29, 1910.
Gleanings in Bee Culture, issued twice monthly at Medina, Ohio, has
an interesting department of short notes:—Beekeeping in Southern California,
by Mrs. H. G. Acklin, of Glendora, Cal.
Mr. F. Grinnell, Jr., is editing a collection of biographies and selections
of the Pioneer Naturalists of California, to be published in book form, prob-
ably in the spring.
The honey crop in the Imperial Valley is reported short this year, owing,
it is said, to the fact that cotton-fields are taking the place of alfalfa-ranges.
The sessions of the University Farm at Davis, in the Sacramento Valley,
are proving very instructive to the farmers of the region. A good force of
iecturers and instructors are in charge, including the entomologists Professors
W. T. Clarke and J. C. Bridwell.
Mr. E. W. Rust, of Whittier Pathological Laboratory, is engaged in the
study of the life-histories of scale-insects.
The Catalogue, Entomologie, 1911, of Max Weg of Leipzig, Germany,
No. 127, includes the library of Herr. Prof. G. Kraaz, Berlin; it consists of
4343 titles, and is very interesting to the bibliophile. Another recent cata-
logue is that of the New York Book Mart.
“Prof. W. T. Clarke, in charge of the farmers’ institutes and university
extension work in agriculture, will attend the meeting of the men interested in
farmers’ institute work which will be held in Washington. He will then
return to the coast to take charge of a demonstration train.”—San Francisco
Call., Nov. 2, 1910.
“Daniel William Coquillett knows more about insects harmful to vegetable
growths than any other man, though he is only fifty-four years old. Since 1896
he has been honorary custodian of diptera in the United States National
Museum at Washington, but before that he had done a large amount of
effective work in the farms and in the orchards of Illinois and California.
Grasshoppers, caterpillars, and the microscopic pests which injure fruit trees
are his especial prey, and it was through his efforts that ladybirds were im-
ported to exterminate the cottony-cushion scale dreaded by horticulturists.”—
The Argonaut, San Francisco, Oct. 15, 1910.
WEST COATS NEWS NOTES 381
Early Geological Surveying in Kentucky, by H. Foster Bain. Mining and
Scientific Press, San Francisco, Oct. 1, 1910, pp. 435-437. An account of the
survey under N. S. Shaler, tells “the other half of the story,” other than the
“Dull documents,” which “tell but half the story of geological survey life,”
which is hardly known to the “younger generation” F. G. Sanborn fas the
entomologist of the survey, and he and his net figure conspicuously in the well
executed, humorous and suggestive cartoons of scenes. Any naturalist who
has done field work away from towns and railroads will appreciate the article
and cartoons. We “should know how the men we now admire as leaders got
their start.”
Prof. H. C. Fall, of Pasadena, is a member of the executive committee of
the International Congress of Entomology.
Prof. C. A. Kofoid, of the University of California, is studying the blood-
parasites of birds. This is of a technical and systematic character; but it may
turn out to be of great practical value to medicine. Several of our dreaded
diseases are caused by the transmission of the blood parasite, by means of
insects, from the host to man.
The Oakland College of Medicine has a strong department of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, under the direction of Dr. Creighton Wellman, with a
well-equipped laboratory. There is one associate professor, two assistant
professors and two assistants. There are seven regular courses, with lectures
and laboratory work. “During the past year the students in this course
(Course IIT) saw and studied cases of Amcebic Dysentery, Amcebic Appendi-
citis, Liver Abscess, Beri-Beri, Bubonic Plague, Cochin China Diarrhcea,
Flagellate Diarrhcea, Endemic Hemoptysis, Filariasis, Gangosa, Opiathorchia-
sis, Hookworm, Leprosy, Tertian, Quartan and A‘stivo-Autumnal Malaria,
Pellagra, various tropical intestinal worms, etc.” Course V is divided into
three sections :—Medical Protozodlogy, Medical Helminthology, and Medical
Anthropology. The textbook in the department is: Manson’s Tropical Dis-
eases.
WEST COAST INSECT NOTES
(Every active entomologist is constantly encountering in the course of
his work, isolated facts of the greatest interest concerning life histories, lo-
cality accurences, new points in anatomy, nomenclatorial corrections, and so
on, that are of the greatest interest and value and should not be lost to
entomological literature. We shail regularly devote some space to such notes
and invite them from every quarter.
Plecoma near Pasadena.—A fresh but partially eaten specimen of Plecoma
was found in a mountain cafion near Pasadena just after the rain of October.
This is especially interesting, as only one other fragment of this rare beetle
was found years ago in this region, and a species described from one speci-
men from the Cuyamaca mountains, by Prof. Rivers. The males of this genus
have the habit of flying during or directly after the first heavy rain of the
season; the females, on the other hand, being wingless, remain hidden a
foot or more in the ground, where the males locate them. It is to be hoped
that more specimens of this interesting beetle will be discovered. The present
fragment was taken by a High School boy, and is in the collection of
Prof. Fall.
Later note: Nineteen more specimens of this Plecoma were taken during
a rain, about a week ago. ‘They represent a new species, and Prof. Fall will
describe it soon.—Fordyce Grinnell, Jr.
Harpyia cinerea Wik. near Spadra, Cal—Mr. C. H. Vary, Horticultural
Inspector of Pomona, called our attention to the fact that large cottonwoods
at Spadra were being entirely defoliated by a very peculiar notodontid larva.
After some delay Profs. Cook and Baker visited the locality and found the
larvee pupating in immense numbers in the crevices of the bark on the main
trunks, and also on fence posts and boards near by. Although occurring
in great numbers the cocoons are difficult to find, being exactly the color of
the bark, and set into cavities hollowed out by the larve. A large number
of the cocoons placed in breeding boxes gave principally Tachinid parasites,
so that it is not probable that the occurrence of the moth in so great numbers
will be soon repeated—C. F. Baker.
A Borer in the Castilloa Rubber Tree in Mexico.—Specimens of a Ceram-
bycid borer (Taeniotes suturalis 'Thomson—determined by Wickham) were
recently reared from a portion of the trunk of a rubber tree in the State
of Chiapas in Mexico. The deeper incisions made in the tree for the purpose
of tapping are often invaded by a fungus which causes a constantly enlarging
decayed spot in the wood. ‘These spots of dead wood invite, among other
insects, this large conspicuous Cerambycid, which, extending its borings into
the living wood, accomplishes immense damage to the rubber forests. The
gallery made by this borer is fully one-third of an inch in diameter—D. L.
Crawford.
WEST COAST INSECT NOTES 383
Tortrix citrana in Oranges—We are now receiving at the Pomona Col-
lege Biological Laboratory, as we have every year since 1894, oranges in which
have burrowed the larve of this moth. Last season it did great damage
in one part of this county. Although the burrow is small, it ruins the fruit.
this pest may become as serious to the orange, as the codling moth—a near
relative—is to the apple and pear. While Tortrix citrana has worked on the
oranges in this county for twenty years, it has usually done but little harm.
It is to be hoped that the serious mischief of last year will not be repeated.—
ae Cook:
The Yellow vs. Red Scale—Chrysomphalus citrinus has usually been
regarded as of small importance among the scale pests of orange orchards.
It was supposed that a chalcid parasite held it rigorously in check. However,
in many sections at the present time, the yellow is hardly less harmful than the
red scale. Repeatedly we have brought into the laboratory copious material
from various very serious infestations of the yellow scale, without being
able to rear from them a single specimen of any chalcid. Its parasite seems
to “hold it in check” about as much as the Scutellista does the black scale—
which is not at all. The yellow scale from present evidence, must be placed
upon the list of our serious pests, and must be dealt with rigorously wherever
its blighting presence becomes apparent.—A. J. Cook.
Volume 1 Number 1
Journal of Entomology
MARCH 1909
CONTENTS
Essig, E. O. - - - Aphididae of Southern California, I
Rese EO BE. om Pah akg Pay Abs Notes on Coccidae, I
Cog tA = fatter se The Red Scale
Baker, C. F. - - - - Western Plant Louse Parasites, I
PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
ONTARIO-CUCAMONGA CITRUS ASSOCIATION
BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Beginning now as a quarterly, it is hoped next year to make this journal
bi-monthly. In both cases the subscription price will be the same, $1.00 to
domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of axy of the articles
can be obtained at a nominal price.
Especially is this journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies,
museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in
exchange for other entomological and zoological papers.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Cc. F. BAKER, MANAGING EDITOR
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.
VOLUMEYONE NUMBER TWO
Pomona Fournal of
Entomology
PUNE A909
=
Contents
1. BAKER, C. F. - - - - - = Studies in Oxybelidae, I
2. ESSIG,. E. O. - - - - - Notes on Californian Coccidae
3. ESSIG, E. 0: - - - - The Genus Pseudococcus in California
4. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - Aphididae of Southern California
5. ESSIG, E. O. and ‘C. F. BAKER - A Host Index of Californian Coccidae
6. GRINNELL, FORDYCE - - - - West Coast News Notes
PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
@ntarto-Cucamonga Citrus Assoctation
BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Beginning now as a quarterly, it is hoped next year to make this journal bi-
monthly. In both cases the subscription price will be the same, $1.00 to domestic
and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be
obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the journal are open especially to West American entomologists,
but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in ex-
change for other entomological and zoological separates.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
C. F. Baker, MANAGING EpITor,
CLAREMONT’, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
QN
VOLUMEVONE NUMBER THREE
Pomona Fournal of
Entomology
OCTOBER 1909
Contents
. DEL GUERCIO, G. - - New Genera of Aphids
. CRAWFORD, D.L. - - - An Entomological Expedition to Guadalajara
. CAMERON, P. - - - - Some Diplopteryga from the Southwest
. GRINNELL, FORDYCE - - - - - West Coast News Notes
PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
@Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association
BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Beginning now as a quarterly, it is hoped next year to make this journal bi-
monthly. In both cases the subscription price will be the same, $1.00 to domestic
and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be
obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the journal are open especially to West American entomologists,
but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in ex-
change for other entomological and zoological separates.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
C. F. Baker, MANacInc EDrror,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
VOLUME ‘ONE NUMBER FOUR
omona College
Fournal of Entomology
DECEMBER 1909
Contents
ESSIG, E. O. - - . - - - Combating the Citrus Mealy Bug
if
2. ESSIG E. O. - - - - - Notes on Californian Coccidae III
3. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - Aphididae of Southern California III
4. CRAWFORD, D. L. - . - Some New Thysanoptera from Southern California 1
5. CRAWFORD, D. L. - - - Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South I
6. CRAWFORD, D. L. - - - - Notes on Californian Thysanoptera 1
7. CAMERON,P.~ - - saa Ons nemne of the Southwestern United States
8.
GRINNELL, FORDYCE : - West Coast News Notes
PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF
@Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association
BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Beginning now as a quarterly, it is hoped next year to make this journal bi-
monthly. In both cases the subscription price will be the same, $1.00 to domestic
and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be
obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the journal are open especially to West American entomologists,
but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in ex-
change for other entomological and zoological separates.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
C. F. Baker, MANAGING EDITor,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
Vol.
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POMONA COLLEGE
“Our Tribute to Christian Civilization”
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Coast with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors,
and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemis-
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be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical and Scientific courses.
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in Library and Athletics. The college should be judged by its out-put, Pomona
has been very proud of hers.
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CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA
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Prot, C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some
Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S>cial Vespidae
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On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga
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not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to
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Claremont, Cal.
POMONA COLLEGE
“Our Tribute to: Christian: Civilization”
The best-located, and. best housed:and:outfitted:College on the West Coast,
with avery ftll’cords of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors; and a
large andivery vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry,
Physics and Astronmy are splendidly equipped and such as any college might
bethoroughly proud of: Offers fulli Literary, Classical: and: Scientific courses.
Possesses well-mantied schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities
in Library and Athletics. The college should be judged by its out-put, Pomona
has: been: very proud of hers.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the: most salubrious, beauti-
fully located, and desirable residence districts in California.
For ftirther information, address,
POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA
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Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and
Southern California, P. Cameron).
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Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by
Prof. C, F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some
Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of Social Vespidae
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Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P. Cameron).
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Descriptions of New American ‘Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy-
cistis, from California, C. F. Baker).
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On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga
of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United
States, J. C. Crawford).
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Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera
not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to
C. F. BAKER,
Pomona College,
Claremont, Cal.
POMONA COLLEGE
“Our Tribute to Christian Civilization”
The best located, and best housed and outfitted College on the West Coast,
with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and
a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry,
Physics and Astronomy are not excelled by any college of this class in Western
America, and in some respects are unequalled by any institutions of any grade.
Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned
schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in library and athletics.
The College should be judged by its out-put—Pomona has been very proud of
hers.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti-
fully located and desirable residence districts in California.
For further information, address
POMONA COLLEGE,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA.
PARTS OF THE
INVERTEBRATA PACIFICA
For Sale and Exchange.
Vol. I, pp. 1-12, HOMOPTERA (On the Gnathodus species of the Abdominalis group,
C. oe Baker; A New Genus of the Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; The genus
Erythria in America, C. F. Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; Notes on
Macropsis, C. F. Baker).
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A. P. Morse).
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New Siphonaptera, C. F. Baker).
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California and Nevada, J. J. Kieffer, New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua,
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Pacific Coast of North America, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species
by Nathan Banks). ee :
rice 20 cents.
Vol. I, pp. 93-110, HYMENOPTERA (New western Mutillidae, I, C. F. Baker; On
Some Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron;
Descriptions of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California
collected by Prof. C. F. Baker, P. Cameron).
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Vol. I, pp. 111-132, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, II, C. F. Baker; On
some Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in
Nevada and Southern California, P. Cameron).
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Vol. I, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nysius and Ortholomus of
America, C. F. Baker).
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Vol. I, pp. 141-159, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genu Pasiphae in North America,
C. F. Baker; Americar Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae
collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P.
Cameron; On Some Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three
Species of Social Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron;
New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua,
P. Cameron). :
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Vol. I, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker:
Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near
Brachycistis, from California, C. F. Baker.)
Price 45 cents.
Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hyme-
noptera not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to
Cc. F. BAKER,
Pomona College,
Claremont, Cal.
POMONA COLLEGE
‘““Our Tribute to Christian Civilization ”
The best located, and best housed and outfitted College on the West Coast,
with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and
a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology,
Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are not excelled by any college of this
class in Western America, and in some respects are unequalled by any institu-
tions of any grade. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses.
Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facili-
ties in library and athletics. The College should bejudged by its out put—its
graduates are a power wherever they go.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beau-
tifully located and desirable residence districts in California.
For further information, address
POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA.
VOLUME TWO NUMBER ONE
Pomona Callege
Journal of Entomology
MARCH 1910
Contents
1. PIERCE, WRIGHT M. - - - - Fumigation Studies I
2. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - Natural Enemies of Citrus Mealy Bug I
3. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - Genus Pseudococcus in California II
4. CRAWFORD, D. L. - - - - Thysanoptera of Southern California II
5. CRAWFORD, D. L. - - - Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South II
6. GRINNELL, FORDYCE - - - West Coast News Notes
PUBLISHED BY THE
Department of Biology of Pomona College
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries.
Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomol-
ogists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in
exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of
the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with
due appreciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood,
was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1910, the
Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider support, now including the Ontario-
Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The San Antonio Fruit Ex-
change, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, and The Covina Fruit Exchange.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
C. F. Baxer, MANAGING EDITOoR,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO
fouona College
SIournal of Entomology
ag Pa p ; /
v4 7, fs 72
MAY 1910 j ad dl ¢
Contents
1. PIERCE, WRIGHT M. - - - - - Fumigation Studies II.
2. SMITH, JOHN B. - - - - - - The Noctuidae of California I.
3. METZ, CHAS. W. - = = = - Bees of the Genus Colletes from Mexico.
4. BANKS, NATHAN = - - = = = The Scorpions of California,
5. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - - - Notes on Coccidae V.
6. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - Aphididae of Southern California IV.
7. BAKER, C. F. - = = = = - - = Californian Emesidae.
8. CRAWFORD, D. L. - - - = American Triozinae (Psyllidae) I.
9. GRINNELL, FORDYCE = = = - - West Coast News Notes.
PUBLISHED BY THE
Department of Biology of Pomona College
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries.
Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomol-
ogists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in
exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of
the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with
due appreciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood,
was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1910, the
Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider support, now including the Ontario-
Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The San Antonio Fruit Ex-
change, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-
tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange, The Santa
Paula Fruit Exchange, and The Tulare Fruit Exchange.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
C. F. Baker, MAnacinc EDITor,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
EXCHAN
VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE
fomona College
Journal of Entomology
SEPTEMBER 1910
Contents
PIERCE, ola Me = - - Fumigation Studies III
ESSIG, E. - - ~ Sorawne for the Citrus Mealy Bug
ESSIG, E. S - - "Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug II,
SMITH, JOHN B. = - - _ The Noctuidae of California II.
HALL, H. V. M. = - - - A Phytoptid Gall on Artemisia
COOLIDGE, KARL ae - - - - - A New Spider
COOLIDGE, KARL s - - = On foe atossa Edwards
ESSIG, E. O. = - - Variations in Trifidaphis radicicola
GRINNELL, F ORDYCE - - West Coast News Notes.
YANGAAGNe
PUBLISHED BY THE
Bepariment of Biology of Pomona College
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries.
Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomol-
ogists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in
exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of
the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with
due appreciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood,
was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1910, the
Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider support, now including the Ontario-
Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The San Antonio Fruit Ex-
change, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-
tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange, The Santa
Paula Fruit Exchange, and The Tulare Fruit Exchange.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
C. F. Baxer, MANAGING EDITOR,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
ben ALT PAINS
NUMBER FOUR
VOLUME TWO
Pomona Cullege
Journal of Entomology
DECEMBER 1910
1. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - - The Citrus Mealy Bug
2. CRAWFORD,D.L. - - - - - The Mexican Orange Maggot
3. COOLIDGE, KARL R. - - - = - ~ A California Orange Dog
4. ESSIG, E. O. - - - Aphididae of Southern California IV-
5. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - The Genus Pseudococcus in California III
6. DISTANT, W.L. = = . - Description of a New Species of Cicadidae
7. CRAWFORD, D.L. - - - - - American Psyllidae II (Triozinae)
8. CHAMBERLIN, R. V. = = = + - The Chilopoda of California I.
9. DYAR, N. G. - . - - Some Moths from Claremont, California
10. GRINNELL, FORDYCE - - = - - - West Coast News Notes
11. West Coast Insect Notes
PUBLISHED BY THE
Department of Biology of Pomona College
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries.
Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomol-
ogists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and
zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu-
seums, laboratories, and expeditions. ‘The separates are likewise offered in
exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of
the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with
due appreciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood,
was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1910, the
Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider support, now including the Ontario-
Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The San Antonio Fruit Ex-
change, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-
tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange, The Santa
Paula Fruit Exchange, and The Tulare Fruit Exchange.
Address all remittances and communications to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
C. F. Baker, MANAGING EDITor,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
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Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some
Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S>cial Vespidae
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On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga
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“Our Tribute to Christian Civilization”
One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West
Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors,
and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology,
Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any
college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and
Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers
exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged
by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti-
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CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA.
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Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron; Descriptions
of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof.
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C, F. Baker).
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<
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Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by
Prof, C. F, Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some
Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S>cial Vespidae
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eistis, from California, C. F, Baker),
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On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga
of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United
States, J. C. Crawford).
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Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera
not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to
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Pomona College,
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POMONA COLLEGE
“Our Tribute to Christian Civilization”
One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West
Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors,
and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology,
Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any
college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and
Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers
exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged
by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti-
fully located and desirable residence districts in California.
For further information, address
POMONA COLLEGE,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA.
PARTS OF THE
INVERTEBRATA PACIFICA
For Sale and Exchange
“Vol. 1, pp. 1-12, HOMOPTERA (On the Gnathodus species of the Abdominalis group,
C, F, Baker; A New Genus of the Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; The genus Erythria in
America, C. F. Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; Notes on Macropsis, C. F.
Baker).
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New Orthoptera from Nevada, A. P. Morse).
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with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonaptera,
C, F, Baker).
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and Nevada, J. J. Kieffer; New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua, P. Cameron).
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with descriptions of new species by J. A. G. Rehn and C. F. Baker).
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Coast of North America, C. F, Baker, with descriptions of new species by Nathan
Banks).
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Vol.
Vol.
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Vol.
=
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Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron; Descriptions
of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof.
C, F, Baker, P. Cameron),
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I, pp. 111-132, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, II, C. F. Baker; On some
Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and
Southern California, P. Cameron).
Vol.
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Price 55 cents,
I, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nysius and Ortholomus of America,
C, F. Baker).
Vol.
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Price 20 cents.
I, pp. 141-159, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genus Pasiphae in North America, C. F.
Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by
Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some
Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S-cial Vespidae
with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by
Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P. Cameron).
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Price 45 cents.
1, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker;
Descriptions of New American 'Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy-
eistis, from California, C. F, Baker),
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Price 45 cents.
I, pp. 179-198, HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker;
On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga
of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United
States, J. C. Crawford).
Vol.
—<
Price 50 cents.
Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera
not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to
C. F. BAKER,
Pomona College,
Claremont, Cal.
POMONA COLLEGE
“Our Tribute to Christian Civilization”
One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West
Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors,
and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology,
Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any
college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and
Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers
exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged
by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti-
fully located and desirable residence districts in California.
For further information, address
POMONA COLLEGE,
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA.
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